fundamentals-of-capacitor-technology-and-their-applications.pdf

An overview of capacitor and their applications in electronic devices

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR
TECHNOLOGYAND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Lukas Hölscher
DIGITAL WE DAYS
2024

2. 2
Technical Basics & Overview
Technologies
MLCC
Film Capacitors
AluminumCapacitors
Supercapacitors
Summary
Questions
AGENDA

3. 3
BASICS OFCAPACITORS
Overview& Basics of Capacitors
Constructionofa plateCapacitor
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Dielectrumwith
PermitivityƐ
C –Capacitance[F]
A –platesurface
d –platedistance
Ɛ
o-absolute Permittivity
Ɛ
R-relative Permittivity
Material relative Permittivity
–(Ɛ
R)
(typicalvalues@20° C)
Vaacum 1
Air 1,00059
Paper 1,6…2
Paraffin paper 2
Polystyrene 2,3
Polypropylene 2,5
Polyethylene 2,5…4,5
Glass 5
Aluminumoxide 9,3
Tantalumpentoxide26
Niobiumpentoxide42
CeramicClass1 10…500
CeramicClass 2 700…>100000

4. 4
BASICS OFCAPACITORS
Equivalentcircuit
•Every passive component hasparasiticsideeffectsnexttoitsmainfunctions
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024

5. 5
BASICS OFCAPACITORS
Charging/ Dischargingofa Capacitor
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
V
++
U
Charging Discharging
????????????
????????????/????????????
????????????
Charging:
τ
????????????=????????????
????????????·????????????
????????????
????????????=????????????(1−????????????
−????????????
τ????????????
)
????????????
????????????=
????????????????????????
−
????????????
τ
????????????
????????????
????????????
Discharging:
τ
????????????=????????????
????????????·????????????
????????????
????????????=????????????·????????????
−????????????
τ
????????????
????????????
????????????=−
????????????????????????
−????????????
τ
????????????
????????????
????????????
τ
????????????
τ
????????????
????????????
????????????
????????????
????????????

6. 6
BASICS OFCAPACITORS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
CapacitorTypes
Capacitor
Types
fixed
capacitance
Film
Capacitor
Paper Film
Capacitor
Plastic Film
Capacitor
Ceramic
Capacitor
Class 1
Class 2
Electrolytic
Capacitor
(E-Caps)
Aluminum
Electrolytic
Capacitor
Tantalum
Electrolytic
Capacitor
Niobium
Electrolytic
Capacitor
Super
Capacitor
Electric
Double Layer
Capacitor
Pseudo
Capacitor
Hybrid
Capacitor
Mica
Capacitor
Glass
Capacitor
Feedthrough
Capacitor
variable
capacitance
Rotary
Capacitor
Trimming
Capacitor
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

7. 7
BASICS OFCAPACITORS
Technology
Max.
Capacitance
Max.Voltage Max. Current
Max. Temperature
range
Application
examples
Aluminum
Electrolytic
Capacitors
> 1F ca. 650 V ca. 0,05 A/µF 85°C upto150°C
smoothing, storage,
DC-Link
AluminumPolymer
Capacitors
> 4 mF ca. 250 V Ca. 0,1 A/µF 85°C upto150°C smoothing, filtering
Al. Hybrid Polymer
Capacitors
> 1 mF ca. 400 V Ca. 0,1 A/µF 85°C upto150°C
smoothing, filtering,
DC Link
Film Capacitors> 8 mF ca. 3 kV ca.1A/µF max.110°C
DCLink,
interference
suppression,
filtering
MLCC > 100 µF ca. 10 kV ca. 10 A/µF 85°Cupto200°C
interference
suppression,
coupling, filtering
Supercapacitors> 350 F ca. 3.3 V ca. 0,21 A/F 65°upto85°C
UPS,
storage
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024

8. 8
BASICS OFCAPACITORS
Overviewoftechnologies
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

9. 9
MLCC (MULTILAYERCERAMICCAPACITOR)
CompositionofgeneralpurposeMLCCs
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
DielectricMaterial
Class 1: TiO
2
Class 2 : BaTiO
3
Examplecrosssectionofa generalpurposeMLCC

10. 10
MLCC (MULTILAYERCERAMICCAPACITOR)
Class 1 andClass 2 MLCCs
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
•Class 1 Ceramic –(e.g. NP0 / C0G  Titandioxid TiO2, paraelektrisch)
−Relative smallPermitivityε
r>> smallcapcitancevaluespossible(ca. 100 nF)
−linear temperaturedependency
−Next tonoaging
−Verysmallvoltagedependency
−Suitableforhigh frequencyapplications
•Class 2 Ceramic –(e.g. X7R, X5R, Y5V, … BariumtitanateBaTiO3, ferroelectric)
−Relative high Permitivityε
r High capacitancevaluesavailable(>300 µF)
−Nonlinearetemperaturdependency
−Aging
−High Voltagedepencyin manycases

11. 11
MLCC (MULTILAYERCERAMICCAPACITOR)
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
VoltageDependancyofthecapacitanceValue (DC-Bias)
NP0 Ceramic
X7R Ceramic
X5R Ceramic
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

12. 12
MLCC (MULTILAYERCERAMICCAPACITOR)
VoltageDependancyofthecapacitanceValue (DC-Bias)
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Capacitance drop affects only Class II Ceramic Capacitors
Heavily dependent on size
No specification on the datasheet!
Only reference curves or simulation models
Size

13. 13
MLCC (MULTILAYERCERAMICCAPACITOR)
Aging of MLCCs
Aging process due to changes in crystal structure
Decreased permittivity cause capacitance loss
Class 1 (NP0) no aging
Class 2 has different aging
Behavior depends on ceramic materials
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Check the
Application Note
SN011 for more
information about
MLCC Aging

14. 14
MLCC (MULTILAYERCERAMICCAPACITOR)
CapacitanceyieldofClass 2 ceramics
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
=>Worstcaseabouttwothirdslost ofcapacacitance
=>Best caseaboutonethirdlost ofcapacacitance

15. 15
MLCC (MULTILAYERCERAMICCAPACITOR)
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Special Cases
Soft terminationCapacitor
SafetyCapacitorsforpower supplyapplication(X1/X2/Y2)
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

16. 16
FILM CAPACITORS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Construction
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

17. 17
FILM CAPACITORS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Construction and self- healingprocess
Metallization
Dielectric
Area ofhigh
currentdensity
Metallizationis
vaporized
Breakdown do
tosurge
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

18. 18
FILM CAPACITORS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
AC-SafetyFilm Capacitors
X-Capacitors
Filtering of differential mode interferences
Application protection against voltage peaks of the power grid
Network protection against voltage peaks of the application
Y-Capacitors
Filtering of common mode interferences
Capacitance value normally less than a few nF
Limited capacitance to reduce leakage current to earth
Safety Classes according IEC 60384-14 / UL 60384- 14:
SafetyClass Max. Impulseaccording
IEC-60384- 14
X1 4kV
(C≤ 1µF)
X2 2,5kV (C≤ 1µF)
Y1 8 kV
Y2 5 kV
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

19. 19
FILM CAPACITORS
THB X2 Capacitors
Standard X2 Capacitor:
Costeffective
Sensitive tohumidity& temperature
Comparablesmallsizes
THB X2 Capacitor:
Verylowmoistureabsorption
SlightlybiggersizesthanregularX2 Film
Capacitors
Verygoodforlonglifetimes
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
0
100
Typical X2 THB Capacitor Regular X2 Capacitor
Remaining Capacitance [%]
Degradation after 1000 h @ 85 °C / 85 % RH / 310 V(AC) Test
before Test
after Test
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

20. 20
FILM CAPACITORS
DC Link Capacitors
WCAP-FTDB DC-Link Series
Boxed THT -MKP Film Capacitors
Capacitance: 1 µF up to 75 µF
Voltage: 500 V
DCup to 1200 V
DC
MKP: Polypropylene metallized film
Temperature: -40°C up to 105° C
Pitch / Pin distance: 27.5, 37.5 and 52.5 mm
High ripple current capability
Self-healing properties
Very long expected load life
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
3-Phase
Motor
DC-LinkRectifier Inverter
3-Phase
AC Mains
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

21. 21
ALUMINUMCAPACITORS
Construction
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

22. 22
Hybrid Polymer
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Aluminum Polymer
ALUMINUMCAPACITORS
Aluminum Electrolytic
THT Radial
SMD V- Chip
Snap-In THT
Screw
Connection
THT Radial
THT Radial
SMD V- Chip
SMD H-Chip
SMD V- Chip
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

23. 23
ALUMINUMCAPACITORS
Aluminum Electrolytic
Highest voltage ratings (Up to
Biggest sizes and other connection
types (Screw, Snap- in)
Properties improve at high temp.
Dielectric self-healing
Electrolyte drying can be a problem
for long load time
Very low ESR
Very high ripple current
Very long lifetime
Stable at very low temperature
Limited voltage and size
“High” leakage current
Could be susceptible to vibration
Hybrid Polymer
Low ESR
High ripple current
Low leakage current
Best performance over temperature
Lifetime better than electrolytic
Limited voltage and size
More complicated production (cost)
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Aluminum Polymer
Safetyvent
Novent
Nosleeve
(sometimesvent)
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

24. 24
ALUMINUM CAPACITORS
Lifetime: Different technologies and how to estimate
Alum. Electrolytic Capacitors
Alum. Hybrid Capacitors
Alum. Polymer Capacitors
(SMD H-Chip construction only)
Alum. Polymer Capacitors
(THT and V- Chip SMD)
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Endurance
conditions
End-of-life
definition
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

25. 25
ALUMINUMCAPACITORS
Plot and compare lifetime –endurance formulas
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
15 Years Limit
Endurance @ 65°C =
ca. 32,000 hours
about3.65 years
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

26. 26
ALUMINUMCAPACITORS
Comparisonofthetechnolgies
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Technology Capacitance
[µF]
Voltage
[VDC]
Size
[mm]
ESR
[mOhm, typ]
RC
[mA]
LC
[µA]
Temperature
range
Endurance
[@105°C]
ExpectedLifetime
[h, @65° C]
Electrolytic100 16 6.3x6.6420 255 16 -55 to105 2000 3.65 yearsmax
Hybrid 100 16 6.3x6.620.1 1300 16 -55 to105 10000 13 yearsmax
Polymer 100 16 6.3x6.614 2690 400 -55 to105 2000 13 yearsmax
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

27. 27
SUPERCAPACITORS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
CompositionofSupercapacitors
CharacteristicsEDLCs:
(Electronic Double Layer Capacitors)
-Veryhugecapacitance
-Limited VoltageRange
-Temperaturerange65°C up to85°C
-VerylowESR values
-Comparativelyhigh leakageCurrents
+
++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Electrolyte
Polarized molecular
layer of solvent
molecules
Cations solvated in the electroyte
Separator
Helmholtz double layer
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

28. 28
SUPERKONDENSATOREN
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
LifetimeexpectancyofSupercapacitors
Residual Capacitance after 10 years
Forexample:
At 2,3 V and 40°C expectedresidual
capacitancearound60%
At 2,7 V and 40°C expectedresidual
capacitancearound20%
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

29. 29
SUPERCAPACITORS
Balancing
Worst Case Scenario:
2 Supercapacitorswith a Capacitance of10F(tol.: -10%, +30%) are being put in series and are
charged at 5,4 V.)
Worst case: ????????????
2=9????????????
−10%, ????????????
1=13F+30%
This results in the following Voltage levels:
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
????????????
2=
????????????
1
????????????
2+????????????
1
????????????
????????????
????????????
2=
13????????????
9????????????+13????????????
5.4????????????=3.19???????????? (Caution Overvoltage!)
????????????
????????????=5.4V
+
−
????????????
2=9F
????????????
1=13F
????????????
t=????????????
1+????????????
2
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

30. 30
DC-LINK CAPACITOR: SPECIFICATION AND APPLICATION
Summary
MLCC
Smallest sizes
High Voltage available
Class 1 Ceramic very stable over
Temperature, Voltage and Time
Class 2 Ceramic big capacitance
but need to account for C loss.
Safety Capacitors available
Limit possible cracking with soft
termination
Film Capacitor
Suitable for high Voltage
Self-healing properties
Safety Capacitors available
Sensitive to humidity &
temperature
Aluminum
Capacitor
AluminumElectrolyte
cost efficient
big variety in size
AluminumPolymer
Suited for longevity applications
Low ESR values
Not suited for:
Battery powered applications
High vibration applications
AluminumHybrid Polymer
Suited for longevity applications
Suited for high temp
applications
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
Supercapacitor
Very high Capacitance for power
supply
Strongly adviced Balancing if
connected in series

31. 31
FUNDAMENTALS OF CAPACITOR TECHNOLOGY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DIGITAL WE DAYS | LUH | 25.04.2024
[email protected]
Lukas.Hoelscher@we- online.de
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