FMD (Foot and Mouth disease) GROUP-5.pptx

FMD is one of devastating disease in the world.

1. NO NAME ID.NO 1 MEGERSA AKASA 004292 2 MESFIN KASAHUN 004293 3 MESKEREM TOLLERA 004294 4 MULETA OLANI 004296 5 REMEDAN TEMAM 11088373 6 MOHAMMED AHMED 11088370 7 MOHAMMED JEMAL 11088371 WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE VETERINARY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: GROUP ASSIGNMENT Group : 5,DVM 5 TH YEAR Title : FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE SUBMISSION DATE : 19/02/2014 E.C SUBMITTED TO : Dr. TUJUBA JERGEFA

2. (FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE FMD

3. The virus Picornaviridae, Aphthovirus 7 distinct serotypes Not cross protective Cloven-hoofed animals Two-toed Inactivation pH below 6.5 and above 11 Survives in milk, milk products, bone marrow, lymph glands

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY

5. Risk factors Hosts factors All domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible, including cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids African buffalo are the only wildlife species to play a significant role in the epidemiology of FMD Strains of FMD virus that infect cattle have been isolated from wild pigs and deer Capybaras and possibly hedgehogs are susceptible. Rats, mice, guinea pigs and armadillos can be infected experimentally

6. Morbidity and Mortality Morbidity 100% in susceptible animal population Mortality less than 1% Higher in young animals and highly virulent virus strains Animals generally destroyed to prevent spread

7. Transmission Animal transmission Respiratory aerosols Travel long distances Proper temperature and humidity Direct contact Vesicular fluid Ingestion of infected animal parts Indirect contact via fomites Boots, hands, clothing

8. CONT … . Cattle Disease Indicators Often first species to show signs Can carry the virus for up to 6 months Some animals may remain infected for up to 3-1/2 years Swine Amplifying Host Produce large amounts of aerosolized virus Rare, possibly carry the virus up to 28 days Sheep/Goats Maintenance Host Can carry/shed the virus for up to 4 months for goats and 1 2 months for sheep

9. Economic Impact Fear direct costs Loss of production Loss of animals Indirect costs Eradication costs Loss of trade/exports Loss to affiliated industries Consumer

10. Pathogenesis Inspiration of infected aerosols Primary multiplication of the virus in the mucous membrane Found in lymphatic and blood circulation Secondary multiplication in the lymphatic glands, epithelial tissues in and around the mouth, feet and in the mammary glands. The virus appears in body fluids such as milk, urine, respiratory secretions and semen before the appearance of clinical signs of FMD. The virus can also persist in oral cavity of infected animals for long periods.

11. Clinical Signs Incubation period: 2 to 14 days Fever and vesicles Feet, mouth, nares, muzzle, teats Progress to erosions Lameness, reluctance to move, sloughing of hooves Abortion Death in young animals

12. Clinical Signs: Cattle Oral lesions (vesicles) Tongue, dental pad, gums, soft palate, nostrils, muzzle Excess salivation, drooling, nasal discharge Lethargy, loss of body condition

13. Clinical Signs: Cattle Teat lesions Decreased milk production Hoof lesions Interdigital space Coronary band Lameness Reluctant to move

14. Clinical Signs: Pigs Hoof lesions More severe than in cattle Very painful Coronary band, heel, interdigital space Lameness Snout vesicles Oral vesicles less common

15. Clinical Signs: Sheep and Goats Mild, if any Fever Lameness Oral lesions Makes diagnosis and prevention of spread difficult

16. Post Mortem Lesions Single or multiple vesicles Various stages of development White area, 2mm-10cm Fluid filled blister Red erosion, fibrin coating Dry lesions Sloughed hooves Tiger heart

17. Differential Diagnosis Swine Vesicular stomatitis Swine vesicular disease Vesicular exanthema of swine Cattle Rinderpest, IBR, BVD, MCF, Bluetongue Sheep Bluetongue, contagious ecthyma

18. Sampling Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

19. Clinical Diagnosis Vesicular diseases are clinically indistinguishable! Suspect animals with salivation or lameness and vesicles Tranquilization may be necessary Laboratory testing essential

20. Laboratory Diagnosis Initial diagnosis Virus isolation Virus identification ELISA, RT-PCR, complement fixation Serology ELISA and virus neutralization Notify authorities and wait for instructions before collecting samples

21. Treatment No treatment available O utbreak could result in: Quarantine Euthanasia Disposal Vaccine available Ramifications are many See section “prevention and control”

22. Prevention and Control Sanitary prophylaxis  Protection of free zones by border animal movement control and surveillance.  Quarantine measures  Slaughter of infected, recovered, and FMD-susceptible contact animals  Cleaning and disinfection of premises and all infected material, such as implements, cars, and clothes.  Disposal of carcasses, bedding, and contaminated animal products in the infected area.

23. Cont... Strict import restrictions Prohibit live ruminants, swine, and their products from FMD-affected countries Heat-treatment of swill (garbage) fed to pigs Swine Health Protection Act Travelers, belongings monitored at ports of entry Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011

24. Cont... Suspicious lesions investigated State planning/training exercises Federal response plans Biosecurity protocols for livestock facilities

25. Vaccination Killed vaccine, serotype specific North American Foot-and-Mouth Vaccine Bank Plum Island, NY Monitor disease outbreaks worldwide Stock active serotypes and strains Essential to isolate virus and identify the serotype to select correct vaccine

26. Vaccination But , vaccine may be used in an outbreak Vaccination issues Annual re-vaccination required Costly, time consuming Does not protect against infection , but reduces clinical signs Spread infection to other animals International trade status harmed

27. FMD IN ETHIOPIA FMD is endemic to Ethiopia frequently in the pastoral herds of the marginal lowland areas of the country and currently also found in highlands. Endemic distributions of five of seven serotypes of FMDV are maintained in the country and serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2 were responsible for FMD outbreaks.

28. Recommended Actions Notification of Authorities Federal Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) State Veterinarians Quarantine

29. Recommended Actions Confirmatory diagnosis Depopulation Must properly destroy exposed cadavers, litter, animal products

30. Disinfection Products: 2% sodium hydroxide (lye) 4% sodium carbonate (soda ash) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) 0.2% citric acid Areas must be free of organic matter for disinfectants to be effective

31. THANK YOU