Fungi

Biology I Presentation
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FUNGI
We will learn
General characteristics of fungi
Structure of fungi
Economic Importance
Pathogenicity
Brief intro of some fungi

THE SIX KINGDOMS
Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi


OF FUNGI
CHARACTERISTICS
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Nonmotile
Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms)
The Characteristics of Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
fungi as a decomposers
The Characteristics of Fungi
Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus
Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae

The Characteristics of Fungi
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
The Characteristics of Fungi
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures

The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi
A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
FUNGI SIZE
NON-REPRODUCTIVE
Vegetative Structures
Hyphae
Tubular shape
ONE continuous cell
Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei
Multinucleate
Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons
Hyphae
Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
Hyphae
Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments
Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm
Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)
Absorptive Heterotroph
Fungi get carbon from organic sources
Tips of Hyphae release enzymes
Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
Products diffuse back into hyphae
Modifications of hyphae
Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis)
Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa)
Septate (with septa)

Modifications of hyphae
Hyphal growth
Hyphae grow from their tips
Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae
Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
REPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients

1. Biology I Presentation

2. FUNGI

3. We will learn General characteristics of fungi Structure of fungi Economic Importance Pathogenicity Brief intro of some fungi

4. THE SIX KINGDOMS Fungi are placed in a separate kingdom called the kingdom fungi

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI

6. The Characteristics of Fungi Fungi are NOT plants Nonphotosynthetic Eukaryotes Nonmotile Most are saprobes (live on dead organisms) 6

7. The Characteristics of Fungi Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host Store food energy as glycogen 7 BREAD MOLD

8. The Characteristics of Fungi Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment Most are multicellular , except unicellular yeast Lack true roots, stems or leaves 8 MULTICELLULAR MUSHROOM U NICELLULAR YEAST

9. fungi as a decomposers

10. The Characteristics of Fungi Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide) Body is called the Thallus Grow as microscopic tubes or filaments called hyphae 10

11. The Characteristics of Fungi Some fungi are internal or external parasites A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms 11 Predaceous Fungi feeding on a Nematode (roundworm)

12. The Characteristics of Fungi Some are edible , while others are poisonous 12 EDIBLE POISONOUS

13. The Characteristics of Fungi Produce both sexual and asexual spores Classified by their sexual reproductive structures 13 Spores come in various shapes

14. The Characteristics of Fungi Grow best in warm, moist environments Mycology is the study of fungi Mycologists study fungi A fungicide is a chemical used to kill fungi 14 Fungicide kills leaf fungus

15. The Characteristics of Fungi Fungi include puffballs , yeasts , mushrooms , toadstools , rusts , smuts , ringworm , and molds The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold 15 Penicillium mold Puffball

16. FUNGI SIZE

17. Vegetative Structures 17 NON-REPRODUCTIVE

18. Hyphae 18 Tubular shape ONE continuous cell Filled with cytoplasm & nuclei Multinucleate Hard cell wall of chitin also in insect exoskeletons

19. Hyphae Stolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other Rhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus 19 STOLON RHIZOIDS

20. Hyphae Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body) 20

21. Absorptive Heterotroph Fungi get carbon from organic sources Tips of Hyphae release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae Enzymes Enzymatic breakdown Digested material is then used by the hypha Nucleus “directs” the digestive process

22. Modifications of hyphae Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis ) Aseptate or coenocytic (without septa) Septate (with septa) 22 NO CROSS WALLS CROSS WALLS

23. Modifications of hyphae 23 HAUSTORIA – parasitic hyphae on plants & animals Septate Hyphae Coenocytic Hyphae

24. Hyphal growth Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium is an extensive, feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi 24 This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches

25. REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES 25 ASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES

26. REPRODUCTION Most fungi reproduce Asexually and Sexually by spores ASEXUAL reproduction is most common method & produces genetically identical organisms Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients scarce 26

27. Spores Spores are an adaptation to life on land Ensure that the species will disperse to new locations Each spore contains a reproductive cell that forms a new organism Nonmotile Dispersed by wind 27

28. Hyphal growth from spore 28 Mycelia have a huge surface area More surface area aids digestion & absorption of food mycelium Germinating spore

29. Generalized Life Cycle of a Fungus

30. 30 Sexual Reproduction

31. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Used when environmental conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…) No male or female fungi Some fungi show dimorphism May grow as MYCELIA or a YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at 25 o C & Round at 37 o C) 31 Dimorphic Fungi

32. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Haploid 1n hyphae from 2 mating types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization) Forms a hyphae with 2 nuclei that becomes a ZYGOTE The zygote divides to make a SPORE 32 + - SPORE FORMS

33. ASexual Reproduction 33

34. Three types of Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own Budding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size Used by yeasts Asexual spores – production of spores by a single mycelium 34

35. Reproduce by spores Spores may be Formed: Directly on hyphae Inside sporangia On Fruiting bodies Amanita fruiting body Pilobolus sporangia Penicillium hyphae

36. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexual spores An upright stalk called the Sporangiosphore supports the spore case or Sporangium 36

37. Major Groups of Fungi 37

38. Major Groups of Fungi Within the past few years, several groups have been re-classified into the protists Two of these groups are the slime molds and water molds

39. Classification by Nutrition Saprobes Decomposers Molds, mushrooms, etc. Parasites Harm host Rusts and smuts (attack plants) Mutualists Both benefit Lichens Mycorrhizas 39

40. Major Groups of Fungi Basidiomycota – Club Fungi Zygomycota – Bread Molds Chytridiomycota – Chytrids AM Fungi - Mycorrhizas Ascomycota – Sac Fungi Lichens – Symbiosis (algae & Fungi)

41. Ascomycota CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Major Groups of Fungi

42. Basidiomycota zygomycota 42 Major Groups of Fungi

43. Major Groups of Fungi MYCORRHIZA Lichens 43

44. HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS Beneficial Effects of Fungi Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. Biosynthetic factories. Can be used to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms). Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies . Production of vitamin Hormone production Edible fungi Production of insecticides

45. Fungi form beneficial partnerships (symbiosis) with other organisms such as trees and flowering plants: Lichen – symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi Algae hyphae

46. HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS Harmful Effects of Fungi Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth. Plant diseases. Animal diseases human diseases, including allergies. Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (e.g., grain, cheese, etc.).

47. Fungi as Parasites & Pathogens

48. SOME EXAMPLES OF FUNGI ARE .

49. PUCCINIA ..

50. PUCCINIA Systematic Position Division : Mycota ( Basidiomycota ) Subdivision : Eumycota Class: Basidiomycetes Order: Uredinales Family: pucciniacea

51. Habit and Habitat Puccinia are generally known as rust fungi. 700 species They are parasites on plants(wheat, coffee, beans etc). It is an internal obligate parasite. They are generally heteroecious , i.e requiring two hosts to complete life cycle.

52. Morphological Features Delicate septate mycellia . It is intercellular sending out haustoria in the host cells penetrating the host cell causes hypertrophy, distortion and malformation The mycelium is monokaryotic on secondary host and dikaryotic on primary host

53. ,

54. haustoria

55. Reproduction life cycle on two different hosts. The diplophase (2n) stage is a parasite on wheat while the haplophase (1n) stage on an alternate host which is Barberry vulgaris . We’ll take example of Puccin graminisia

56. LIFE CYCLE Its life cycle spreads over five stages , which are a. Uredinial stage:- b . Telial stage:- c. Basidial stage:- d . Spermogonial stage or pycnidial stage:- e . Aecial or Aecidial stage :-

57. a.Uredinial stage:- first or rust stage . appear on culms , The pustule is called a Uredinium , which on maturity bursts and releases uredospores . Each uredospore is a binucleate Lying together - red-rust like appearance readily germinate on wheat plant

58. Wheat rust ( Puccinia ) Uredospores are small, roughly circular, thick-walled reddish spores found within ruptured rust...

59. b. Telial stage:- dark brown or black pustules occur in the form of streaks called telia Containing teliospores or teleutospores ( dark brown ) each compartment having two nuclei which then fuse . diploid nucleus

60. . b. Telial stage:-

61. c. Basidial stage:- , nuclear fusion a row of four haploid nucleus. This four celled structure is called a promycelium or epibasidium Tube formation…- basidiospore Formation of spores each spore is either of + or – strain Basidiospore detach… now ready to infect

62. d. Spermogonial stage or pycnidial stage:- basidiospores germinate . to attack barberry leaves mycelia spreads ( huastoria ) barberry protoplasm ( their only food ) Monokaryotic mycellium ( + or – strain ) Afterfour days 2 structure formed 1.Pycnia or spermogonia on upper surface 2.Aedia or cluster cups on ventral surface

63. e. Aecial or Aecidial stage:- Aecia, aecidia or cluster cups are produced as little yellow cups on ventral surface of barberry leaf.

64. Aecial or Aecidial stage Spermatization Formation of aecidiospores . These are binucleate and brightly yellow coloured and they germinate on wheat blown by wind having six germ pores Entering in host through stomata Life cycle continues

65. Economic importance:- Puccinina graminis tritici causes black or stem rust , P. recondita causes brown or orange leaf rust P.coronata brown rust of wheat P. sorghi causes leaf rust of corn

66. ustilago

67. SYSTEMATIC POSITION Division Mycota Sub division Eumycota Class Basidiomycetes Order Ustilagonales Family Ustilaginaceae

68. Habit and Habitat: 400 species internal parasites of plants Causing diseases called smuts because of black coloured spores.

69. Vegetative structure: mycelium may be primary or secondary. Primary mycelium is uninucleate and is called monokaryotic mycelium. Secondary mycelium is septate , dikaryotic and spreads throughout interior of the host plant Firstly intracellular and later on becomes intercellular. Mycelluim sending huastoria into the host infection appearance in flowering stage ( loose smut ) , dark brown powder, ( easily blown by wind ) And host destroyed

70. REPRODUCTION: Chlamydospore formation mycellium accumulation Division and redivision Hyphae swelling brandspores , smut spores or chlamydospores , formation ( the black spores ) beaded appearance to the hyphae . This rusty mass or group of black spores is called the smut

71. Hyphae swelling

72. Chlamydospore rounded or oval in shape covered by a two layered wall outer thick layer called exospore an inner delicate and smoothn layer called endosperm . after dispersal fall on soil and lead a saprophytic life basisiospore or a sporidium formation Germination . after germination basidiospores are capable of infecting

73. Chlamydospore

74. Life cycle of ustilago

75. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: 1. Loose smut of wheat is caused by Ustilago tritici and is a common disease

76. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: 2.it causes about 1% damage in the planes and around 10-20% in foot hills and humid places of Pakistan . 3. Covered smut of barley is caused by U.hordei and U.nuda .

77. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: 4. Loose smut of maize is caused by U.maydis or U.zeae

78. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: 5 . sugar cane is attacked by U.scitaminea or U.sacchari and U.avenae cause loose smut of oat.