Foliar Nutrition in Pulses

Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.

1. WELCOME

2. Department of SSAC, College of Agriculture, Latur . Vasantrao Naik Marathawada Krishi Vidyapeeth , Parbhani . Master Seminar On Research Guide Dr . V. G . Takankhar Asso . Prof . Department of SSAC, College of Agriculture, Ambajogai . Presented By Mr. Shantanu Madhukar Jadhav Reg. No. 2015A/43ML Foliar Nutrition in Pulses Seminar Incharge Dr . P. H . Vaidya Asso . Prof . Department of SSAC, College of Agriculture, Latur .

3. Foliar nutrition is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place faster through their stomata but total absorption may be as great through the epidermis. Plants are also able to absorb nutrients through their bark . Foliar nutrient uptake is a means of rapid nutrient supply, especially when soil nutrient availability or root activity is reduced.

4. Foliar nutrient uptake is a means of rapid nutrient supply , when soil nutrient availability or root activity is reduced. Foliar Spray is also the method of choice when prompt correction of nutrient deficiencies is required. Nutrient sprays can be applied at any point of time during the growing season to improve the appearance and colour, size and quality of fruits. Foliar fertilization can be applied in combination with herbicides, insecticides, fungicides etc. During adverse conditions such as drought, disease or insect attack, foliar sprays are more effective.

5. Nutrients can be applied directly to site of metabolism. It can increases yields from 12% to 25%. More than 90% of the fertilizer is utilized by the plant. Foliar applied fertilizers are up to 20 times more effective than the soil applied fertilizers. Foliar feeding bypasses nutrient uptake through root . Deficiencies can be corrected within the short time period.

6. Nutrient must enter into the leaf before entering into the cytoplasm of the leaf cell. Nutrient must effectively penetrate the outer cuticle and wall of the epidermal cell. Once penetration has occurred, nutrient absorption by the cell is similar to absorption by the roots. Among all the components the cuticle offers the greatest resistance to the nutrients.

7. 1.Proper Growth Stage: Foliar applications should be timed to provide needed nutrients during the yield potential determining time frame of plant development, which favorably influence the post reproductive development stages. 2.Proper Crop Condition: Crops that are nutritionally sound will be most likely to respond to foliar feeding. Crops under heat or moisture stress show less response to foliar applications due to lower leaf & stem absorption rates and poor vigor. Foliar feeding does benefit crop performance and yield if an application was made prior to heat or moisture stress. METHOD

8. 3.Proper Meteorological Conditions Environmental influences, such as time of day, temperature, humidity and wind speed influence the physical and biological aspects of foliar applications due to effect on Plant tissue permeability. Sr. No Meteorological Conditions Mineral Nutrient Sprays 1 Time of Day late evening; after 6:00 p.m. early morning; before 9:00 am 2 Temperature Between 25-30 C Temp. 3 Humidity greater than 70% relative humidity 4 Wind Speed less than 5 mph

9. Fertilizer Materials: Not all fertilizers are suitable for use as a foliar spray. The primary objective of a foliar application is to allow for maximum absorption of nutrients into the plant tissue; foliar fertilizer formulations should meet certain standards in order to minimize foliage damage. Qualifications for fertilizer materials follow: High solubility. Low salt index. High purity. Nitrogen Materials: Urea is the most suitable nitrogen source for foliar applications, due to it’s low salt index and high solubility in comparison to other nitrogen sources. Urea utilized in foliar sprays should be low in biuret content to lessen urea foliage burn. Types of fertilizer material

10. Phosphorus Materials: A combination of poly and ortho -phosphates shown to lessen leaf burn and aid in leaf phosphate absorption . The polyphosphate advantage may also be due to supplying both ortho and polyphosphate forms. Potassium Materials : Depending on availability, potassium polyphosphates are an excellent source of low salt index, highly soluble potassium. Potassium sulfate- low salt index, but a rather low solubility. Potassium hydroxide, potassium nitrate and potassium thiosulfate -low salt index and high solubility characteristics. Secondary and Micronutrient Materials: Foliar application of secondary nutrients can be highly effective, but because of difficulties associated with leaf tissue absorption and translocation choosing the correct fertilizer sources for these nutrients becomes very critical.

11. Spray during the cooler and more humid times of the day. Spray when wind is low. Never spray plants under very stress of moisture. Test for possible side effects or photo-toxicity by a small trial, spraying a week prior to intended commercial treatments. After spraying rinse thoroughly the sprayer and all it’s parts with fresh water.

12. 1) If a deficiency exists, then foliar application would be one means of providing a quick method to fix the problem. 2) When the absorption of plant nutrients is disturbed by weeds, poor aeration, low soil temperature, frequent rainfall etc Nutrients absorbed through the foliage strengthen the plant and help recovering root uptake. 3) The purpose of foliar feeding is not to replace soil fertilization. It is usually a supplement way to compensate nutrients deficiency.

13. It can be effectively used at varying topographical condition. Poor and marginal lands could be used effectively. Foliar fertilization can apply fertilizers in combination with herbicides insecticides fungicides. It reduces fertilizer requirement of crop by increasing nutrient availability

14. 1) If concentrations of nutrients in the foliar spray are too high, then leaf damage can occur and in severe cases may kill the plant. 2) If rain occurs shortly after an application, most of the spray will be washed off the leaves and reapplication will be necessary. 3) Foliar fertilization is unable to meet the total plant requirements for the major nutrients N, P and K

15. Toxicity may be the result of osmotic or direct elemental effects. Osmotic toxicity is due to dehydration of cells by salt solution. Elemental toxicity occurs by excessive entry of elements into the metabolic space. Elemental toxicity is also due to excessive concentration of the formulation used. Toxicity of foliar applications is extremely important but poorly understood process. Toxicity of Foliar Applications

16. Possibility of foliar burn (with high concentration ). Solubility problems especially with cold water. Requirement of correct weather condition. Incompatible with certain agrochemicals. Nutrient absorption affected by plant factors. LIMITATION OF FOLIAR FEEDING

17. Particulars Area Percent Production percent Productivity Chickpea 73.7 38.71 58.9 48.28 799.19 Tur 36.3 19.07 27.6 22.62 760.33 Mungbean 34.4 18.07 14 11..48 406.98 Uradbean 31 16.28 14 11.48 451.61 Lentil 15 7.88 9.5 7.79 633.33 Total 190.4 100.0 124 101.64 651.2

18. Table 2. Foliar Application of Nutrients Enhances the Yield Attributes and Nutrient Uptake of Green gram Sr. Treatment No. of pods plant-1 No. of seeds pod-1 Grain yield (kg ha-1) Haulm yield (kg ha-1) 1 T1- No spray (control) 21.0 7.6 712 939 2 T2- 2% urea spray 26.0 10.0 793 976 3 T3- 2% DAP spray 27.0Z 10.3 817 1014 4 T4- 0.05% Na molybdate spray 26.0 10.0 813 993 5 T5- 100 ppm salicylic acid 27.0 11.0 818 975 6 T6- T2 + T5 29.0 10.6 852 1073 7 T7- T3 + T5 30.0 11.0 877 1100 8 T8- T4+ T6 32.0 11.3 895 1104 9 T9- T4 + T7 34.0 11.6 928 1230 10 T10- Water spray 23.0 8.6 765 870 SEd 0.9 0.6 22 61 CD (P=0.05) 1.9 1.3 46 128 TNAU, Coimbatore Kuttimani et al . (2011)

19. Table 3 . Effect of Foliar Nutrition of Potassium Nitrate on the growth a nd yield of Green gram Sr. No. Treatment Yield (kg/ha) Harvest Index pod Grain Fodder T1 KNO 3 O.2% 1398 939 2948 21.6 T2 KNO 3 O.4% 1604 1081 3091 23.0 T3 KNO 3 O.6% 1511 1001 2983 22.3 T4 KNO 3 O.8% 1521 1022 3031 22.5 T5 Water Spray 1387 913 2825 21.7 SEm 55 34 106 - C.D.(p=0.05) 156 96 228 - Vekaria et al. ( 2012). Dry Farming Research Station Junagadh Agricultural University, GJ

20. Table 4. Effect of Foliar spray of Fertilizer on Yield of Chickpea Var. Vijay Foliar Spray Grain Yield T1- Control 698 T2- Water Spray 706 T3- Urea 2% 1094 T4- Urea 3% 1095 T-5 DAP 2% 1062 T-6 KCL 2% 912 SE+ 37 CD At 5% 74 MPKV. Rahuri Dudhate et al. (2003)

21. Table 5. Effect of Zn supply on the dry matter yield, floral analysis and reproductive yield of black gram Parameter Dry matter yield gm/plant Zn Spply ( uM ) T1-0.01 T2-0.1 T3- 1.0 T4-2.0 T5-10.0 Leaves 0.660 0.779 0.970 1.053 0.952 Stem 0.380 0.590 1.585 1.068 0.992 Root 0.063 0.090 0.195 0.184 0.146 Whole Plants 1.103 1.159 2.750 2.305 2.090 Flower No. 16.0 23.0 44.0 34.0 33.0 Anther Size 423 473 790 758 718 Pollen Size 58.1 76.3 91.2 88.5 84.7 Pollen Viability 32 47 90 84 80 No. of pods/ plant 8 11 25 25 20 Pod wt./ plant 0.099 0.135 0.256 0.214 0.184 No. of seeds per plant 44 68 145 120 102 Seed wt. per plant 1.6 1.9 3.7 3.2 2.9 Differences between means with different letter in the same row are significant at p<0.05. University of Lucknow Pandey et al. (2013)

22. Table 6. Effect of plant growth regulating chemicals and nutrients on seed yield and yield components of green gram (variety CO 6) Treatment No of pod / cluster No of flower / plant Fertility coefficient (%) Translocation efficiency (%) Seed yield (kg ha-1) T1 – Control 13.20 47.40 27.89 64.23 1162.42 T2 – SA 100 ppm 14.37 42.30 33.97 65.16 1250.59 T3 – DAP 2% 16.55 43.30 38.19 67.30 1371.79 T4 – DAP 2% + KCl 1%+ NAA 40 ppm 14.90 45.82 32.54 64.31 1195.00 T5 – DAP 2% + SA 100 ppm + KCl 1% + NAA 40 ppm 19.45 48.12 40.41 68.65 1443.38 SEd 0.75 1.06 - - 40.3 CD (P=0.05) 1.61 2.27 - - 85.9 TNAU, Coimbatore ,T.N. Chandrasekhar and Bangarusamy ( 2003)

23. Table 7 . Effect of fertility levels and foliar nutrition on cowpea growth Sr. Treatment Branches/plant (no.) Plant height(cm) Test Wt(g) 50 DAS At harvest 50 DAS At harvest Fertility Levels 1 control 5.86 6.69 33.1 44.1 80.6 2 50% RDF 6.51 7.74 36.0 48.7 88.4 3 75% RDF 7.09 8.64 38.5 52.5 90.6 4 100% RDF 7.63 9.26 40.8 55.8 91.2 CD (P = 0.05) Foliar spray - - 2.2 3.2 6.9 5 Water spray 6.28 7.38 34.6 46.6 85.5 6 2% urea spray 6.97 8.35 37.7 51.1 80.1 7 2% DAP spray 7.02 8.48 39.0 53.0 90.1 8 2% KCl spray 6.82 8.12 37.1 50.3 85.7 CD (P = 0.05) 0.52 0.61 2.2 3.2 NS Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Choudhary et al. (2011) Agriculture University, Jobner ,

24. Table 8. Effect of foliar application of urea on growth and yield attributes of chickpea Sr. No. Treatment Plant height ( cm) Branches plant/ (no.) Pods/ plant (no.) 100 seed weight (gm) Seeds/ pod (no.) Grain yield (kg/ha) Grain protein (%) T1 Control 42.2 4.8 36.4 18.15 1.6 2401.2 17.94 T2 Water spray 43.6 4.9 39.2 18.20 1.6 2409.9 17.88 T3 Urea spray at 60 DAS* 44.0 5.2 41.6 18.60 1.7 2535.9 18.75 T4 Urea spray at 75 DAS 46.4 5.7 43.7 20.50 1.9 2828.5 18.90 T5 Urea spray at 90 DAS 43.0 5.7 42.5 19.70 1.7 2712.5 18.89 T6 Urea spray at 60+75 DAS 43. 5| 5.6 42.3 19.60 1.9 2723.7 18.89 T7 Urea spray at 60+90 DAS 43.9 5.5 41.2 19.50 1.8 2639.6 18.85 T8 Urea spray at 75+90 DAS 44.1 5.7 42.7 20.30 1.9 2755.7 19.32 T9 Urea spray at 60+75+90 DAS 43.7 5.7 43.5 20.30 1.9 2809.4 19.17 CD (P=0.05) NS 0.74 2.97 1.17 0.17 183.6 0.08 Venkatesh and Basu (2011) Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur

25. Table 9. Performances of fertilizers and foliar nutrition levels on yield of Greengram ( Vigna radiata L.) Treatments No. of pods/plant Length of pods (cm) No. of grains pod Test weight 1000 seed (g) Grain yield q/ha Levels ot Fertilizers F 1 - 0% RDF (control) 21.13 8.83 9.37 51.20 10.50 F 2 -100% RDF 24.54 9.03 10.00 53.21 13.93 F 3 - 85% RDF 25.83 9.11 10.25 53.42 14.71 F 4 -70% RDF 25.30 9.06 10.15 53.23 14.00 CD. at 5% 0.31 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.30 Foliar spray at 20 and 40 DAS S 1 - No spray (control) 2245 8.89 9.58 51.88 11.38 S 3 - water spray 23.61 8.98 9.75 5225 12.87 S 3 - urea 2% spray 24.25 9.03 10.03 52.89 13.59 S 4 - DAP 2% spray 26.50 9.13 10.40 54.04 15.30 CD. at 5% 0.31 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.30 Department of Agronomy, Allahabad Kumar S . et al. (2015 )

26. Table 10. Effect of foliar applied DAP and K on growth, yield and quality of mungbean Treatment Plant height No of pods No of seed pod 1000 seed wt (g) Biological yield kg ha1 Harvest index (%) Quality protein(%) T1= Water control 32.10 6.17 5.50 27.87 4082.0 18.70 10.37 T2= 1% DAP 41.00 6.73 5.67 31.23 4773.70 16.97 10.53 T3= 2% DAP 43.13 7.57 5.80 32.03 5197.00 15.88 10.80 T4= 0.5% K 38.66 6.43 5.17 31.93 4669.00 18.24 11.77 T5= 1% K 42.00 6.75 5.30 34.93 4634.00 18.61 12.17 T6= 1% DAP + 0.5% K 43.00 7.33 5.43 32.00 4644.00 19.02 15.10 T7= 1% DAP + 1% K 44.33 8.48 5.93 32.00 4626.00 21.73 17.97 T8= 2% DAP + 0.5 % K 50.00 9.65 8.67 31.47 4646.70 24.24 20.90 T9= 2 % DAP + 1% K 56.00 11.08 10.80 40.97 5713.30 22.24 23.80 LSD 1.73 2.57 0.78 2.62 508.73 1.56 1.71 College of agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan. Muhammad Tahir et al. (2014)

27. Table 11 . Yield attributes of rainfed chickpea as influenced by foliar and basal nourishment Sr,no Treatment Pods/ Plant Seed / plant Seed weight/ Plant 100 Sed Weight Grain yield(q/ha) Harvest Index Foliar Spray 1 Control 48.4 59.4 9.6 11.5 11.61 37.31 2 Water 51.2 69.8 11.1 12.1 11.96 35.50 3 Urea (2%) 55.9 87.5 13.4 13.1 13.24 36.24 4 Urea(3%) 57.9 97.1 15.3 13.9 14.08 36.99 5 DAP(2%) 60.2 108.9 16.2 14.6 14.78 37.86 6 KCl (2%) 48.8 71.6 13.8 12.7 12.06 36.16 C.D. (P=0.05) 1.42 4.50 0.51 0.97 0.25 0.34 Basal Application 1. Control 48.3 64.2 11.8 12.4 10.77 34.68 2. N 20 P 50 K 20 S 20 59.2 100.5 14.6 13.6 15.14 38.65 3. C.D. (p=0.05) 0.85 2.70 0.31 0.58 0.15 0.20 Shukla et al.( 2013) Goverment P.G. College, Satna , M.P.

28. Table 12. Effect of foliar application of DAP, micronutrient and NAA on growth and yield of green gram ( Vigna radiata l.) Dixit and Elamathi (2007) Department of Agronomy, Allahabad Agricultural Institute Sr. No. Treatments No. of pods / plant 1000- Seed wt. (gm) Grain Yield (Q/ha) Haulm Yield (Q/ha) T1. Control 18.00 26.63 6.26 28.36 T2. DAP 2% 18.26 28.20 7.90 27.53 T3. NAA 40 ppm 20.06 29.36 7.53 29.23 T4. B 0.2% 18.06 28.70 6.83 30.00 T5. Mo 0.05% 19.33 27.00 6.53 26.46 T6. DAP 2% + NAA 40 ppm 23.46 29.06 8.09 28.20 T7. DAP 2% + B 0.2% 19.00 28.16 7.83 27.13 T8. DAP 2% + Mo 0.05% 20.46 27.56 7.96 25.86 T9. NAA 40 ppm + B 0.2% 20.53 27.90 7.90 26.23 T10. NAA 40 ppm + Mo 0.05% 22.80 27.80 8.13 29.53 T11. B 0.2% + Mo 0.05% 22.06 30.13 7.66 28.50 T12. DAP 2% + NAA 40 ppm + B 0.2% + Mo 0.05% 25.86 30.33 10.16 30.33 S. Ed 1.25 0.90 0.53 0.91 CD. (P=0.05) 2.59 1.86 1.11 1.97

29. Table 13. Mean comparison of vegetative & yield character of Green gram at half basal fertilizer treated with different conc. Of K as foliar spray @ flowering S.N. Character No. Of Samples T0 Control T1 0.2Kg K/ha T2 0.4Kg K/ha T3 0.6Kg K/ha T4 0.8Kg K/ha T5 1.0Kg K/ha 1 Height of plant (cm) 50 21.21 21.17 21.30 21.99 23.20 24.21 2 Length of Petiole (cm) 50 6.07 5.81 5.23 5.52 5.68 5.54 3 Length of Lamina(cm) 50 5.45 5.14 5.18 5.43 5.82 4.91 4 Breadth of Lamina (cm) 50 3.00 4.76 4.62 5.43 5.53 5.43 5 No. Of Stomata 50 15.74 13.24 12.72 14.84 20.30 14.82 6 Length of Guard cell (cm) 50 4.64 4.36 4.52 4.54 4.58 4.58 7 Breadth of Guard cell(u) 50 2.40 2.30 2.38 2.56 2.46 2.60 8 Length of Stomatal Aperture (u) 50 4.10 4.88 5.32 5.44 5.58 5.50 9 Breadth of Stomatal (u)Aperture 50 2.40 2.46 2.52 2.52 2.56 2.60 10 Diameter of Flower (cm) 50 1.17 1.30 1.33 1.34 1.36 1.41 11 No.of pods/ plant 50 16.00 18.46 18.76 19.20 19.44 19.72 12 Length of Pod 50 3.32 3.82 4.00 4.06 4.16 4.53 13 No. Of seeds / pod 50 4.44 8.24 8.48 7.08 7.48 9.54 14 1000 grain wt. (gm) 50 40.03 42.30 45.46 44.06 45.08 44.32 Beg and Ahemad .( 2012) P. G. College, Azamgarh , U. P.

30. Sr. No TREATMENTS GRAIN YIELD (kg ha-1) NO PODS PLANT-1 POD LENGH ( Cm) NO OF SEED POD-1 TEST WEIGHT (1000 SEED WT ) 1 RDF + Foliar spray of 3% panchagavya 905 26.53 5.07 5.93 55.67 2 RDF + foliar spray of 5% cow urine 836 24.47 4.86 5.47 49.30 3 RDF + foliar spray of 2% DAP 1179 31.33 5.67 6.33 59.07 4 RDF + foliar spray 2% urea 1143 29.27 5.43 3.27 57.50 5 RDF + foliar spray of 0.5 % chelated micronutrient ( Zn, Fe, B and Mo) 973 27.20 5.20 6.00 55.50 6 RDF + foliar spray of 40ppm NAA 1067 27.93 5.31 6.27 56.83 7 RDF + foliar spray of1% salicylic acid 772 22.60 4.70 5.40 47.17 8 RDF + foliar spray of 2% DAP + 0.5% chelated micronutrient 1237 34.13 5.88 6.33 60.67 9 RDF+ foliar spray of 40 ppm NAA + 05.% chelated micronutrient + 2% DAP 1298 38.73 6.03 3.47 61.90 10 RDF+ foliar spray of 1% salicylic acid + 2%DAP 566 15.09 3.57 4.27 42.17 11 Control (RDF + No spray ) 749 21.80 4.29 4.93 45.67 12 Farmer’s practice (50 kg DAP ha-1) 662 18.40 3.98 4.47 44.00 S. Em 39.8 0.56 0.12 0.29 1.15 C.D (P=0.05) 116.8 4.11 0.36 0.85 3.36 Table 14. Grain Yield And Yield Components Of Black Gram As Influenced By Foliar Application Of Growth Regulator, Organic And Inorganic Nutrients Shashikumar et al. (2013) University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad .

31. Foliar nutrition increases significantly higher values of growth attributes like number of branches, height, number of flowers and dry matter accumulation. An increase in yield attributes such as number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, test weight and grain yield per plant observed with liquid fertilizers in different legumes. Foliar application of the correct nutrients in relatively low concentrations at critical stages in crop development contributes significantly to higher yields and improved quality.

32. There is need of research finding on the use of various combination of Pesticide and Herbicide with water soluble fertilizer. It help to minimize cost of cultivation and labour charges. As such, use of foliar feeding could really proved a blessing for Indian farming and may pave way for another green revolution and provide support to boost agricultural production and export. Though foliar feeding technique approach is quite new in India and is in limited use due to its complicacy, it may be useful for high value crops particularly in drought affected areas. Need to find out Multinutrients .

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