Fumigation

1. Fumigation Points to be covered What is Fumigation ? Scope and Limitation of Fumigation Types of Fumigation What is Fumigant? Steps for the application of fumigants 4. Integrated Pest Management in Fumigation 5. Stored-Product Pests

2. What is Fumigation? The pest control is likely to the obtained when all appropriate methods are taken to eliminate pest organisms, in that all Fumigation is just one of the method that can be used for controlling pest in stored products. Definition – Fumigation is just one of the number of methods that can be used for controlling insects, pests and other organisms, using Pesticidal Toxic Gas.

3. Scope and Limitation of Fumigation The concepts and the procedures for controlling insects and other organisms are changing with increased public concern over the adverse effects of pesticidal chemicals on human health and the environment. However the need for chemical pesticides, particularly the fumigants is likely to continue for many years to come, fumigants have unique properties and capabilities that permit use in numerous situation where others forms of control are not feasible or practical. The pest control is likely to be obtained when all appropriate measures are taken to eliminate pest organism in an effective pest management programme, methods of prevention and control are integrated to give maximum protection of goods at the lowest possible cost

4. Types of Fumigation 1 ) Bulk grain storage fumigation and capsule truck fumigation 2) Grain in silo 3) Stack Fumigation 4) Space Fumigation 5) Container Fumigation

5. What is Fumigant? In modern terminology “fumigant is a chemical which, at required temperature and pressure and can exist in the gaseous state in sufficient concentration to be lethal to a given pest organism.” This definition implies that fumigants acts as a gas in the strictest sense of the word. This definition excludes aerosols, which are suspension of liquid or solids dispersed in air and which are popularly referred to as smokes, fogs or mists. Where as fumigant gases diffuse as separate molecules. This enable to penetrate into the material having fumigated and diffuse away afterwards, on the other hand, aerosols are unable to penetrate even a short distance into materials because this particles are deposited at the outer surface.

6. Fumigation Operation Toxic gas used in fumigation called Fumigants. These are many fumigants are as follows. Currently Phosphine gas (PH3) is only one fumigant in common use against insects, beetle, weevil and mites in the food industries. 1) Ethyl dichloride - CH2 CL. CH 2CL 2) Hydrogen cyanide - HCN 3) Sulphuryl fluoride - SO2F2 4) Methyl bromide - CH3BR 5) Phosphine - PH3

7. Weight PH3 Gas Phostoxin (Tab) 3 gm. 1 gm. Phostoxin (Tab) 0.6 gm. 0.2 gm. Bags of PH3 34 gm. 11.3 gm. Phostoxin Belt 136 gm. 45.3 gm. Phostoxin Bag Blanket 3400 gm. 1133.0 gm. Phostoxin Bag Chain 340 gm. 133 gm. Dosage -: Silo 2-5 grams per M3 Flat Storage 3-6 grams per M3 Space, Stack, Containers 1.5-2 grams per M3 Toba 1 grams per M3

8. Integrated Pest Management in Fumigation An effective Integrated Pest Management carried out in Fumigation according to five categories. Those are as follows. Exclusion of the pest organisms Inspection procedures-: A) Checking of the structures with regards to suitability for fumigation. B) Clarification of all safety aspects like surroundings of the structure, floor condition, Lots arrangements. C) Through air tight sealing using plastic sheets and masking tape. D) Notification of the relevant authorities E) Reading of the label F) Calculation of dosage of PH3 3-6 grams of Phosphine gas (PH3) per cubic meter = 1 F G) Suitable mask and appropriate filter to be kept in reediness 3. Good housekeeping and sanitation 4. Physical and mechanical control

9. 5. Chemical control A) First decide the location is suitable for fumigation, lot arrangement and space arrow. The lot is satisfactory, floor condition possibilities for ventilation. Take the measurement of the lot and calculate the chemical dosage. B) Warning placards to be displayed first C) Opening of fumigants containers of pack out door. D ) Application according to the respective application method. E ) Supervision of the structures under fumigation and measuring of gas concentration on the outside of the structures in different areas. F) Aeration after end of the fumigation measuring of gas concentration inside wearing suitable respiration mask. When Threshold Limit Value (TLV) is reached doors, windows, airing doors or system can be opened. G) Release of structures/commodity divided into provisional (For carrying out work) and final release. (Permanente Presence of Persons)

10. Stored-Product Pests Sr. No. Pest Scientific Name 1. Grain Weevil Sitophilus granarius 2. Lesser Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae 3. Maize Weevil Sitophilus zeamais 4. Rust-Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum 5. Confused Flour Beetle Tribolium confusum 6. Lesser Grain Borer Rhyzopertha dominica 7. Saw Toothed Grain Beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis 8. Rust Red Grain Beetle Tribolium castaneum 9. Khapra Beetle Trogoderma granarium 10. Dried Bean Beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus 11. Flour Mite Acarus siro 12. Angoumois Grain Moth Sitotroga cerealella 13. Corn Moth Tinea granella 14. Mediterranean Flour Moth Ephestia kuehniella 15. Warehouse Moth Ephestia elutella 16. Indian Meal Moth  Plodia interpunctella