Forest landscape restoration for improved livelihoods: Secure tenure to catalyze community action in Madagascar and Cameroon (Preliminary findings from Madagascar)

LDN Workgroup: 27 September 2023

1. Forest landscape restoration for
improved livelihoods:
Secure tenure to catalyze community action in
Madagascar and Cameroon
(Preliminary findings from Madagascar)
Madagascar Team
LDN Workgroup: 27 September 2023
Patrick Ranjatson
FabricoNomenjanahary
Renaud Randrianasolo
Narinjanahary Andriamananjatovo
Rebecca McLain
Anne Larson

2. PROJECT OBJECTIVE: To overcome tenure barriers to
forest landscape restoration (FLR)
§Improveunderstandingof customary
tenure systemsand tenure securityand
how thoseaffect FLR practices and food
security
§Developand pilot practicaltoolsfor
overcomingbarriersto tenure security
and FLR adoption
§Support legalreformsthatwillenhance
tenure securityfor collectivelyheldlands.
Two study sites: Cameroon and Madagascar

3. CENTRAL HYPOTHESIS
•People are more likely
to adoptFLR practices
on land thatthey
perceiveto besecure. •Althoughnecessary,
tenure securityalone
isinsufficientfor FLR
adoption.

4. 4
For a total of 239householdsFor a total of 256 households
AMBATOBEN’AN
JAVY
commune
20 villages
12 households
per village
(min)
SADJOAVATO
commune
20 villages
12 households
per village
(min)
Sampling
495 HH
METHODOLOGY: Phase 1 -HouseholdSurveys

5. 5
18 FGD, 18 fieldvisits19 FGD, 18 fieldvisits
AMBATOBEN’AN
JAVY
Commune
6 villages
3 Focus
groups/3 field
visitsper
village
SADJOAVATO
Commune
6 villages
3 Focus
groups/3 field
visitsper
village
Sampling
37 FGD
36 Field visits
METHODOLOGY: Phase 2 -In-DepthVillage Case Studies

6. Objectives : Describe FLR practices, perceptions of security,
modes of access, land status, gender, land use and plot size, and
look for links between them
Statistical methods :
-Descriptive statistics
-Chi-square test (relations between two qualitative variables)
-Normality test, Kruskall Wallis test, Wilcoxon test (relationships
between a quantitative variable and qualitative variables)
Thematic analysis for in-depth village case studies
METHODOLOGY: Objectives and data analyses

7. 7
KEY FINDINGS
- 3 categories of tenure, tenure
security/insecurity
- FLR practices: reforestation Vs.
agroforestry and fruit trees
- Limited perceived livelihood
benefits from FLR
- Towards participatory FLR:
Linking Tenure, FLR and and
Livelihood

8. 1 : Categoriesof Tenure
Distribution of bundle of rights
IndividualLand
RightsUseManagementExclusionSharecropTransfer
to heirsSaleType
Rights
holder(s)
Individual/couple1
Son Father2
SonFather 3

9. 1 : Categoriesof Tenure
Distribution of bundle of rights
Family* Land (tanyla famille)
Changing
userFixeduserChanginguserFixeduserFixeduser
Use
Household
Individual
family
member
Household
Individual
family
member
Individualfamily
member
Management
Exclusion
Sharecrop
Inheritance
SaleLand cannotbesoldHeirsmeetto makejoint
decisionsabout land sales
Individualmakes
decisionsabout
land sales but
informsother
heirs
*Family group: heirs, siblings,
or evenlargerfamilies(case of
Antanantsolitany)
Key point: Eitherland cannot
besoldor the decisionto sell
istakenby the familygroup

10. 1 : Categoriesof TenureCollective Lands
•Reforestation
•Open accessresources(ex:
fishing)
Land uses
•All villagers(fokontany)
•Local association
•The Maire, the State
Percievedas
belongingto
•First agricultural use
(défrichement)
•Gift fromthe State (or project)
Can be
appropriatedby
individuals

11. 2 : Tenure security/ InsecurityPerception of land tenure security
by gender
Sadjoavato Ambotoben’Anjavy
No significant
difference
betweenmen
and women
for percetion
of land tenure
security
Khi-2 test Khi-2 test
p-
value=0.60
48
p-
value=0.000
5
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
More secureLesssecure
Differencein numberof plots by security
betweenmen and women(womenshownhere)

12. 2 : Tenure security/ InsecurityLink betweenFLR practices and
perception of land tenure security
AMBATOBEN'ANAJAVY
•Only the practice of protection
against erosion is linked to the
perception of security of tenure
(p-value=0.0002025):
•The majority of plots used for
protection against erosion in
Ambatoben'Anjavy are in areas
perceived as insecure (59.99%)
SADJOAVATO
•No FLR practices are linked to
the perceived level of land
security

13. 2 : Tenure security/ InsecurityLink betweenperception of land
tenure securityand tenure
qMore insecure
cultivated plots
(agriculture) than
secure ones
qInsecurity comes
from inside the
family (HHS)
(inheritance
process)
Ambatoben’Anjavy
•p-value= < 2.2e-16
•Land reported as
belonging to
people other than
family members is
the most likely to
be perceived as
insecure.
Sadjoavato
•p-value = 1.791e-15
•Land reported as
belonging to other
people, including
plots belonging to
family members, is
the most likely to
be perceived as
insecure.
qInsecurityismost
commonlyassociated
withlands thatdo not
belongto the family
qWomenmore likelyto
feelinsecurethanmen
qHypothesis: insecurity
concernsin-migrants

14. 2 : Tenure security/ InsecurityLink betweenperception of land
tenure securityand tenure type
Insecurityconcerns
mostlyinheritedlands,
rarelypurchasedlands
Insecuritycalls for more
formalrecognition of
ownership(Commune,
land certificate)
Largerplots : people said
theydidn’tknow whether
land wassecureor
insecure
Womenmore likelyto be
sharecroppers; men more
likelyto have inherited
parcels
BOTH SITES

15. 3 : FLR practicesFLR practices by household
(numberof households)
IMPORTANCE OF PASSIVE RESTORATION
PRACTICES: (FIRE-RELATED PRACTICES)

16. 3 : FLR practicesReforestation vs agroforestryand
fruit trees
Reforestation(Eucalyptus,
Acacia, Cashew) on larger
«useless» landsAgroforestryor fruit treeson
valuableland
Criteriafor good trees
§Not tootall(shade,
competitionwithcrops, can be
blowndown by cyclones)
§Not imposed(Eucalyptus = the
state’stree)
§Not invasive
§Preventserosion(miningin
Mosorobevillage)

17. 3 : FLR practicesPerceivedlivelihoodbenefits
fromFLR
•Benefitsmostoftenmentionedincluded:
qFruits/charcoalfor individualhouseholds
(obtainedfromindividualplots)
qMoney (for thosewhogrewonlytrees)
•Benefitsrarelymentionedincluded:
qWater regulation
qSocial (parcelboundary) or cultural: for
familyand largergroup plots only

18. 4 : Towards participatory FLR: Linking tenure, FLR and livelihoods
•Agroforestryor fruit treesare the
preferredspeciesto growon the «usualplots»
•But, conflictsand insecurityarise
fromincompletedinheritance
process
•As a consequence, an in-depth
understandingof tenure
governanceat the household
and familylevelisneeded.
•It maybeinterestingto sensitize
to otherES fromFLR, suchas anti-erosionspp. In Mosorobe? Or, on
non-agricultural areas?
•Consideralternatives to a
reforestation approachfocusedon
large uncultivatedareas:
-Reforestation restores the value
of thoseareas
-But needto considerimpacts on
the existinglocal customaryright-
holders!

19. Looking ahead: Knowledge transfer and joint learning
•Website
•Factsheets
•Journal articles
•Video
•University
curricula
•Secondary school
curricula
Tenure, FLR, and Food Security
Toolbox and User Guide (Projects)
Participatory Prospective Analysis
(PPA) Workshops and Action Plans
(Communities/Region)
Knowledge transfer
Forum: Co-Producing
Recommendations for Legal
Reforms (National)
November 2023
- February 2024
June-July 2024
July-August 2024
Engagement

20. THANK YOU
Contact us at:
Anne Larson : [email protected]
Rebecca McLain: [email protected]
Patrick Ranjatson: [email protected]
Renaud Randrianasolo: [email protected]
FabricoNomenjanahary: [email protected]
Narinjanahary Andriamananjatovo:
[email protected]