FOR GRADE 10 LEARNERS MUSIC OF THE 20TH CENTURY

MAPEH GRADE 10. MUSIC OF THE 20TH CENTURY.

1. MUSIC IN THE 20TH CENTURY Quarter 1

2. REVIEW 1. Who is known as the “Poet of the Piano” in the Romantic Period? F. Chopin L.V. Beethoven c. R. Schumann d. N. Paganini

3. 2. How will you describe the music of the Romantic period? a.highly ornamented b.simple and elegant c.passionate and expressive d.plain and sometimes imitative

4. 3. The composer who reflected the characteristics of Classical and Romantic music in his compositions for he was able to live in the middle of both era? a.W. A. Mozart c. F. Chopin b.J. S. Bach d. L. V. Beethoven

5. 4. A piano composition often of a romantic character which is associated with the night. a.Nocturne b.Ballade c. Scherzo d. Impromptu

6. 5. He is known as the greatest piano virtuoso of the Romantic era who made significant contributions in piano pedagogy and piano recitals? a.R. Schumann b.F. Liszt c. L.V. Beethoven d. N. Paganini

7. NAME THE COMPOSERS AND TITLE OF THE COMPOSITION 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

8. 20 th century saw the rise of distinct musical styles that reflected a move away from the conventions of earlier classical music.

9. IMPRESSIONISM preceeds Romantic Period dramatic emotionalism of Romantic Period were replaced in favour of moods and impressions

10. Most impressionist works centered on nature and its beauty, lightness and brilliance.

11. Impressionism was an attempt not to depict reality, but merely to suggest it. was meant to create an emotional mood rather than a specific picture.

12. In terms of imagery, impressionistic forms were translucent and hazy, as if trying to see through a rain- drenched window.

13. Music compositional characteristics use of extended chords, harmonies, whole tone, chromatic scales and pentatonic scales.

14. Sounds of different chords overlapped lightly with each other to produce new subtle musical colors.

15. Chords did not have a definite order and a sense of clear resolution.

16. lack of tonic- dominant relationship which normally gives the feeling of finality to a piece, moods and textures,

17. harmonic vagueness about the structure of certain chords use of the whole- tone scale

18. Foremost proponents French composers: Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel

19. Ottorino Respighi (Italy) Manuel de Falla (Spain) Isaac Albeniz (Spain) Ralph Vaughan Williams (England)

20. CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862-1918)

21. Primary exponent of the impressionist movement and the focal point for other impressionist composers.

22. Changed the course of musical development by dissolving traditional rules and conventions into a new language of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color.

23. Debussy_ Suite bergamasque - 3. Clair de l une (1890-1905).mp4 Debussy_ Children's Corner - 6. Golliwog's cake- walk (1906-1908).mp4 SADDLE Bench 30s (Richard Gomez).mp4 SCULLER Bench (Richard Gomez).mp4

24. MAURICE RAVEL 1875- 1937

25. Compositional Style Uniquely innovative but not atonal style of harmonic treatment. Intricate and sometimes modal melodies and extended chordal components

26. demands considerable technical virtuosity from the performer which is the character, ability, or skill of a virtuoso – a person who excels in musical technique or execution.

27. Harmonic progressions and modulations are not only musically satisfying but also pleasantly dissonant and elegantly sophisticated.

28. His refined delicacy and color, contrasts and effects add to the difficulty in the proper execution of the musical passages.

29. Work is programmatic in nature, visual imagery is either suggested or portrayed. Works deal with water in it flowing or stormy moods as well as with human characterizations.

30. Sample works - Maurice Ravel BOLERO - Wiener Philhar monic.mp4 Ravel - Rapsodie espagnole - Barenboim. mp4 Martha Argerich,Ravel Jeux d'eau.mp4

31. ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874- 1951)

32. Compositional style dissonant to atonal, as he explored the use of chromatic harmonies Although full melodic and lyrical interest, his music is also extremely complex, creating heavy demands on the listener.

33. Western Diatonic Scale

34. The Chromatic Scale

35. Atonality Music that is not in any key. Applies when there is no tonal centre and all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are of equal importance, each of which functions independently.

36. Debussy’s music foreshadowed atonality but it was Schoenberg who wrote atonal music and further developed it into the “12- note” system.

37. The traditional concept of consonances and dissonances do not apply in atonal works.

38. The Difference Between Tonal & Atonal M usic _ Piano & Music Tips.mp4 Bernstein on Schoenberg.mp4 Bernstein on Schoenberg Part II.mp4 Glenn Gould-Schoenberg- Pierrot Lunaire opus 21 (HD).mp4 Arnold Schoenberg - Transfigured Night fo r String Sextet, Op. 4.mp4

39. OTHER MUSICAL STYLES PRIMITIVISM - Music is tonal through the asserting of one note as more important than the others. New sounds are synthesized from old ones by juxtaposing two simple events to create a more complex new event.

40. Primitivism has links to Exoticism through the use of materials from other cultures. Nationalism through the use of materials indigenous to specific countries, and Ethnicism through the use of materials from European ethnic groups.

41. Eventually evolved in Neo- classicism - Neoclassicism in music was a twentieth- century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint

42. IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882- 1971)

43. Compositional Style Music reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky- Korsakov asymmetrical rhythm. nationalistic musical style

44. Despite its “shocking” modernity, his music is also very structured, precise, controlled, full of artifice, and theatricality.

45. Stravinsky_ Le sacre du printemps _ The Rite of Spring - Jaap van Zweden - Full H D.mp4 Pétrouchka (1947); First Part - Danse Rus se by Igor Stravinsky Animation by Vict or Craven.mp4 Stravinsky Petrushka - Yuja Wang.mp4

46. Stravinsky_ The Firebird _ Gergiev · Vien na Philarmonic · Salzburg Festival 2000. mp4

47. BELA BARTOK (1881- 1945)

48. Compositional Style Neo- classicist, primitivist, and nationalist – used Hungarian folk themes and rhythms Used changing meters and syncopation

49. Compositions were successful because of their rich melodies and lively rhythms.

50. Béla Bartók, No. 88, Duet for Pipes.mp4

51. NEO- CLASSICISM a twentieth- century trend, particularly current in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly defined concept of "classicism", namely order, balance, clarity, economy, and emotional restraint

52. Moderating factor between the emotional excesses of the Romantic period and the violent impulses of the soul in expressionism.

53. A partial return to earlier style of writing, particularly the tightly- knit form of the Classical period, while combining tonal harmonies with slight dissonances.

54. SERGEI PROKOFIEFF (1891- 1953)

55. COMPOSITIONAL STYLE regarded today as a combination of neo- classicist, nationalist and avant- garde progressive technique, pulsating rhythms, melodic directness, resolving dissonance

56. Yuja Wang - Prokofiev_ Piano Concerto No. 3 in C major, Op. 26 (Claudio Abbado, LUCERNE FESTIVAL).mp4 Yuja Wang plays Prokofiev _ Piano Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Opus 16.mp4

57. FRANCIS POULENC (1899- 1963)

58. A member of young French composers known as “Les Six”.

59. COMPOSITIONAL STYLE rejected the heavy romanticism of Wagner and the so- called imprecision of Debussy and Ravel coolly elegant modernity, tempered by a classical sense of proportion

60. OTHER MEMBERS OF “LES SIX” George Auric (1899- 1983) Louis Durey (1888- 1979) Arthur Honegger (1882- 1955) Darius Milhaud (1892- 1974) Germaine Tailleferre (1892- 1983)

61. Poulenc - Mouvements Perpetuels No 1 - Zakarij Laux.mp4 Gloria (Francis Poulenc).mp4 Francis Poulenc - Suite Pour Piano.mp4

62. AVANT- GARDE MUSIC closely associated with electronic music deals with the parameters or the dimensions of sound in space

63. Exhibited a new attitude toward musical mobility, whereby the order or note groups could be varied so that musical continuity could be altered.

64. Improvisation was a necessity in this style, for the musical scores were not necessarily followed as written.

65. For example, one could expect a piece to be read by a performer from left to right or vice versa.

66. Or the performer might turn the score over, and go on dabbling indefinitely in whatever order before returning to the starting point.

67. Avant- garde composers United States of America George Gershwin John Cage Leonard Bernstein Philip Glass

68. The unconventional method of sound and form, as well as the absence of traditional rules governing harmony, melody and rhythm, make the whole concept of avant- garde music still strange to ears accustomed to traditional compositions.

69. Composers who used this style: Oliver Messian John Cage Philip Glass Leonard Bernstein George Gershwin Pierre Boulez

70. GEO RGE GERSHWIN (1898-1937)

71. incorporated jazz rhythms with classical forms His “mixture of the primitive and the sophisticated” gave his music an appeal that has lasted long after his death. Musical style

72. His melodic gift was considered phenomenal, as evidenced by his numerous songs of wide appeal.

73. A true “cross- over artist” in the sense that his compositions remain highly popular in the classical repertoire, as his stage and film songs continue to be jazz and vocal standards.

74. considered the “Father of American Jazz”

75. MUSIC 10 videos\George Gershwin - Th Man I Love.mp4 Norah Jones - Summertime.mp4 Porgy & Bess _Summertime_.mp4 Someone to Watch Over Me - Julie Andrews.mp4 G. Gershwin - Rhapsody in Blue, FORTISSIMO FEST 2010.mp4

76. LEONARD BERNSTEIN (1918- 1990)

77. endeared himself to his many followers as a charismatic conductor, pianist, composer and lecturer

78. His philosophy was that the universal language of music is basically rooted in tonality. This came under fire from the radical young musicians who espoused the serialist principles of that time.

79. Achieved pre- eminence in two fields: conducting and composing for Broadway musicals, dance shows and concert music.

80. Best known for his compositions for the stage: West Side Story (1957) Romeo and Juliet (American version)

81. West Side Story- Tonight (Ensemble).mp4 West Side Story-Tonight.mp4 West Side Story-Somewhere.mp4 Glee - America.mp4

82. PHILIP GLASS (1937- )

83. one of the most commercially successful minimalist composer explored the territories of ballet, opera, theatre, film, and even television jingles

84. Musical style distinctive style involves cell- like phrases emanating from bright electronic sounds from the keyboard that progressed very slowly from one pattern to the next in a very repetitious fashion.

85. Aided by soothing vocal effects and horn sounds, his music is often criticized as uneventful and shallow, yet startlingly effective for its hypnotic charm.

86. Knee Play 5 (live) - Philip Glass, _Einstein on the Beach_.mp4 Philip Glass _Music in Fifths_ by Nicolas Horvath.mp4

87. MODERN NATIONALISM A looser form of 20 th century music development focused on nationalist composers and musical innovators who sought to combine modern technique with folk materials.

88. Composers of this genre Bela Bartok Sergei Prokofieff

89. “Russian Five” Modest Mussorgsky Mili Balakirev Alexander Borodin Cesar Cui Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov

90. SUMMARY IMPRESSIONISM made use of whole-tone scale applied suggested, rather than depicted, reality

91. created a mood rather than a definite picture had a translucent and hazy texture; lacking a dominant- tonic relationship

92. - made use of overlapping chords, with 4ths, 5ths, octaves, and 9 th intervals, resulting in a non-traditional harmonic order and resolution

93. EXPRESSIONISM revealed the composer’s mind, instead or presenting an impression of the environment used atonality and the 12- tone scale, lacking stable and conventional harmonies

94. It served as a medium for expressing strong emotions, such as anxiety, rage and alienation.

95. NEO- CLASSICISM - partial return to a classical form or writing music with carefully modulated dissonances. It made use of a freer seven- note diatonic scale.

96. AVANT- GARDE - Associated with electronic music and dealt with the parameters or dimensions of sound in space.

97. Made use of variations of self- contained note groups to change musical continuity, and improvisation, with an absence of traditional rules on harmony, melody, and rhythm.

98. MODERN NATIONALISM - A looser form of 20 th century music development focused on nationalist composers and musical innovators who sought to combine modern techniques with folk materials.

99. Impressionist composers Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel

100. Expressionism Arnold Schoenberg Igor Stravinsky – also neo-classicist, primitivist

101. neo- classical, modern nationalist, primitivist • Bela Bartok • Sergei Prokofieff – also avant-garde but not primitivist

102. Neo- classic Francis Poulenc and other members of “Les Six”

103. 20 th Century Musical Styles Electronic Music - music being produced electronically and recorded on tape. It may refer to synthesized sounds or everyday sounds.

104. Musique concrete or concrete music – music that uses the tape recorder

105. Mario Davidovsky - Synchronisms No. 5.mp4

106. EDGARD VARESE (1883-1965)

107. Musical style emphasized on timbre and rhythm Invented the term “organized sound”, which means that certain timbres and rhythm can be grouped together in order to capture a whole definition of sound.

108. Use of instruments and electronic resources made him the “Father of Electronic Music” and he was described as the “Stratospheric Colossus of Sound.”

109. Poème Electronique.mp4

110. Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928- )

111. Musical style total serialism( influenced by Schoenberg, Messiaen, Webern) heavily atonal content with practically no clear melodic or rhythmic sense.

112. Stockhausen - - Hymnen.mp4 Karlheinz Stockhausen _Helicopter String Quartet_.mp4 Stockhausen Studie II.mp4

113. CHANCE MUSIC refers to a style wherein the piece always sounds different at every performance because of the random techniques of production, including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become part of the music.

114. Most of the sounds emanate from the surroundings, both natural and man- made, such as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing wind, dripping water, or a ringing phone.

115. As such, the combination of external sounds cannot be duplicated as each happens by chance.

116. JOHN CAGE (1912-1992)

117. became one of the most original composers in the history of western music He challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments in order to achieve new sounds.

118. John Cage - 4'33_.mp4 John Cage - Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano [1_5].mp4 John Cage's Prepared Piano w_ Stephen Drury.mp4 John Cage playing amplified cacti and plant materials with a feather.mp4 Tim Ovens plays John Cage · Sonata X for Prepared Piano.mp4

119. SUMMARY New musical styles created by the 20 th century classical composers were truly unique and innovative. Experimented with the elements of rhythm, melody, harmony, tempo and timbre in daring way never attempted before

120. Among the resulting new musical styles were electronic music and chance music. These expanded the concept of music far beyond the conventions of earlier periods, and challenged both the new composers and the listening public.