Foreign policy and decision making model.pptx

this contain inforamtion about foreign policy

1. Foreign policy and decision making model IRUM KHAN 157 MARKS CSS 2022

2. WHAT IS FOREIGN POLICY Kenneth Waltz defined foreign policy as "the strategy a state uses to guide its actions in the international arena.“ Foreign policy, according to Joseph Nye , refers to a state's strategies and actions aimed at achieving its objectives in the international arena. It involves a wide range of tools beyond traditional military force, including economic influence, diplomacy, cultural exchange, and the projection of 'soft power. MORGANTHAU guided by national interest of the state and must aim at protecting it Water Lipman If you are able to handle the external pressure without compromising on state interest at the time of crisis or ready to do it

3. State image building Ideological beliefs Strategic culture Economic beggar cannot be a chooser and military strength Realist aggressive Liberalist cooperative Constructivist identity, ideological beliefs State identity

4. DECISION MAKING MODEL OF FOREIGN POLICY Rational Actor Model: This model assumes that states are rational actors that carefully assess all available information, weigh the costs and benefits of different options, and choose the course of action that maximizes their interests. It's based on the idea that decision-makers are fully informed, have clear preferences, and make logical choices. Bureaucratic Politics Model: According to this model, foreign policy decisions are influenced by the interactions and conflicts among various government agencies, departments, and interest groups. Decision outcomes are a result of negotiations and compromises between these internal actors, each representing different viewpoints and agendas. Organizational Process Model: This model suggests that foreign policy decisions are often influenced by standard operating procedures and routines within government organizations. Decision-makers may rely on established patterns of behavior and predefined policies, sometimes leading to decisions that might not be fully rational.

5. MODELS OF POLICY 4.Cognitive Model: This approach focuses on the cognitive processes of individual decision-makers. It emphasizes factors like perception, cognition, beliefs, and biases. Decision-makers may not have complete information and may rely on mental shortcuts or cognitive biases, which can affect the quality of their decisions. 5.Groupthink Model: Groupthink occurs when a decision-making group becomes too cohesive and seeks consensus at the expense of critical thinking and alternative viewpoints. In this model, decision-makers may suppress dissenting opinions, leading to flawed decisions. 6.Domestic Politics Model: This model asserts that foreign policy decisions are influenced by domestic political considerations, such as public opinion, interest groups, and electoral cycles. Decision-makers may prioritize actions that enhance their domestic popularity or align with the interests of influential domestic actors. 7.Crisis Decision-Making Model: During crises, decision-making processes can be significantly different. Rapid responses are often required, and decisions may be shaped by urgency, incomplete information, and emotional factors. 8.Cultural and Normative Model: This model emphasizes the role of cultural norms, values, and historical experiences in shaping foreign policy decisions. Countries may act in accordance with their cultural beliefs and national identity

6. DETERMINANTS OF PAKISTAN FOEIGN POLICY Ideology Geostrategic location (ALLIANCE) Rivalry with India (reactive ) negative Strategic depth Military and nuclear power Economy (alliance with west because of aid ) Public opinion and world opinion ( Israel recognition) Individual leadership (Bhutto‘s socialism and era of neutrality)

7. Security centric to economic centric

8. IMF International monetary fund established in 1945 under the Bretton wood system Pakistan joined in 1950 11 th of July Purpose of establishment Monetary cooperation Stabilize exchange rate Short term financial assistance Lender of the last resort Financial stability

9. Imf Increase taxes Cut developmental spending of Govt Cut spending on social welfare and subsidies Increase interest rate to lessen the borrowing