ftth basic theory and priciples hawaie academy

ftth

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FTTH Basic Theory and Concepts
Oct. 2022
N.A. HBB Crouse1 V1.0

2. Agenda
1.FTTH Network Introduction
2.FTTH Basic Theory and Concepts
3.Q&A

3. Network E2E architecture Introduction
Access Network: all the active and passive devices between the aggregation layer and user terminals is
the access network.
Functions of Access Network： Service access, aggregation.
ONT
Cable
ODF
CO
（OLT/MSAN）
FAT
Data centermetro Core
DSL
Fiber
twisted pair
CM
coaxial cable
Home network Access network Metro & Core Data Center
Coverage ranges from tens of meters to several kilometers

4. Core of the Access Network ：one cable
Access network, the last-mile access medium, connecting users and carriers
Fiber twisted pair Coaxial cable Ethernet

5. Center Office
Curb
Customer Premise
Equipment
FTTC
Architecture of Optical Access Network
3.5-5km
Remote Business
xDSL 2~20Mbps
ODN
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTH
ONT
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTB
ONU
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
DSLAM
xDSL

6. Fiber Introduction

7. Fiber Application Scenario - FTTH
Feeder Cable Distribution Cable
outsideCO
user
CO--ODF
ODF
FAT
user
OLT
Closure
FDT
Drop Cable
Splices and distributes
trunk optical cables on
the CO side.
Underground
manhole-Closure
Splicing and
branching of optical
cables in outdoor
underground
scenarios
Outdoor Street FDT
Splices, distributes,
and splits optical
cables in outdoor
street scenarios
Optical Splitter
Implements the optical
splitting function and is
generally installed in the
closure, optical
distribution box, and
fiber distribution box.
FAT
Implements splicing,
distribution, and
splitting of distribution
optical cables and
drop optical cables
Used for splicing
indoor drop cables to
protect pigtails and
connectors
ATB

8. Fiber
The optical fiber for communication is a
medium for transmitting light, and the main
component is silicon dioxide. The structure
can be divided into core with higher refractive
index, cladding with lower refractive index
and coating on the surface.
Principles of Optical Fiber Transmission
Two Conditions for Total Reflection
1. The incident angle from the core to the cladding
plane is greater than or equal to the critical angle.
Numerical aperture NA = sqrt(n12-n22);
2. The refractive index n1 of the fiber core is greater
than the refractive index n2 of the cladding layer.
core diameter：8～10μm
cladding diameter：125μm
coating diameter：250μm
Light waves are transmitted through total
reflection in an optical fiber. 。
Bending radius of the optical fiber
Fiber Universal Structure and Transmission Principle
G.652D
G.657A1
G.657A2
G.657B3
Fiber Type Wavelength Minimum
bending radius
Winding
turns
Maximum
Loss
G.652D
1625 nm
30 mm 100 0.1 dB
G.657.A1
15 mm 10 1.0 dB
10 mm 1 1.5 dB
G.657.A2
15 mm 10 0.1 dB
10 mm 1 0.2 dB
7.5 mm 1 1.0 dB
G.657.B3 5 mm 1 0.45 dB
Optical fiber
selection
•When the optical fiber is coiled or connected, the bending radius of
the optical fiber cannot be smaller than the minimum bending radius.
•Optical fibers with a small bend radius are usually routed in intra-rack,
inter-rack, and indoor scenarios. such as patch cords and pigtails.

9. Optical Cable Application Scenarios
Optical cable
ØThe combined optical fiber can bear various mechanical properties
under practical conditions by means of casing, twisting, plastic-coating,
and metal armoring. In addition, the optical fiber can work reliably in
various environments and retain the original transmission characteristics.
duct optical
cable
direct buried
optical cable
aerial optical
cable
Slotted centerTwisted
ØThe basic structure of optical cables can be divided into three types
on the right. Different components (such as jackets) of optical cables
can be changed to adapt to different application scenarios.
Outdoor optical cable
Drop cable
air-blown
optical cable
Indoor multi-core optical cable Butterfly drop cable
common Japan use small-core fiber
Optical cable structure

10. Fiber Components - optical splitter
1：Fused Biconic Taper: (FBT）
Two or more optical fibers are bundled
together and then melted and stretched on
the taper drawing machine. The change of
the split ratio is monitored in real time.
When the split ratio meets the requirement,
the melting and pulling ends.
Used in 1:2 or 2:2 optical splitter products
advantage ：
•Mature process
•Simple device
•Low cost, cheap raw
materials
•Ease to make uneven
products
disadvantage：
•Loss sensitive to optical
wavelength
•Poor uniformity of multi-
channel products
•Large volume of multi-
channel cascaded products
2: Planar Lightwave Circuit: (PLC）
The planar optical waveguide technology is to
fabricate optical waveguide branching devices
using semiconductor technology, and the
function of branching is completed on the chip.
An optical splitter chip and a fiber array (Fiber
Array) are coupled and packaged into an
optical splitter.
Applicable to 1:4 or higher optical splitters
advantage ：
• Losses are low
sensitive to
wavelengths.
•Good uniformity
between channels
•small size.
•Low cost
disadvantage ：
•Complicated
manufacturing
•High cost
•Chips monopoly.
•Multiple types of raw
material demand
Splitter： Implements the optical splitting technology at the optical splitting point .
Splitter unit ： The optical splitter is encapsulated in a certain case and is called an optical splitter unit
Split ratio ：1:N and 2:N （N=2；4；8；16；32；64）

11. Fiber Connectors Classification
Indoor fiber connector Outdoor fiber Connector Hybrid fiber connector
Principle:
Reinforced design based on common
connector principle.
Main applications ：
Outdoor pre-connection
Main applications ：
FTTR、FTTA
Principle:
Integrates optical signals, electrical
signals, and RF signals into the
Removable connection in one connector
Main applications: CATV, metro,
and test equipment, Communication
network, WAN, etc.
single mode
fiber cable
Multimode mode
fiber cable

12. Fiber Components - Pigtail Patch Cords and Connectors/Adapters
Pigtail & Patch cord
Single-ended connector, used
for splicing with optical fibers
in node equipment.
Dual-ended connector, used for
inter-device or internal port
jumper connection
Single-core connector &
adapter type
SC：Square Connector LC，Lucent ConnectorFC，Ferrule Connector
multi-core connector(MPO)
MPO (Multi-fiber Pull Off) It is the
first generation clip-on multi-core
optical fiber connector designed by
Japan NTT Communication Company
in 1985 and expired in 2005. MPO's
popularity stems from its unique
ability to match multiple fibers in a
single connector housing,
significantly reducing space.
Connector Accuracy

13. Fiber Parameters - Attenuation, Insertion Loss, and Return Loss
Optical Cable AttenuationInsertion Loss Return Loss
Attenuation is the decrease of optical
power caused by distance loss
during long-distance transmission of
optical cables.
Insertion loss refers to the ratio of the
output optical power to the input
optical power.
Name wavelength Attenuation
（dB）
Fiber
(G.652D)
1310nm(1km)≤0.35
1550nm(1km)≤0.21
1490nm(1km)≤0.25
Name wavelength Average Loss
（dB）
connector
point
Common
connector
≤0.5
mechanical splice≤0.2
splicing ≤0.1
Pre-connecting
connector
≤0.15
splitter 1:64 ≤20.5
1:32 ≤17
1:16 ≤13.8
1:8 ≤10.5
1:4 ≤7.4
1:2 ≤3.8
uneven
splitter
1:9(30/70) 1.8 (bypass) /
15.6 (branch)
Return loss, also called reflection loss,
refers to the ratio of backward reflected
light to input light at a fiber connection in
decibels. The higher the return loss, the
better to reduce the impact of reflected
light on the light source and the system.
UPC Return Loss≥ 50dB
APC Return Loss ≥ 55dB

14. Pre-Connection and Mechanical Connection
Pre-Connection:
The connectors are
prefabricated in the factory.
The connectors are fixed to
the optical fibers in advance,
and splicing is not required.
Mechanical connection:
Connect the two optical fibers
together in physical crimping
mode
The structure and process of pigtails are the same as those of common pigtails. The pigtails are
manufactured by the factory at a time, including pre-processing, fiber stripping, fiber insertion, adhesive
curing, fiber cutting, adhesive scraping, assembly, and end face grinding.
The essence of pre-connection is movable connector + high-protection plug.
used in indoor
access scenarios.
Active connector High protection plug
Pre-connect plug
The cold connection is unstable. The
maximum optical attenuation can reach
about 10 dB as the temperature changes.
conventional cold connector: Eliminated
The cold connector is an improved
version, which does not require special
crimping tools. It is fast installed and
does not need splicing.
FMC: used indoors
Ferrule
Pre-installed Fiber
900um-
fiber
Fiber
clamp
Coating part clamp
Matching
Gel

15. SC DLC MPO
Optical Connectors Classification
Main Scenarios：
ØAerial
ØPipe
ØAssemble
Optical Cable Type：
Øround cable
ØButterfly cable
ØFlat cable
Main Scenarios ：
ØOverground/Pipe
Optical Cable Type ：
Øround cable
Main Scenarios ：
ØAerial
ØPipe
Optical Cable Type ：
ØFlat cable

16. ODN Evolution : “Digital & Manageable” is the direction
Traditional
üE2E splicing
ü1 Box installation >2 hours
üSerial construction
Digital Management ODN
ü100% Accurate Resources
üODN Topology and Resource Visible
üAutomatic Analysis & Display Fiber Fault
Demarcation
Pre-connected ODN
üNo Splicing: Pre-connected
üNo opening: Full sealed
üHigh quality
Traditional optical
cable: Heavy
Splicing:
High skill, slow
2008
2018
2020
Image recognition
ODN： Plug and play
Digital
Management
Digital ODN Use Case Defined by ETSI：
https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gr/F5G/001_099/002/01.01.01_60/gr_F5G002v010101p.pdf

17. PON Introduction

18. FTTH service flow
BRAS
AAA Server
IP Core
Content CPE
MSE
Ethernet
OLT
Softswitch or
IMS
Internet
VoD Server
Middle
ware
NMS/NCE
TL1/CORBA
/API
BB service platform
Carrier’s OSS
Notification
IPTV
Phone
PC
ONT
Core ODN
Splitter
IPTV
Phone
PC
ONT
HIS（高速上网业务）
IPTV (电视/视频点播业务)
VOIP（语音业务）

19. PON Evolution：GPON10G PON50G PON
100 M BB services 1 G+ BB services
Higher bandwidth and
more service scenarios
PON
Evolution GPON
（2.5G）
10G GPON 50G
GPON
20162004 2008 2010 2017 2021 2024 2027
GPON
standard
GPON
deployment
XG-PON
standard XG-PON deployment
50G PON
standard
50G PON
Every generation PON increase the capacity by >4 times with 7~9 years period!
GPON
2008
10G EPON
2015
50G
50G PONITU-T
IEEE
1G/2.5G 10G per lambda
EPON
2006
XG (S) PON
2017
2018 Feb started
in ITU
N*25G EPON
25G,2*25G EPON ?
combination
After 10G PON, the PON industry will converge with ITU-T 50G TDM-PON.
(上1270nm/下1577nm)
(上1310nm/下1490nm)

20. PON—P2MP, Passive , Downstream Broadcast, Upstream TDMA
Optical Distribution Network
OLT
ONT
Optical Line Terminal
Optical Network Terminal
Splitter
IMS
Internet
IPTV
ONT
ONT
Ø PON is a point-to-multipoint (P2MP) passive optical network.
Splitter
[Downstream Broadcast [Upstream TDMA

21. PON Key Technology— Ranging
•The distance between each ONU and the OLT is different. The transmission time of optical signals
on the optical fiber is different, and the time when optical signals arrive at each ONU is different.
•The OLT allocates different timeslots to each ONU to transmit upstream data. How to ensure that
each ONU can accurately locate the timeslot?
•How can the upstream data of multiple ONUs not conflict and implement frame synchronization?
ONU
OLT
20 km
3km
12 km
ONU1
ONU2
ONU3
ONU4
Why need to measure the distance?

22. PON Key Technology — Ranging Principle
RTD1=10us， Distance ＝1km
RTD2=20us， Distance ＝2km
RTD3=30us， Distance ＝3km
ONU1
ONU2
ONU3
RTD1＋EqD1
RTD2 ＋EqD2
RTD3 ＋EqD3
ONU1
ONU2
ONU3
1
2
3
conflict
1
2
3
Step1: OLT obtains the round trip
delay (RTD) of the ONU
Step2: Specify appropriate
equalization delay parameters EqD
Step3: ONUs transmit data in the
corresponding timeslot

23. lT-CONTs (Transmission Containers)： Dynamically receives the grant issued by
the OLT to manage the upstream bandwidth allocation at the transmission convergence
layer of the PON system and improve the upstream bandwidth in the PON system.
lBandwidth Type
FB,AB,NAB,BE
lT-CONT Type
pType1
pType2
pType3
pType4
pType5
PON Key Technology — Basics of DBA Implementation T-CONT
Reserved for OAM
and queue-length
reporting
Best-effort bandwidth
Non-assured
bandwidth
Assured bandwidth
Fixed bandwidth
T-CONT type5
Type4
Type3
Type2
Type1
Maximum
bandwidth
Shared
bandwidth
Total link
capacity
Additional
bandwidth
Guaranteed
bandwidth
•What is DBA?
1,DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
2,The DBA can dynamically allocate uplink bandwidth within microseconds or milliseconds.
•Why need DBA?
1,The upstream bandwidth utilization of the PON port can be improved.
2,More users can be added to the PON port.

24. PON Key Technology — PON uplink Multiplexing Architecture
OLT ONT
T-CONT
T-CONT
GEM Port GEM Port

25. PON Key Technology — AES encryption for GPON system
Why Encrypt:
The GPON downstream uses the broadcast technology. The backbone optical fiber and
optical split data under the same PON port are the same, and the data received by
each ONU is the same. How to ensure that the ONU data is not obtained and parsed
by other ONUs
PON Downstream broadcast data can be encrypted with AES algorithm
encrypt
decrypt
decrypt
user1
user2
user3
OLT
ONU
ONU
ONU

26. PON — Basic Performance Parameters
Function G.984.2 G.987.2 G.989.2
Line rate 2.5G DS / 1.25G US 10G DS / 2.5G US 10G or 2.5G DS / 10G or 2.5G US
Precise line rate
2.48832 Gb/s DS
1.24416Gb/s US
9.95328 Gb/s DS
2.48832 Gb/s US
9.95328 Gb/s / 2.48832 Gb/s DS
9.95328 Gb/s / 2.48832 Gb/s US
Wavelength
range
1480-1500nm DS
1290-1330nm US
1575-1580nm DS
1260-1280nm US
1595-1605nm DS
1525-1545nm US
split ratio 128 ≥ 128 ≥ 128
maximum
transmission
distance
20 km
(Logical: 60 km)
≥ 20km
(Logical: ≥ 60 km)
DD20: 20km
DD40: 40km
(Logical: ≥ 60 km)
Maximum
Differential
Distance
20Km ≥ 20km ≥ 20km
optical power
budget
ClassB: 10- 25dB
Class B+: 13-28dB
ClassC: 15-30dB
ClassC+: 17-32dB
N1（14 – 29dB)
N2（16 – 31dB)
extend 34/36dB
N1（14 – 29dB)
N2（16 – 31dB)
E1（18 – 33dB)
E2（20 – 35dB)

27. WIFI Introduction

28. Wi-Fi Technology Development History and Trend
1
st
Generation
802.11
l 2 Mbps
l 2.4 GHz
2
nd
Generation 3
rd
Generation 4
th
Generation 5
th
Generation
2 years 3 years 5 years 5 years
l "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED" released,
solving interoperability issues
lThe Wi-Fi technology has evolved to the sixth generation (Wi-Fi 802.11ax). The future trends are rate acceleration in 2.4 GHz/5 GHz frequency bands
and introduction of the 6 GHz frequency band.
lAccording to the historical data, the shipment of each generation of Wi-Fi chips is expected to exceed that of the previous generation within 3 years
after the related standard is released.
1997 1999 2002 2007 2012
802.11b
l 11 Mbps
l 2.4 GHz
802.11g - 2.4 GHz
802.11a - 5 GHz
l 54 Mbps
802.11n
l65~600 Mbps
l2.4 GHz/5 GHz
802.11ac
l433 Mbps ~ 3.46
Gbps
l5 GHz
DSSS
OFDM
MIMO (4x4 max)
20M/40M frequency
bandwidth
64QAM
MIMO (8x8 max)
20M/40M/80M/160M
frequency bandwidth
Downstream MU-MIMO
256QAM
2017
6
th
Generation
5 years
802.11ax
l9.6 Gbps
l2.4 GHz/5 GHz
OFDMA
Upstream/Downstream
MU-MIMO (8x8 max)
1024QAM
2019
Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax ↑ spectral efficiency,
and ↑ the average throughput in dense
scenarios by 4 times)
802.11 is a wireless local area
network (WLAN) based standard
protocol released by the IEEE.
What is
802.11?
Wi-Fi 4 Wi-Fi 5 Wi-Fi 6
Protocol 802.11n
802.11ac
802.11ax
Wave 1 Wave 2
Year 2009 2013 2016 2018+
Frequency (Hz)2.4G/5G 5G 5G 2.4G/5G/6G
Max. BW 40M 80M 160M 160M
MCS 0~7 0~9 0~11
Maximum
spatial flow
4*4 4*4 8*8 8*8
Highest
modulation
64QAM 256QAM 256QAM 1024QAM
Single-stream
bandwidth
(bps)
150M 433M 866M 1.2G
Max rate
(bps)
600M 1.73G 6.93G 9.6G
MU-MIMO Downstream
Downstream
Upstream
OFDMA
Downstream
Upstream

29. Wi-Fi work modes
PhonePC PAD
AP
Repeater
Repeater Mode
PhonePC PAD
AP
AP Mode
AP Mode（Most basic mode） The intermediate AP(Repeater) allows
STA access and implements bridging
with the upstream AP
Channel conflict
CSMA/CA is short for carrier sense
multiple access with collision
avoidance. Upon detecting an idle
medium, an STA waits for a random
period of time. If the medium is still
idle, the STA can send data.
WIFI Work Principle

30. WLAN is a shared network, and the number of STAs contending for a same frequency resource is variable. Therefore, in a WLAN network,
conflicts frequently occur. Because the TX end and RX end are at the same frequency, they cannot send data at the same time. Therefore, the
IEEE 802.11 WLAN always works in half-duplex mode. To implement the full-duplex mode, data must be sent at one frequency and received
at another frequency. This is similar to the working principle of a full-duplex Ethernet link. However, the IEEE 802.11 standard does not allow
the full-duplex mode.
Before joining any network, an STA must identify the
existing network. This process is called scanning,
which is classified into active scanning and passive
scanning.
Active scanning: An STA sends a Probe
Request packet on each channel and waits for a
Probe Response packet.
Active scanning
Passive scanning: An STA continuously
switches between channels and waits for Beacon
frames.
Passive scanning
Beacon
1. Identification 2. Wi-Fi authentication
The security mechanism defined by IEEE 802.11
includes two parts: identity authentication and data
encryption. There are two authentication modes: open
system authentication and shared key authentication.
Open system authentication: The STA sends an
authentication request to the AP, and the AP
directly accepts the request.
Open system
authentication
3. Association
Once the STA is authenticated, it can send an
Association Request packet to obtain full network
access permission. Association enables an AP to
record the location of each STA so that frames can be
correctly sent to an STA.
1.Similar to identity authentication, association is
initiated by the STA. After identity authentication
is successful, the STA sends an Association
Request packet.
2.The AP processes the association request as
follows:
•If the association request is approved, the AP
responds with the status code 0 (indicating a
success) and the association identifier (AID).
•If the association request is rejected, the AP
returns only a status code and terminates the
whole process.
3.After association is successful, the AP and STA
can communicate with each other.
4. Disassociation
Disassociation is a unidirectional
process that does not require a
confirmation.
It can be initiated by an STA or an
AP.
Only one deauth or disassoc
frame needs to be sent for
notification. As a result, the status
may be asynchronous.
Wi-Fi Connection Process
Shared key authentication: After receiving the
authentication request, the AP sends a random
character string to the STA. The STA encrypts the
string and returns it to the AP. If the AP successfully
decrypts the string, the authentication succeeds.
Shared key
authentication
Association process
Data
Preset key
Decryption and
comparison
with plaintext

31. Wi-Fi Channel: 2.4 GHz Frequency Band
q2.4 GHz frequency band
•2.4 GHz is an Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM)
frequency band. The center frequency spacing is 5 MHz,
and each channel has 20M spectrum resources.
•It complies with the 802.11b/g/n protocols. 802.11n
supports dual-band working.
•Adjacent channels of the 2.4 GHz frequency band
overlap and interfere with each other. Therefore, use
non-overlapping channels for networking. For example,
use channels 1, 6, and 11 in China and North America. In
Europe, use channels 1, 7, and 13.
•Channel 14 is used only in Japan.
Channel ID:
Center frequency:

32. Wi-Fi Channel: 5GHz Frequency Band
q5 GHz frequency band
•The effective bandwidth of channel 11a is 18.8 MHz, and there is no
overlapping channel.
•5.8 GHz (5.725–5.850 GHz): includes five non-interfering sub-
channels (149, 153, 157, 161, 165), which also belong to the ISM
frequency band.
•5.1 GHz (5.150-5.350 GHz): including eight non-interfering sub-
channels (36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64)
•Applicable protocol: 802.11a/n/ac. 802.11n supports dual-band.
•802.11ac/ax supports the 20/40/80/160 MHz bandwidth. The 160
MHz bandwidth is optional and can be continuous or discontinuous
(80+80 MHz).
DFS
DFS: 5.25-5.35 GHz and 5.47-5.725 GHz are operating frequency bands of
the global radar system. To avoid interference to the radar system caused by
wireless communication devices working in the 5 GHz frequency band,
countries require that the devices be used in common items such as power
and spectrum, in addition, the requirements for the dynamic frequency
selection (DFS) feature are added.

33. Wi-Fi Key Technology — OFDM
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Wide-bands are divided and transmitted through these
narrow sub-bands by multiplexing and restoring data.
802.11a/g/n all use OFDM technology, while 802.11n also
uses MIMO to transmit multiple OFDM data streams
Single-carrier system Multi-carrier system
Frequency Frequency
Time Time
High-speed serial code stream Low-speed serial code
stream
Spectrum
saving

34. Wi-Fi Key Technology — MIMO
X
t1.....
Antenna A Antenna B
1
SISO (single-transmit single-receive):
low reliability and low efficiency
X
t1.....
Antenna B
Antenna C
1
X
Antenna A
2
Improves channel
reliability.
X
t1.....
Antenna
B
Antenna C
1
X
Antenna A
2
X
t1.....
Antenna B
Antenna C
1
Antenna A
2
Y
Antenna D
3
4
Increase the
channel capacity.
More transmit antennas
are added to transmit
data to the receive end,
improving data
transmission reliability.
More receive antennas: More
data can be transmitted at
the same time, increasing
the data transmission
channel capacity and data
rate. Eliminate the
interference between
antenna A and antenna B by
nulling or elimination.
Multi-transmit single-receive (MISO):
high reliability and low efficiency
Multi-transmit single-receive (MISO): high reliability and low
efficiency
MIMO (multiple transmit and multiple receive): high reliability and
efficiency
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO): A plurality of transmit antennas and a plurality of receive antennas are separately used at a transmit
end and a receive end, so that a signal is transmitted and received by using the plurality of antennas at the transmit end and the receive
end, thereby improving communication quality.
It can make full use of space resources and implement multiple-input multiple-output through multiple antennas.
In this way, the system channel capacity can be multiplied without increasing spectrum resources and antenna transmit power.

35. Main Wi-Fi Technology: Modulation and Coding
MCS
Modulation
Coding (FEC)
FEC: Error-correcting codes are added to transmitted
signals. When a small number of errors occur, the RX end
automatically corrects the errors, eliminating the need of
signal retransmission. "5/6" indicates that every 6 bits
contain 5 payload data segments and 1 error correction
bit.
QAM is an amplitude and phase joint modulation technology. It
uses the amplitude and phase of a carrier to transmit information
bits, maps a bit to a vector with a real part and an imaginary part,
modulates the bit to two carriers that are orthogonal in the time
domain, and then transmits the signal.
The more bits represented on a carrier by using the amplitude
and the phase each time, the higher transmission efficiency of
the carrier. QAM schemes include 4QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM,
256QAM, 1024QAM, and so on.
Source
encoding
Channel
coding
(interleaving)
Modulation
(QPSK/16QA
M/64QAM)
Frequency domain
Serial-to-parallel conversion
Orthogonal sub-carrier
FFT
mapping

36. Wi-Fi Rate
q802.11b supports a maximum rate of 11 Mbit/s.
q802.11a/g: maximum rate of 54 Mbit/s;
q802.11g is backward compatible with 802.11b.
qMIMO antenna technology is introduced in
802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax. For example,
1T1R indicates 1x1. In '2+2', the first 2
indicates 2 x 2 on the 2.4 GHz frequency band,
and the second 2 indicates 2 x 2 on the 5 GHz
frequency band.
Number of
Antennas
802.11n
performance
802.11ac
performance
1 x 1 150 Mbit/s 433 Mbit/s
2 x 2 300 Mbit/s 867 Mbit/s
3 x 3 450 Mbit/s 1300 Mbit/s
4 x 4 600 Mbit/s 1730 Mbit/s
Number of
Antennas
802.11n
performanc
e
802.11ac
performance
Maximum
capability
2+2 300 Mbit/s 867 Mbit/s
1167 Mbit/s
(1200 Mbit/s)
2+4 300 Mbit/s 1730 Mbit/s 2030 Mbit/s
3+4 450 Mbit/s 1730 Mbit/s
2180 Mbit/s
(2200 Mbit/s)
4+4 600 Mbit/s 1730 Mbit/s 2330 Mbit/s
802.11b 802.11g 802.11n 802.11ac
11Mbps
54Mbps
150Mbps
433Mbps

38. Thank You
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39. Page 38
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N.A. HBB Crouse1 V1.0 Training V1 V1
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