Forestry-Basics.ppt presentation of forest

mkk

1. Forestry BasicsForestry Basics
Carey EntzCarey Entz
Lycoming County Conservation DistrictLycoming County Conservation District
Watershed SpecialistWatershed Specialist

2. What a Tree Needs To GrowWhat a Tree Needs To Grow

4. Parts of the TreeParts of the Tree

5. Growth of the TreeGrowth of the Tree

Each year the tree grows two new layersEach year the tree grows two new layers

Springwood:Springwood: The layer formed in the The layer formed in the
spring by the cambium, grows fast and spring by the cambium, grows fast and
looks light in color.looks light in color.

SummerwoodSummerwood: The layer formed in the : The layer formed in the
summer, grows slower and the cells are summer, grows slower and the cells are
smaller so the layer is much darker in color.smaller so the layer is much darker in color.

6. What the Rings can Tell YouWhat the Rings can Tell You

By counting the dark rings you call tell the age By counting the dark rings you call tell the age
of the tree.of the tree.

The annual rings can also tell you what The annual rings can also tell you what
happened during the trees life.happened during the trees life.

The size and shapes of the rings indicate:The size and shapes of the rings indicate:
Soil moisture and fertility, weather, fire, Soil moisture and fertility, weather, fire,
overcrowding and insect attacksovercrowding and insect attacks

7. Forest SuccessionForest Succession

Forests are always growing and changing!Forests are always growing and changing!

Succession: is when some trees replace or Succession: is when some trees replace or
succeed, other trees in the same place.succeed, other trees in the same place.

3 Main Layers within a Forest:3 Main Layers within a Forest:

Canopy or Overstory- Canopy or Overstory- Large Trees above the forest floorLarge Trees above the forest floor

UnderstoryUnderstory- Small Trees and bushes under the Canopy- Small Trees and bushes under the Canopy

Forest Floor-Forest Floor- Shrubs, wildflowers, and shade tolerant plants Shrubs, wildflowers, and shade tolerant plants

This change may come slowly with old age or This change may come slowly with old age or
suddenly after fire or windstorm; but suddenly after fire or windstorm; but
succession never stops.succession never stops.

8. Forest CommunitiesForest Communities

There are two Principal Forest Types in PAThere are two Principal Forest Types in PA

In the North: In the North:

Birch, Beech, Maple, Hemlock ForestsBirch, Beech, Maple, Hemlock Forests

In the South:In the South:

Oak, Chestnut and Yellow Poplar ForestsOak, Chestnut and Yellow Poplar Forests
Do You Know What PA State Tree is?Do You Know What PA State Tree is?

9. Forest ResourcesForest Resources
TreesTrees
WaterWater
WildlifeWildlife
ForageForage
Recreation Recreation

10. Forest Resources: TreesForest Resources: Trees

11. Forest Resources: TreesForest Resources: Trees

Common Wood Products:Common Wood Products:

Paper, Pencils, Bats, Rackets, and Power polesPaper, Pencils, Bats, Rackets, and Power poles

Not So Common Uses:Not So Common Uses:

Film, Tires, Aspirin, Toothpaste, and Cattle Feed.Film, Tires, Aspirin, Toothpaste, and Cattle Feed.

12. Forest Resources: TreesForest Resources: Trees

There are nearly 700 species of trees in the US There are nearly 700 species of trees in the US
Forests, but only 100 species are used in the Forests, but only 100 species are used in the
products we use regularly.products we use regularly.

40 are Softwoods (Pine, Hemlock, Cedar)40 are Softwoods (Pine, Hemlock, Cedar)

Used for lumber, plywood and paperUsed for lumber, plywood and paper

60 are Hardwoods (Cherry, Oak, Maple)60 are Hardwoods (Cherry, Oak, Maple)

Used for furniture, flooring, and panelingUsed for furniture, flooring, and paneling

13. Forest Resources: WaterForest Resources: Water

Forest lands are prime sources for of water!Forest lands are prime sources for of water!

Trees transpire or give water off through their Trees transpire or give water off through their
leaves. Remember the Water Cycle?leaves. Remember the Water Cycle?

The forest cover can control the amount of The forest cover can control the amount of
water released and quality of water to the near water released and quality of water to the near
by waterways.by waterways.

The forest cover also provides shade to The forest cover also provides shade to
streams. Cold water is important to fish.streams. Cold water is important to fish.

14. Forest Resources: WildlifeForest Resources: Wildlife

Forest and woods are homes to many kinds of Forest and woods are homes to many kinds of
animals- Large and Small.animals- Large and Small.

Three basics to habitat: Food, Water, ShelterThree basics to habitat: Food, Water, Shelter

Each stage of forest succession favors certain Each stage of forest succession favors certain
animals.animals.

Through proper management you can create Through proper management you can create
quality habitat for a large numbers of wildlife quality habitat for a large numbers of wildlife
species within the same forest.species within the same forest.

15. Forest Resources: ForageForest Resources: Forage

Edible plants (forage) are forest resources just Edible plants (forage) are forest resources just
as trees are. as trees are.

Forage includes grasses, and buds, shoots, and Forage includes grasses, and buds, shoots, and
leaves of woody plants, and herbs that can be leaves of woody plants, and herbs that can be
eaten by livestock or wildlife.eaten by livestock or wildlife.

16. Forest Resources: RecreationForest Resources: Recreation

The state forest system was first established in 1898 The state forest system was first established in 1898
for the purpose of providing a continuous supply of for the purpose of providing a continuous supply of
wood products, protecting watersheds, and providing wood products, protecting watersheds, and providing
opportunities for outdoor recreationopportunities for outdoor recreation

Today, the state forest comprises over 2.1 million Today, the state forest comprises over 2.1 million
acres and accounts for 12 percent of the forested area acres and accounts for 12 percent of the forested area
in the Commonwealth. in the Commonwealth.

Pennsylvania's state forest represents one of the Pennsylvania's state forest represents one of the
largest expanses of public forest land in the eastern largest expanses of public forest land in the eastern
United States, making it a truly priceless public asset.United States, making it a truly priceless public asset.

17. Forest ManagementForest Management
Silviculture and other Silviculture and other
Best Management PracticesBest Management Practices

18. SilvicultureSilviculture

What is Silviculture? What is Silviculture?

Silvicutlture is the planting, growing, Silvicutlture is the planting, growing,
tending, and harvesting stands of trees.tending, and harvesting stands of trees.

Silviculture Systems are methods used to Silviculture Systems are methods used to
maintain vigor, desired composition, health maintain vigor, desired composition, health
and structure in terms of age, species, and and structure in terms of age, species, and
size class.size class.

19. How to Choose a Silviculture SystemHow to Choose a Silviculture System

When evaluating the site the forester considers When evaluating the site the forester considers
all the physical, chemical, climatic, and all the physical, chemical, climatic, and
biological features of an area that influence the biological features of an area that influence the
forest regeneration and growth.forest regeneration and growth.

Other factors are the sensitivity to an area to Other factors are the sensitivity to an area to
soil compaction, erosion, and stream soil compaction, erosion, and stream
sedimentation.sedimentation.

20. Intermediate TreatmentsIntermediate Treatments

Intermediate treatments are done when the Intermediate treatments are done when the
forest is still growing to economic and forest is still growing to economic and
biological maturitybiological maturity

The residual stand will be able to resond to the The residual stand will be able to resond to the
increased light, water and nutrients to reduce increased light, water and nutrients to reduce
competetion.competetion.

Examples: Cleanings, Thinning, and Examples: Cleanings, Thinning, and
Improvement CutsImprovement Cuts

21. Regeneration MethodsRegeneration Methods

The goal of the regen. methods are to re-establish a The goal of the regen. methods are to re-establish a
healthy forest.healthy forest.

Single tree or group method: Mimics blow downs. Single tree or group method: Mimics blow downs.
Utilizes diameter-limited cut or high grade cutting.Utilizes diameter-limited cut or high grade cutting.

Shelterwood and Clear-cut: Mimics wildfire or Shelterwood and Clear-cut: Mimics wildfire or
tornados. tornados.

Shelterwood: leaves the trees until regeneration is well Shelterwood: leaves the trees until regeneration is well
established.established.

Clear-cutting: The best way to for regen. of black cherry, Clear-cutting: The best way to for regen. of black cherry,
aspen and poplar because they need full sunlight their aspen and poplar because they need full sunlight their
entire life.entire life.

22. Other Best Management Other Best Management
Practices (BMP)Practices (BMP)
FireFire
FertilizersFertilizers
Planting SeedlingsPlanting Seedlings
Seeding a ForestSeeding a Forest
Gathering SeedsGathering Seeds
Improving TreesImproving Trees

23. BMP: FireBMP: Fire

Prescribed Burning is sometime used, Prescribed Burning is sometime used,
especially in pine forests.especially in pine forests.

The fire exsposes the soil, releases nutients The fire exsposes the soil, releases nutients
into the soil, eliminates some insects and into the soil, eliminates some insects and
disease and removes undesirable trees and disease and removes undesirable trees and
bush.bush.

Fire can be as important to in manageing Fire can be as important to in manageing
Wildlife as it is in managing timber and Wildlife as it is in managing timber and
controlling other vegetation.controlling other vegetation.

24. BMP: FertilizersBMP: Fertilizers

Fertilizers can be added to the soil.Fertilizers can be added to the soil.

The nutrients are added to the forest soil and The nutrients are added to the forest soil and
picked up through the plant roots.picked up through the plant roots.

These healthy trees grow much faster than These healthy trees grow much faster than
others.others.

25. BMP: Planting SeedlingsBMP: Planting Seedlings

After harvesting a forester may deside to After harvesting a forester may deside to
plant seedlings.plant seedlings.

Natural seeding may take several years, Natural seeding may take several years,
while planting will speed up the process.while planting will speed up the process.

Attention should be given to the species Attention should be given to the species
of seedlings for timber harvest, watershed of seedlings for timber harvest, watershed
protection, recreation and wildlife habitat.protection, recreation and wildlife habitat.

26. BMP: Gathering SeedsBMP: Gathering Seeds

Pine trees are the easiest to gather seed from.Pine trees are the easiest to gather seed from.

The pine cones ripen in the fall. The cone The pine cones ripen in the fall. The cone
dries and the seeds will fall out.dries and the seeds will fall out.

The seeds need to be kept in a cool, dry place.The seeds need to be kept in a cool, dry place.

They go through a dormate period during the They go through a dormate period during the
winter.winter.

The seeds are then ready to germinate in the The seeds are then ready to germinate in the
spring.spring.

27. BMP: Improving TreesBMP: Improving Trees

Foresters are now using genetic Foresters are now using genetic
improvement to get better trees.improvement to get better trees.

They gather seed from superior trees.They gather seed from superior trees.

They also may artificially pollinate tree to They also may artificially pollinate tree to
develop superior tree families.develop superior tree families.

28. Enemies of the ForestEnemies of the Forest
Wildfires and InsectsWildfires and Insects

29. Enemies of the Forest: WildfiresEnemies of the Forest: Wildfires

Nearly 9 out of 10 wildfires are started by Nearly 9 out of 10 wildfires are started by
careless people.careless people.

Only 1 of 10 are caused by lightning!Only 1 of 10 are caused by lightning!

Crown fires can spread over many miles Crown fires can spread over many miles
with the right weather and topography of with the right weather and topography of
the land.the land.

Help Prevent Forest Fires!Help Prevent Forest Fires!

30. Enemies of the Forest: InsectEnemies of the Forest: Insect
Emerald Ash BorerEmerald Ash Borer

31. Enemies of the Forest: InsectEnemies of the Forest: Insect
HemlockHemlock
Woolly AdelgidWoolly Adelgid

32. Enemies of the Forest: InsectEnemies of the Forest: Insect
Gypsy MothsGypsy Moths

33. Enemies of the Forest: InsectEnemies of the Forest: Insect
Asian Longhorn BeetleAsian Longhorn Beetle

34. 2009 Envirothon 2009 Envirothon
Forestry ResourcesForestry Resources
http://www.envirothonpa.org/Forestry-Topics.shtml