Functional Units of Digital System & Their Interconnection.pptx

Functional Units of Digital System & Their Interconnection

A digital system is composed of various functional units that work together to process, store, and communicate information. These units can be categorized into several key components, each serving distinct roles:

Input Units: These devices, such as keyboards, mice, and sensors, convert external data into a format that the system can process. They facilitate user interaction and data acquisition.

Processing Units: The central processing unit (CPU) is the core of a digital system, executing instructions and performing calculations. It often includes arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and control units (CUs) that manage data flow and operations.

Memory Units: These units store data temporarily or permanently. Random Access Memory (RAM) provides fast, volatile storage for active processes, while read-only memory (ROM) and storage devices like hard drives and SSDs offer non-volatile data retention.

Output Units: Devices such as monitors, printers, and speakers display or convey processed information to users. They translate digital signals back into a human-readable or usable format.

Communication Units: These facilitate data exchange between different systems or components. Examples include network interfaces, modems, and buses that allow various parts of the system to communicate efficiently.

Interconnection: The functional units are interconnected through buses and communication protocols, which define the pathways and rules for data transfer. This interconnectivity ensures seamless operation and coordination among units, allowing for the integration of complex functions and multi-tasking capabilities.

In summary, the functional units of a digital system and their interconnection form the backbone of modern computing, enabling a wide range of applications and services that drive our digital world.

1. Functional Units of Digital System & their Interconnection UNIT 1 :- Lecture-1

2. Computer Organization & Architecture A computer organization describes the functions and design of the various units of digital computers. Computer Architecture is defined as the functional operation of the individual h/w unit in a computer system. A computer architecture deals with the specification of an instruction set and the hardware units that implement the instructions. A computer hardware consists of electronic circuits, displays, magnetic and optic storage media and also the communication facilities.

3. Digital Computer It is a processing machine that process the information in digital form i.e. (0’s & 1’s). Means digital computer can only understand binary language (0’s & 1’s). If any analog quantity is to be processed, they must be converted into digital form before processing

4. Digital computer Process The block diagram of a digital computer is shown below. Whatever may be the type, size and capacity of the computer, it should have these five blocks. Mr. Mukul Varshney Input Processing Output

5. Input (data & In s t r u c t i o n s) Control & Timing Unit The Central Processing Unit Arithmetic and logical unit Mai n - mem o r y (m a i n -s t o r a g e ) Rom & Ram Output (Result after processing) Auxiliary storage device

6. Functional units Functional units is a part of a CPU that performs the operations and calculations called for by the computer program. Computer consists of five main parts namely, Input unit, Central Processing Unit Memory unit Arithmetic & logical unit Control unit Output unit

7. 1. Input Unit I n pu t u nit s a r e use d b y a c ompu t e r , which read the data.

8. The most commonly used input devices are, Fig: Keyboard

9. Fig: joysticks Fig: Trackballs Fig: Mouse Fig: Microphones

10. The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the operations. FUNCTIONAL UNITS Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU ) Logical Unit :After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing or getting stored. Control Unit (CU) The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. Control Unit is responsible for co ordinating various operations using time signal. The control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for other units of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board operator when several users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby it coordinates the activities of computer’s peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

11. Memory u nit Two types of memory exist. they are, Primary storage, and Secondary storage Primary storage: Primary memory contains a large number of semiconductor storage cells, capable of storing a bit of information. The bits of information are grouped into fixed size words. The word length of a computer is between 16-64 bits. Addresses are used to access the words from memory. Addresses are numbers that identifies locations.

12. The memory is know as main memory in which program must resides. Cache is also a kind of memory which is used to access the data very soon. they are highly coupled with the processor. Example: RAM,ROM. Adva n tage s : Small, and Fast Disadvantages: less storage capacity, and costly

13. Secondary storage: Se c onda r y memory a r e use d w h en la r g e amount of data and programs have to be stored. Example: Magnetic disks, Magnetic tapes, and Optical disks. Fig: Magnetic disk Fig: Magnetic tapes Fig: Optical disk

14. Output unit Output units are used to send the processed results to the user. O u tput de v i ces dis p lay infor m at i o n in a way th a t yo u can understand. The most common output device is a monitor. Output devices are pieces of equipment that are used to get information or any other response out from computer. These devices display information that has been held or generated within a computer.

15. Fig: Printer Fig: Graphics Displays Fig: CRT Displays Some of the output units are, Fig: Microfilm