Fungal Diseases Of Plants

Fungal diseases of Plants: Rust, Smut, Wilt, Root rot.

1. Fungal Disease Rust Presented By: Hajira Bibi

2. Introduction Rust is a fungal disease that attacks on variety of plants. There are more than 500 species of fungi which infects wheat, barley, apples, tomatoes, coffee and many other plants. Low light intensity, moisture and humidity are favourable conditions for this disease.

3. Wheat Rust Causative agent Wheat rust is caused by fungus Puccinia . It is a common disease that can destroy the crop yield . It also causes a huge economic loss.

4. Types Of Wheat Rust

5. Leaf rust Causative Agent It is caused by fungus Puccinia recondita . Symptoms It affects the leaves of wheat crop. First small circular oval yellow spots form on leaves. The color of spot changes into orange and finally black spores or lesions form on leaf.

6. Stem Rust Causative agent It is caused by Puccinia graminis . Symptoms It affects stem of wheat crop. Usually reddish brown lesions appear on stem. At later stage stem is weakened and black spores are produced.

7. Stripe Rust Causative agent It is caused by fungus Puccinia striiformis . Symptoms It affects the stripes on leaves. Usually light yellow pustules are formed. Finally the tissues around pustules are turned brown and dry.

8. Prevention And Control Use fungicide sprays. Choose resistant seeds. Remove all the infected parts and destroy them. Clean away all the debris in between the plants to prevent rust from spreading. Avoid splashing water into leaves to avoid spread of rust.

9. Cedar Apple Rust Causative Agent It is caused by fungus Gymniosporangium juniper viriginianae . Symptoms On the leaves of apple rust appears as small pale yellow spots. The spots enlarge and causes defoliation . It also reduces fruit size and quality . Galls formation occur.

10. Prevention And Control Use resistant variety of crops . Apply disease fighting fungicides on on apples. Remove infected plants. Rust can be controlled by applying copper solution. Remove the galls from infected plant and if required remove the entire plant.

11. Coffee Leaf Rust: Foliar disease of coffee plants. Causative Agent: Hamileia vastatrix . Presented By: Zeeshan

12. Symptoms: Spots Formation Pustules Formation

13. Prevention And Control: Timely application of fungicide sprays. Plantation of lower regions should be moved to higher and cooler latitudes. Resistant varieties should be used.

14. Wilt : Any number of diseases that affect the vascular system of plants. Attacks by fungi, bacteria, nematodes can cause rapid killing of plants, large tree branches or entire trees. Pathogens that cause wilting disease invade the vascular vessels and cause the xylem to fail to transport water to the foliage, thus causing the wilting of the stems and leaves. Presented By: Falak Naz Tariq

15. 1.Verticillium Wilt: Wilt disease affecting over 350 species of eudicot plants. Caused by Verticillium dahliae . Many economically important plants are susceptible: cotton, potatoes, tomatoes, oilseed rape, eggplants, peppers, ornamentals.

16. Symptoms:

17. Prevention and control:

18. 2. OAK WILT: Occur in Eastern half of US. All oaks( Quercus ) are susceptible. Presented By: Usama Sadiq

19. SYMPTOMS: Affected parts loose turgidity and droop Leaves

20. PREVENTION AND CONTROL:

21. ROOT ROT Presented By: Hifza Bibi

22. INTRODUCTION    Root rot is a disease that attacks the roots of plants growing in wet soil. When plants start showing symptoms of root rot, such as yellow leaves or stunted growth, take action immediately to resolve the problem.

23. Causative agent Root rot are caused by fungi Rhizoctonia and Armillaria. Rhizoctonia root rot is a frequent disease of many crops such as bean, apple , tobacco, blueberry, tomato and caused by R . solani .

24. Armillaria root rot is caused by Armillaria spp. Armillaria root rot causes poor growth, yellow to brown foliage, and eventual death of the tree.

25. World range host responsible loses on more than 500 cultivated and wild plants species. In Pakistan it has been reported to cause diseases on 67 economic host including pulses , field, crops, flowers and vegetables, It attack 400 plants such as soyabean , corn. Yield reduction upto 50%.

26. SYMPTOMS

27. Treatment & prevention: Destruction of affected plants. Replace the surrounding soil. Treatment option depends on extent of root rot. NON-CHEMICAL TREATMENT: Replant the affected plant in fresh soil with good drainage to avoid standing water Gently wash diseased roots & remove all brown, soft parts of the root Presented By: Khizer Akhtar

28. CHEMICAL TREATMENT: Fungicides. Chloropicrin. Methyl bromide. Can be used to limit progression of disease. Cinnamon powder. Water the plants when the becomes dry.

29. 1.Loose Smut Of Barley: It is a disease that can destroy a large proportion of a barley crop. Caused by Ustilago nuda . Loose smut replaces grain heads with smut, or masses of spores which infect the open flowers of healthy plants and grow into the seed, without showing any symptoms. Presented By: Aamir Mumtaz

30. SYMPTOMS:

31. DISEASE CYCLE:

32. ENVIRONMENT: It needs to infect the seed in the previous growing season The growing conditions are good for the plant, they will be good for the fungus In case of environmental stressors, the plant will be more susceptible to injury because of the added stress from the fungal infection If dry, calm conditions persist for the entire time the flowers are open, the infection rate will be low . Wind and moderate rain, as well as cool temperatures (16–22 °C) are ideal for the dispersal of spores.

33. Control : Using treated seed . Barley varieties with resistance to loose smut are also commercially available.

34. LOOSE SMUT OF MAIZE Presented By: Shams- ud - Duha Syed

35. In Pakistan , maize is being grown on an area of 1.016 million hectares with annual production of 3.037 million tons and an average grain yield of 2,864 kg/ha . In Pakistan after potato, the maize stands most profitable, stable and dependable crop.

36. Ustilago maydis . Diploid teleospores .