FOCS_L18 Potential application of optical fibers.ppt

Optical fibre application

1. LECTURE NOTES
ON
L-18: Potential application of Optical Fiber
Dr. RAJESH KUMAR LAL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION
BIT, MESRA,RANCHI
EC 6203
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM(FOCS)

2. Potential application of Optical Fiber
Fiberoptictechnologyhasgrowntremendouslyovertheyearsand
todaycanbefoundinmanysurprisingplaces.
Infact,fiberopticsareanessentialpartofoureverydaylives,often
timeswithoutusevenbeingawareofit.
AlexanderGrahamBellexperimentedwithtransmittingvoicesignals
overoptical“beams”,soit'sfittingthatoneofthefirstusesoffiber
opticswasthetelephone.
Today,thattechnologyhasrevolutionizedlongdistancecalls,andas
ourlastarticleindicated,it'smoresecureandfeatureslesselectrical
interferencethantraditionalcopperwiring.
Butbyfar,themostprominentuseoffiberopticstodayistheInternet,
whichisinformationsentdigitallythroughfiberopticsacrosstheentire
world.
Massiveunderseafiberopticcables,wrappedinlayeruponlayerof
insulationandprotectionmuchlikeRussianMatryoshkadolls,traverse
Earth'soceanstoallowpeopleallovertheplanettostalktheirexeson
FacebookandtakephotosoftheirfoodtopostonInsta-gram.It'skind
ofbeautifulwhenyouthinkaboutit,really.

3. Application of Optical Fiber: Military
Fiberoptictechnologyisinhighdemandinthemilitarytoday.
Themilitaryhastestedthecablesrigorouslyanddecidedtheywere
perfectforuseinmanyoftheirapplications.
Theyofferbetterperformance,morebandwidth,andgreatersecurityfor
theirsignals-allatalowercost.
They'restrong,andmoreimportantlylightweight,andcanalsobeused
outdoorsinharshenvironments.
Thus,opticalcablingisanexcellentchoiceforthemilitary'sretrievaland
deploymentapplications.
Missilelaunchersandradarsystemshavealsobeguntoutilizethese
benefits.Inmanyoftheircontrolsystems,asinglepencil-sizedoptical
fibercanreplacemiles(andpounds)ofcopperwiring.
In2014,theU.S.ArmyplanstointroduceanAbramstankthatwillbe
almosttwotonslighterthanthecurrentversion,allduetoreplacing
copperwiringwithitslighter,faster,moresecurecounterpart.

4. Thefast-pacedtransportationsystemhasbecomeagrowingmarketforthe
useoffiberoptics.
Withtheincreaseintrafficandmoredemandforefficiency,“smarthighways”
havebeguntoadoptfiberintothingslikeautomatedtollbooths,trafficsignals,
andmessagesignsthatarechangeable.
Beyondthat,thesecablesarebeingutilizedinlotsofothertechnical,
complicatedways(we'llbehonest,wedon't*totally*understanditall,butit
soundsveryprogressive).
Onesuchexamplecanbefoundinelectrictrains.
Fiberisusedasthetransmissionmediumtocontroltheswitchingofpower
semiconductorswithintheconvertersthatcreatetherightfrequencyand
voltagefortheelectricaldrivemotorsandelectricalsystems(see,toldyouit
wascomplicated).
Whatthatbasicallymeansisthatatransformerhastoconvertthepowergrid's
electricitytoalowervoltage.
Sincethedistancestraveledtoaccomplishsuchconversionscanbequitefar,
fiberprovidesamuchbettersolutionthancopper.
.
Application of Optical Fiber: Transportation

5. Yup, drones. A fairly new and fast growing application for fiber optics is
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).
With the ability to provide a fast and efficient way to transmit a large amount of
data over long distances, fiber is utilized as the main communication conduit
between the UAV and ground control.
Or more specifically, between ground control and the antenna that controls the
UAV, if you were wondering why there weren't any cables trailing behind drones
in all the photos and videos you've seen.
And we're not just talking military drones, either.
Recently, tiny drones have been entirely powered by “laser over fiber”, basically
using light and optical cables to make it fly.
The fiber has the added benefit of being lighter than copper wiring, and non-
conductive (meaning it won't short out any power lines the UAV happens to
bumble into, and it also won't attract pesky lightning strikes)
Application of Optical Fiber: UAVs & Drones

6. Application of Optical Fiber: MEDICAL-biomedical sensing
Theintrinsicphysicalcharacteristicsofopticalfibercombinedwithitsversatilityinremote
sensingmakeitanattractivetechnologyforbiomedicalapplications.
Withaglobalpopulationthat'sbothgrowingandlivinglonger,theworld'shealthcare
providersareincreasinglylookingtoadvancedbiomedicalinstrumentationtoenablemore
efficientpatientdiagnosis,monitoring,andtreatment.
Inthiscontext,biomedicalsensingapplicationsofopticalfiberareofgrowingimportance.
Atthesametime,recentadvancesinminimallyinvasivesurgery(MIS)demandsmaller
disposablesensingcatheters.
Endoscopicimagingapplicationsoffiber-opticsarewellestablished,buttheintrinsicphysical
characteristicsofopticalfibersalsomakethemextremelyattractiveforbiomedicalsensing.
Uncabledfibers(typicallylessthan250μmdiameter)canbeinserteddirectlyinto
hypodermicneedlesandcatheters,sothattheirusecanbebothminimallyinvasiveand
highlylocalized—andfiber-opticsensors(FOS)madewiththemcanperformremote
multipointandmultiparametersensing.
Opticalfibersareimmunetoelectromagneticinterference(EMI),chemicallyinert,nontoxic,
andintrinsicallysafe.
Theirusewillnotcauseinterferencewiththeconventionalelectronicsfoundinmedical
theaters.
And,mostimportantly,theimmunityoffiberstoelectromagneticandradiofrequency(RF)
signalsmakesthemidealforreal-timeuseduringdiagnosticimagingwithMRI,CT,PET,or
SPECTsystems,aswellasduringthermalablativetreatmentsinvolvingRFormicrowave
radiation.
http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2011/01/medical-applications-of-fiber-optics-optical-
fiber-sees-growth-as-medical-sensors.html

7. Fiber is also used in countless other applications, including decorative lighting for
Christmas trees, signs, and art. Showcases displayed in boutiques use optical
fibers to illuminate from different angles using a single light source.
Special optical fibers are also used for sensor applications in areas that involve
oil-well monitoring and fire or leak detection.
The extra bandwidth offered also enables cable television to transmit signals to
their subscribers faster and more efficiently.
Fiber also shows up in research institutions, colleges and universities, as well as
in the aerospace, biomedical, and chemical industries.
The bottom line? Fiber optic technology is definitely growing rapidly, and is fast
becoming an essential part of our everyday lives.
Application of Optical Fiber: Other Uses of Fiber Optics

8. 1.All Optical Communication Networks
2.Multi –Terabit Optical Networks
3.Intelligent Optical Transmission Network
4.Ultra –Long Haul Optical Transmission
5.Improvements in Laser Technology
6.Laser Neural Network Nodes
7.Polymer Optic Fibers
8.High –Altitude Platforms
9.Improvements in Optical Transmitter/Receiver Technology
10.Improvement in Optical Amplification Technology
11.Advancement in Network Configuration of Optical Submarine System
12.Improvement in WDM Technology
13.Improvements in Glass Fiber Design and Component Miniaturization
FUTURE TRENDS IN FIBER OPTICS COMMUNICATION
Ref:FrancisIdachaba,DikeU.Ike,andOrovwodeHope,“FutureTrendsin
FiberOpticsCommunication”,ProceedingsoftheWorldCongresson
Engineering2014VolI,WCE2014,July2-4,2014,London,U.K.

9. Graph showing the chromatic dispersion in a non-zero dispersion shifted fiber and a
dispersion shifted fiber.
New techniques have opened two new windows, (4 and 5) for WDM.
Window 3 is traditionally used for DWDM.
New techniques with two new windows, (4 and 5) for WDM

10. Fiber with a continuous usable bandspectrumfrom 1285 nm to 1625 (1700) nm.
Attenuation versus wavelength for the fiber with reduced “water peak”. The fiber may be used continuously for 1285–
1625 nm.

12. The evolution of the optical fiber.