Fundamental of entomology Dr.Sunil Prajapati

Fundamental of Entomology

1. Mangalayatan University, Jabalpur Department of Agriculture Dr. Sunil Prajapati Assistant Professor (Horticulture)

2. B.Sc.(Hon.)Agriculture 1 st Year Semester II FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY 4(3+1) Introduction Branches of Entomology History of Entomology Contribution of Scientists Institutes /Organization n Classification of Phylum Arthropoda Characteristics of Arthropoda Insect Orders Classification of Insects Economic Importance of Insects Metamorphosis In Insects Types of Larvae Mouth Parts of an Insects Modification of Mouth Parts of an Insects Damaging Stages of Insects Modification of Insects Legs Structure and Function of Antennae Modifications of Insect Antennae. Dr. Sunil Prajapati Assistant Professor (Horticulture)

3. Entomology- Greek word ( Entomon = Insect; Logos = Study) It is the branch of zoology or biological science that deals with the study of insects . INTRODUCTION Insect : - The insects are the tracheate arthropods in which the body is divided in to head, thorax and abdomen possessing 2 pairs of wings. 3 pairs of working legs. 1 pair of antennae. Segmented body. Having complete and incomplete metamorphosis.

4. Insect is Greek word = Cut in pieces or segmented. Insects belong to the Phylum Arthropod a ( Artho = jointed, Poda = Legs) which is the biggest phylum of kingdom Animalia . More than three quarters of the animals on earth are arthropods, and most of these are insects. Kingdom Animalia is classified into twelve phyla. INTRODUCTION

5. A pest is a small destructive organism (causes economic loss) that usually attack crops, animals and food. Common examples of pests include insect, weeds, cockroaches, mites, ticks, mosquitoes, bed bugs, lice, nematodes, plants, birds, thrips, fungi, bacteria, virus, rodents and termites are included. Losses Weeds (33%) Diseases (26%) Insects (20%) Rodents (6-8%) Birds (1-2%) Others (1-3%)

6. Study and use of insects in crime investigations is known as Forensic Entomology . Study of insects related to live stock and veterinary animals is known as Veterinary Entomology . Study of insects in relation to Human beings is known as Medical Entomology . Branches of Entomology

7. Mahabharta : (1424-1366 BC) Mentions about silk, honey and lac. The famous story of ‘ Lakshgruha ’ i.e. House of lac build by Kauravas to burn their cousins live, Pandavas . Amarkosha Sanskrit dictionary provide references like Patanga and Bhramar of flies, moths, beetles and glow worms. Sushruta : Surgeon (100-200 AD): Classified ants ( Pipilika ), mosquitoes and flies. Umaswati : Physician(0-100 AD): Classified the bees. History of Entomology

8. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)– Father of biological classification . First person grouped insects in winged and wing less groups. He gave the terms like Coleoptera and Diptera. Carolus Linnaeus (1758)– Father of Taxonomy . Snodgrass R. E. (1875)– referred as a Father of Insect Morphology . He wrote book - Principles of Insect Morphology . Mithan Lal Runwal (1908)– Outstanding work on termites/ white ants . Contributions to ecology, embryology and locust. Dr.S.Pradhan (1969) - Wrote a " Insect Pests of Crops " and Father of Modern Applied Entomology in India. Contribution of Scientists

9. 1912– Plant Quarantine Act. 1914– Destructive Insects and Pests Act ( DIPA ). 1916– Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun . 1925– Indian Lac Research Institute started at Ranchi. 1937– A laboratory for storage pests was started at Hapur , U.P. 1937- Establishment of Entomology division at IARI New Delhi. 1939– Locust Warning Organization established. 1946– ‘Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage. 1968– ‘Central Insecticide Act’. Institutes/Organizations

10. NCIPM , New Delhi- (National Centre for Integrated Pest Management - 1988). PDBC , Bangalore- (Project Directorate of Biological Control -1993). NBAIR -National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources. CIB , Faridabad – Central Insecticide Board. NPPTI , Hyderabad– National Plant Protection Training Institute. Entomological Institutes

11. Classification of Phylum Arthropoda

12. Arthropoda characteristics:

13. The most diverse insect Orders under class Insecta Coleoptera : beetles, weevils Hymenoptera : ants, wasp, bees Lepidoptera : butterflies, moths Diptera : flies Hemiptera : bugs, aphid, leaf hopper Orthoptera: locust, cricket,, grasshoppers. Isoptera : termites Thysanoptera : thrips

14. Insect orders Coleoptera - beetles, weevils This refers to how their first pair of wings have hardened into an  elytra  ( hardened forewings), that covers the second pair of wings (and usually the entire abdomen) as a protective case . Hymenoptera - ants, wasps, bees, Sawflies Some of the members of this order are hugely important as pollinators, predators or pests . The front and hind wings are locked together by a tiny row of hooks (male and queen ants have wings).

15. Insect orders Lepidoptera – butterflies , moths , silkworm. Moths are usually active during the night . Club like antennae , compound eye , complete metamorphosis . Presence of powder on its body, these are the tiny scales that give the group its name. Diptera – flies In flies, their second pair of wings are reduced called   halters , which act as a balance and guiding system . Serious pest of Horticultural-fruit crops.

16. Insect orders Hemiptera – cicadas and true bugs Hemiptera means half-wing. This is because the first pair of wings is hardened at the base while part of the wing is thin and membranous.  have piercing mouthparts used to suck up fluids, usually from plants.

17. Insect orders Orthoptera- crickets, locust, grasshoppers. have a generally cylindrical body, with elongated hindlegs and musculature adapted for jumping . They have mandibula te mouthparts for biting and chewing and large compound eyes.

18. Classification of insects On the basis of host association: Monophagous insects: These insects depends only one species of plants for whole life-cycle. Eg ., Bombyx mori on Morus alba . Oligophagous insects: Confined only one family for the whole life-cycle Eg ., Potato tuber moth: depends on the solanaceous crop Diamond back moth ( Platella xylostella , Platellidae ) feeds on crucifer crops Cabbage butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) feeds on crucifer crops. Polyphagous insects: Many agricultural pests fall on polyphagous pests. Those insect-pests visit the diverse plant species to complete the life cycle . Eg ., Helicoverpa armigera , Noctuidae If on chickpea: chickpea borer If on tomato: tomato fruit borer.

19. Classification of insects: On the basis of plant part damage: Leaf damaging insects: Caterpillar, bug, thrips, aphids Stem damaging insects: Rice stem borer, mango stem borer, Orange stem borer. Fruit damaging insects: Citrus fruit fly. Root damaging insects: Red ants, White grub Flower damaging insects: Thrips

20. L Locust Termite White Grub Pests of National Importance

21. Entomology may be divided into 2 major aspects- Fundamental Entomology/General Entomology: It deals with the basic or academic aspects of the Science of Entomology. It includes morphology, anatomy, physiology and taxonomy of the insects. 2. Applied Entomology/Economic Entomology: It deals with the usefulness of the Science of Entomology for the benefit of mankind . Applied entomology covers the study of insects which are either beneficial or harmful to human beings . beneficial insects like predators, parasitoids, pollinators or productive insects like honey bees, silkworm and lac insect. studies the methods in which harmful insects or pests can be managed without causing significant damage or loss to us. Economic Importance of Insects

22. Economic Importance of Insects 1.Insects of No economic importance:- insects found in forests, and agricultural lands which neither cause harm nor benefit us. 2. Insects of economic importance :- A. Injurious insects- ( i ).Pests of cultivated plants- Each cultivated plant damage by many insect pests which feed on them reduces the yield of the crop. E.g. cotton bollworm, Rice stem bores. (ii).Storage pests- Insects feed on stored products and cause economic loss. E.g. Rice weevil, Pulse beetle. (iii).Pest attacking cattle and domestic animals- Cattle are affected by pests like Horse fly, Fleas and Lice. They suck blood and sometimes eat the flash. (iv).House hold and disease carrying insects- House hold pests include cockroach, ants, etc. Disease carrying insects are like mosquitoes, houseflies, bed bugs, fleas etc.

23. Economic Importance of Insects B. Beneficial insects- ( i ) Productive insects: Silk worm- The silk worm filament secreted from the salivary gland of the larva helps us in producing silk. Honey bee- Provides us with honey and many other byproducts like bees wax and royal jelly. Lac insects- The secretion from the body of these scale insects is called lac. Insects useful as drugs, food, ornaments - As medicine - Sting of honey bees- remedy for rheumatism and arthritis. Extracted from blister beetle –useful as hair tonic. As food- for animals and human being. For animals- aquatic insects used as fish food. Grasshoppers, termites, pupae of moths. They have been used as food by human beings in different parts of the world. Ornaments, entertainers- -Artists and designers copy colour of butterflies. - Beetles worm as necklace. Insect collection is a hobby. Scientific research Drosophila and mosquitoes are useful in genetic and toxicological.

24. Economic Importance of Insects B. Beneficial insects- (ii) Helpful insects: (a)Parasites : small insects which feed and live on harmful insects by completing their life cycle in a host and kill the host insect. e.g. egg, larval and pupal parasitoids. (b)Predators: These are large insects which capture and devour harmful insect. e.g. Coccinellids family and Preying Mantid . (c)Pollinators: Many cross pollinated plants depend on insects for pollination and fruit set. e.g. Honey bees. (d)Weed killers: Insects which feed on weeds kill them thereby killers. E.g. Mexican beetle eats on Parthenium . Cochineal insect feeds in Opuntia dillenii . (e)Soil builders : soil insects such as ants, beetles, larval of cutworms, crickets,termite , collombola , make tunnels in soil and facilitate aeration in soil. They become good manure after death and enrich soil. (f) Scavengers: Insects which feed on dead and decaying matter are called scavengers. They important for maintaining hygiene in the surroundings. E.g. Carrion beetles, Rove beetles feed on dead animals and plants.

25. House hold and disease carrying insects Pests which cause damage to belongings of human being like furniture, wool, paper, etc. e.g. Cockroaches, beetle, sliver fish etc. ii) Pests which cause painful bite, inject venoms. e.g. Wasps, bees sting us. Hairy caterpillar nettling hairs are poisonous. Mosquitoes, bugs bite, piece and suck blood. iii) Disease causing Mosquito- Malaria, Filariasis , dengue fever. Housefly- Typhoid, Cholera, Leprosy, Anthrax.

26. Metamorphosis Metamorphosis  is a biological process by which an animal/insect physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the body structure through cell growth and differentiation. “ Radical changes in morphology during development of insect ”. Both complete and incomplete metamorphosis extend from the egg stage to the adult stage. Complete metamorphosis consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. However, the incomplete metamorphosis consists of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult .

27. Metamorphosis The main difference between complete metamorphosis and incomplete metamorphosis is that complete metamorphosis consists of a very active, speedy eating larva and an inactive pupa i.e. Complete metamorphosis occurs in wasps, ants, butterflies, bees, beetles, moths . Whereas, incomplete metamorphosis consists of a nymph , which resembles a miniature adult. while incomplete metamorphosis occurs in termites , praying mantis, and cockroaches .

28. Metamorphosis

29. Complete Metamorphosis

30. Incomplete Metamorphosis

31. Mouth Parts of an Insec ts Maxilla: it cuts the food materials i.e. cutting of food . Mandible: it crushes the food material i.e. crushing of food . Labium: it acts like lower lip . Labrum : it acts like upper lip . Labium and labrum saves the food material from to come out from mouth. Hypopharynax : it works like tongue .

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33. Modifications of Mouth Parts of an Insects Piercing and sucking types (piercing the tissues of animals and plants to suck blood and plant juice) : Mosquito, aphids, bugs, leafhopper, jassid, thrips. Sponging type (sucking up liquid) : Housefly Siphoning type (mouth parts are adapted wonderfully for sucking flower nectar and fruit juice, ) : Butterfly and moths Chewing and lapping type (modified for collecting the nectar and pollen from flowers and also for moulding the wax, ): Honey bees, wasp. Chewing/biting/cutting types (mandibles are paired and bear toothed edges): grasshopper, larvae (all), locust, cricket, beetles, weevils.

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35. Damaging Stages of Insects Coleoptera: larvae ( grub )+ adult moth stage. Lepidoptera: only larvae (caterpillar), adult of fruit sucking moth. Hemiptera: Nymph+ adult both stages. Diptera: Generally Nymph.

36. Modification of Insects Legs Walking type : Cockroach and bugs Running type : Ants Jumping type : Grasshopper, crickets Sound producing : hind legs of grasshopper /cricket Digging type : mole cricket Swimming type : dytiscus beetle and water bug Pollen collecting : honeybees Climbing and sticking : housefly Raptorial/Grasping : Mantis Clasping type : Pyrilla

37. Continue…. Walking type Running type Jumping type Sound producing Digging type Swimming type

38. Continue…. Pollen collecting Climbing and sticking Raptorial/Grasping: Clasping type

39. Structure and Modifications of Insect Antennae Antennae   sometimes referred to as "feelers", are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods.  Antennae  are connected to the first one or two segments of the arthropod head. Functions of Antennae: Antennae serve different sensory functions for different insects. It detect odours and tastes , wind speed and direction , heat and moisture , and even touch . A few insects have auditory o rgans on their antennae, so they're involved in hearing . Mosquitoes detect sounds with their antennae, and many flies use theirs to gauge air speed while they are in flight.

40. Structure of Antennae:

41. Structure of Antennae: Scape - the first basal segment , it is the point of articulation to the head capsule, and is often conspicuously longer than other segments . Pedicel - this is the second segment that follows scape , and it has a specialized sensory organ (known as Johnson’s organ ) with which insects could hear sounds. Flagellum - also known as the Clavola , it is further divided into three parts. Ring joints : this is the basal segment of the flagellum which are small and ring-like form. Club : this is the swollen or enlarged distal segments of the antenna. Funicle : the segments between ring joints and club.

42. Types of Insect Antennae Aristate: It is pouch-like , with a lateral bristle called arista on its dorsal side. Aristate antennae are most notably found in the Diptera (true flies). e.g. Housefly.

43. Types of Insect Antennae: Capitate : have a prominent club or knob at their ends. last three segments are suddenly enlarged. The term capitate derives from the Latin caput , meaning head . Butterflies (Lepidoptera) often have capitate form antennae.

44. Types of Insect Antennae: Clavate : Terminate in a gradual club or knob (unlike the capitate antennae, which end with an abrupt, pronounced knob). This antennae form is found most often in beetles, butterflies such as in carrion beetles.

45. Types of Insect Antennae: Filiform : Comes from the Latin filum , meaning thread . Filiform antennae are slender and thread-like in form. Examples of insects with filiform antennae include: Grasshopper , Ground and long horned beetles .

46. Types of Insect Antennae: Flabellate – from the Latin flabellum , meaning fan . In flabellate antennae, the terminal segments extend laterally, with long, parallel lobes that lie flat against one another. This feature looks like a folding paper fan . Found in Coleoptera , Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera .

47. Types of Insect Antennae: Lamellate Comes from the Latin lamella , meaning a thin plate or scale. In lamellate antennae, the segments at the tip are flattened and nested , so they look like a folding fan . To see an example of lamellate antennae, look at a scarab beetle.

48. Types of Insect Antennae: Geniculate : Geniculate are bent or hinged sharply, almost like a knee or elbow joint . The term geniculate derives from the Latin genu , meaning knee . Geniculate antennae are found mainly in ants or bees .

49. Types of Insect Antennae: Moniliform comes from the Latin monile , meaning necklace. Moniliform antennae look like strings of beads . The segments are usually spherical, and uniform in size . The termites are a good example of insects with moniliform antennae.

50. Types of Insect Antennae: Pectinate Segments of pectinate antennae are longer on one side, giving each antennae a comb-like shape . Bi-pectinate antennae look like two-sided combs . The term pectinate derives from the Latin pectin, meaning comb . Pectinate antennae are found mainly in some beetles and sawflies .

51. Types of Insect Antennae: Plumose Brush like with dense hairs. Segments of plumose antennae have fine branches, giving them a feathery appearance. The term plumose derives from the Latin pluma , meaning feather. Insects with plumose antennae include some of the true flies, such as mosquitoes, and moths.

52. Types of Insect Antennae: Serrate Segments of serrate antennae are notched or angled on one side, making the antennae look like a saw blade . The term serrate derives from the Latin serra , meaning saw . Serrate antennae are found in some beetles .

53. Types of Insect Antennae: Setaceous Comes from the Latin seta , meaning bristle . Setaceous antennae are bristle-shaped and tapered from the base to the tip. Cockroach, dragonflies and damselflies

54. Types of Insect Antennae: Stylate comes from the Latin stylus , meaning pointed instrument . In stylate antennae, the final segment terminates in a long, slender point, called a style . The style may be hair like but will extend from the end and never from the side. robber flies, snipe flies, and bee flies.

55. Types of Insect Antennae: