Frigid zone

1. FRIZID ZONE The  Arctic  has numerous definitions, including the region north of the  Arctic Circle currently (Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44" N), or the region north of  60° north  latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the  timberline . The  Antarctic  is usually defined as south of  60° south  latitude, or the continent of Antarctica. The 1959  Antarctic Treaty  uses the former definition.

2. Distributions of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere . purple region : permafrost blue regions : seasonally frozen ground (the soil is frozen for 15 days or more per year ) pink regions : intermittently frozen ground ( the soil is frozen for fewer than 15 days per year ) solid line : the average maximum extent of the seasonal snow cover

3. Climate Polar region receive less intensive  solar radiation  because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas . The  axial tilt  of the Earth has a major  effect on climate  of the polar regions. Since the polar regions are the farthest from the  equator , they receive the least amount of sunlight and are therefore frigid. The large amount of ice and snow also reflects a large part of what little sunlight the Polar regions receive, contributing to the cold. Polar regions are characterized by the  polar climate , extremely cold temperatures, heavy  glaciation  wherever there is sufficient  precipitation  to form permanent ice, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with  twenty-four hours of daylight  in summer, and  complete darkness  at  mid-winter .

4.  While the Sun doesn't rise above the horizon, it does come close to doing so. Instead of the pitch black many imagine it to be like, you get a blue light much of the time during the days of the polar night.

5. The  midnight sun  is a  natural phenomenon  occurring in summer months at latitudes  north and nearby to the south of the  Arctic Circle , and south and nearby to the north of the  Antarctic Circle  where the  sun  remains visible at the local midnight. Given fair weather, the sun is visible for a continuous 24 hours, mostly north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. The number of days per year with potential midnight sun increases the farther pole ward one goes from the equator.

6. When to see the midnight sun        According to  Visit Norway  the midnight sun is visible at the  Arctic Circle  from June 12 until July 1. The further north one goes the longer this period extends. At  North Cape ,  Norway , known as the northernmost point of  Continental Europe  this period extends approximately from May 14 to July 29. On the  Svalbard  archipelago further north this period extends from April 20 to August 22.

7. Polar ice caps form because  high latitude  regions receive less energy in the form of solar radiation  from the  sun  than  equatorial  regions, resulting in lower  surface temperatures .

8. Sea ice  is largely formed from  seawater  that freezes. Because the  oceans  consist of  saltwater , this occurs below the freezing point of pure water, at about -1.8 ° C  (28.8 ° F ).

9. Purple aurora

10. Icebergs

11. A glacier carving a valley in Greenland

12. Photo of  Pygoscelis papua  ( gentoo penguin) on  Petermann Island ,  Antarctica , Transantarctic Mountains, Northern Victoria Land, view from close to Cape Roberts

13. artic animals

14. milkwort

15. People of the arctic The Yakuts - a Legendary Horse People The Lapps - the Indigenous People of Lapland

16. Transport Traditional qamutik (sled), umiak kayak

17. clothing This Inunait or   Inuit   parka/ anorak  is typical of an Inuit woman's parka from the early 1900s and was made from the thin skins of summer caribou (the summer skin is short, mostly consisting of tight under wool ). The parka has 2 extra layers to provide additional warmth to its user. Clothing consisted of coat, trousers, stockings, shoes or boots.

18. House of inuits - igloo