FREEDOM MOVEMENT

what is Freedom movement? and its all related contents.

1. TOPIC: FREEDOM MOVEMENT (1905-1947) 1

2. CONTENTS 1. WHAT IS FREEDOM MOVEMENT 2. PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905) 3. FORMATION OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906) 4. LACKNOW PACT (1915) 5. CHELMSFORD REFORMS (1919) 6. KHILAFAT MOVEMENT (1919-1924) 7. SIMON COMMISSION (1927) 8. NEHRU REPORT (1928) 9. FOURTEEN POINTS (1929) 10. ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE (1930-1932) 11. WHITE PAPER (1933) 12. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (1935) 13. ELECTION (1937) 14. LAHORE RESOLUTION (1940) 15. CRIPPS MISSION (1942) 16. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (1942) 17. INTUITIVE GOVERNMENT (1945) 18. ELECTION (1945-1946) 19. DIRECT ACTION DAY (1946) 20. PARTITION OF INDIA AND CREATION OF PAKISTAN (1947) 2

3. WHAT IS FREEDOM MOVEMENT? The Freedom Movement, often referred to as the Independence Movement, was a series of historical events in the Indian subcontinent that led to the creation of the independent nations of India and Pakistan. It was marked by a series of political and social reforms, resistance against British rule, and the eventual partition of British India into two separate nations. Key events include the formation of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, the Quit India Movement, and the Direct Action Day, among others. The movement was driven by various leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and many more. 3

4. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Partition Of Bengal (1905): The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the British Raj. The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Announced on 20 July 1905 by Lord Curzon, then Viceroy of India, and implemented on 16 October 1905, it was undone a mere six years later. Formation of the All India Muslim League (1906): This was the first major step where Muslims of the Indian Subcontinent collectively demanded political representation separate from the Indian National Congress. Lucknow Pact (1916): An agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. The pact was a major milestone as it marked the first time the two major political factions agreed on a mutual political framework. Chelmsford Reforms (1919): The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or more briefly known as the Mont–Ford Reforms, were introduced by the colonial government to introduce self-governing institutions gradually in British India. The reforms take their name from Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. The reforms were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report, prepared in 1918, and formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919. These are related to constitutional reforms. Indian nationalists considered that the reforms did not go far enough, while British conservatives were critical of them. 4

5. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): This was a protest campaign launched by Muslims against the status of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate. It played a key role in fostering Hindu-Muslim unity, which was later strained. Simon Commission (1927): This Commission was meant to review the functioning of the constitutional system in India. However, it faced nationwide protests as it didn't include any Indian members. Nehru Report (1928): The Nehru Report of 15 August 1928 was a memorandum that proposed a new dominion status for India. It was also aimed to set up a federal government for the constitution of India and asked to devise Joint Electorates with reservation of seats for minorities. The All Parties Conference were the ones that prepared this report. Motilal Nehru was the chairman and his son Jawaharlal Nehru was the secretary. The committee consisted of nine other members. 5

6. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Fourteen Points (1929) 1. Federal System: The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers rested in the provinces. 2.Provincial Autonomy: A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces. 3.Representation of Minorities: All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality. 4.Number of Muslim Representative: In the central legislative ,Muslims representative shall be not less than one -third. 5.Separate Electorates: Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any community, at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate. 6.Muslim Majority Provinces: Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way, effect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P. 7.Religious Liberty: Full religious Liberty, liberty of belief, worship and observance, association and education shall be guaranted to all the communication. 6

7. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 8 . Three-Fourth Representation: No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill. 9. Separation of Sindh: Sindh should be separated from Bombay Presidency. 10. Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Balochistan : Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces. 11. Government Services: Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the services of State. 12. Protection of Muslim's culture and Language: The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of Muslim culture, language, religion and civilization. 13. One-Third Muslim Ministers: No cabinet, either central or provincial be formed .Without being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim Ministers. 14. Constitution: No change shall be made in the constitution of state except with the concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation. The reasonable and moderate demands contained in the fourteen points, were rejected by the Hindus leaders which considerably widened the gulf between the two communities. 7

8. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Round Table Conference (1930-1932): Round Table Conference, (1930–32), in Indian history, a series of meetings in three sessions called by the British government to consider the future constitution of India. The conference resulted from a review of the Government of India Act of 1919, undertaken in 1927 by the Simon Commission, whose report was published in 1930. The conference was held in London. White Paper (1933): The White Paper of 1933 was a policy paper issued by the British government, led by Neville Chamberlain, in response to the Peel Commission's investigation of the Arab riots in 1929 and the subsequent Balfour Declaration of 1917. It proposed a more balanced approach to Palestine, with a more equal representation of Arabs and Jews in any future government. However, it was seen as a betrayal by the Zionists and was heavily criticized. 8

9. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Government Of India (1935): The Government of India Act 1935 was an Act passed by the British Parliament that originally received royal assent in August 1935. It was the longest Act that the British Parliament ever enacted until the Greater London Authority Act 1999 surpassed it.Because of its length, the Act was retroactively split by the Government of India Act, 1935 into two separate Acts:The Government of India Act 1935, having 321 sections and 10 schedules.The Government of Burma Act 1935, having 159 sections and 6 schedules. Election (1937): Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of India Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces - Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, the United Provinces, the Bombay Presidency, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh. 9

10. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Lahore Resolution (1940): Also known as the "Pakistan Resolution," it called for independent states in the Muslim-majority areas of India. This was a direct call for what would eventually become Pakistan. Cripps Mission (1942): This was a failed attempt by the British government to secure Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. Quit India Movement (1942): A civil disobedience movement launched by the Indian National Congress demanding an end to British Rule of India. 10

11. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Intuitive Government (1945): The period 1945–1951 saw the Treasury become the central department of government again, with enhanced responsibility for co-ordinating economic policy. However, the enlargement of the Treasury's functions was balanced by a more equal relationship with the rest of Whitehall through a system of interdepartmental committees. Moreover, the Bank of England retained considerable autonomy with regard to supervision of the monetary system. The immediate aims of economic policy were to finance post-war reconstruction, hold down excess demand, and restore the external balance — hence Treasury support for priority for investment in industry and agriculture rather than social services. John Maynard Keynes's ideas influenced monetary policy and budgetary policy, but so too did other considerations, such as the size of the national debt and the need to control public expenditure. There was no doubt that there was excess demand in an economy that was experiencing full employment, and therefore Keynesian analysis pointed to restriction of government expenditure, reinforcing Treasury arguments about the need to establish priorities in government policy. 11

12. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 Election (1945-1946): General elections were held in British India in December 1945 to elect members of the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State. The Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party, winning 57 of the 102 elected seats. The Muslim League won all Muslim constituencies, but failed to win any other seats. Of the 13 remaining seats, 8 went to Europeans, 3 to independents, and 2 to Akali candidates in the Sikh constituencies of Punjab. This election coupled with the provincial one in 1946 proved to be a strategic victory for Jinnah and the partitionists. Even though Congress won, the League had united the Muslim vote and as such it gained the negotiating power to seek a separate Muslim homeland as it became clear that a united India would prove highly unstable. The elected members later formed the Constituent Assembly of India. 12

13. Direct Action Day (1946): Called by the Muslim League, it led to communal violence across India. It demonstrated the demand for a separate Muslim state was not negotiable. Partition of India and creation of Pakistan (1947): This was the culmination of the Pakistan Movement and resulted in the creation of the independent states of India and Pakistan. EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACED BETWEEN 1905-1947 13

14. CHALLENGES FACED BY PAKISTAN MOVEMENT: The Pakistan Movement faced numerous challenges, including: 1. Communal Riots : The demand for a separate Muslim state led to violent communal clashes between Hindus and Muslims, especially around the time of Direct Action Day. 2. Political Opposition : The Indian National Congress and other political entities opposed the idea of partitioning India, leading to political confrontations. 3. British Resistance : The British, who ruled India, were initially resistant to the idea of partitioning the country. 4. Mass Migration : The decision to partition led to one of the largest mass migrations in history, with significant loss of life and property. 5. Boundary Issues : The Radcliffe Line, which was drawn to divide India and Pakistan, led to disputes over several regions, most notably Kashmir. 6. Establishing a New Government : Once Pakistan was created, setting up a new government and administrative systems was a huge challenge . 14

15. Peoples Who Played Important role: The Pakistan Movement was led by several key figures, including: Muhammad Ali Jinnah : Known as 'Quaid-e-Azam' or 'Great Leader,' Jinnah was the main driving force behind the movement and became Pakistan's first Governor-General. Allama Iqbal : A philosopher, poet, and politician, Iqbal is believed to have inspired the Pakistan Movement with his vision of a separate Muslim state. Liaquat Ali Khan : A close associate of Jinnah, Khan played a crucial role in the movement and became Pakistan's first Prime Minister. Fatima Jinnah : Jinnah's sister, she was a strong supporter of the movement and played a significant role in rallying women to the cause. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan : Although he died before the movement began, his educational and political initiatives paved the way for the Pakistan Movement. . These leaders, among others, played pivotal roles in the creation of Pakistan 15

16. Conclusion: The Freedom Movement was a monumental period in the history of the Indian subcontinent. It involved a multitude of leaders , communities , and ideologies coming together to resist British rule. The movement's success led to the creation of two independent nations, India and Pakistan . However, it was also marked by the tragic event of partition, which resulted in significant loss and displacement. The movement's legacy continues to shape the political, social, and cultural landscapes of these nations. It's a testament to the power of collective action and the enduring desire for self-determination 16

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