FUNGI AS BIOCONTROL AGENT.pptx

Fungi as biocontrol agent. Biocontrol agents

1. GOVT.HOLKER(MODEL AUTONOMOUS) SCIENCE COLLEGE INDORE (M.P) TOPIC : FUNGI AS BIOCONTROL AGENT GUIDED BY SARIKA TUNDELE MAAM PRESENTED BY : MAHESH BHIYAJA M.Sc 1 ST SEM

2. Biological control is the process which decreases the inoculum density of the pathogenic microbes, present in dormant state by the other microbes. Generally, it involves either the naïve or genetically modified microbes which reduce the effect of pests, pathogen, and diseases. The plant disease is controlled by the pesticides, which are now extensively used. Due to excessive use of pesticides, socioeconomic and environmental pollution issues have been resulted, which demand the alternative method to reduce content of chemical pesticides. Biological control is an eco-friendly method employed to control the plant diseases, with the aim of developing a sustainable system in agriculture. Biological control mecha- nism involves the interaction among the antagonists and pathogens , which aid in selection and manipulation to develop an effective control system. Currently, this approach is employed when no other alternative is available. Emergent of fungal antagonistic has made it a promising biological control strategy to control the plant diseases. Introduction

3. Sig n ificance of Biolog i cal Control Biological control provides protection to the plant throughout its cultivation period. The biological agents proliferate rapidly in soil and leave no residue. Being non- toxic, it is safer for humans and plants . This approach is not limited for controlling the disease; additionally, it also enhances the growth (especially root) and yield of the crop . Due to easy handling and manufacturing , it can be used in combination with bio-fertilizers. Moreover, it is a cheap, safe , and eco-friendly method.

4. Importance of Biocontrol Agent Chemical pesticides were used to enhance crop yield, but extensive use affects the nontargeted organism and surrounding environment. Thus, the current scenario demands the eco-friendly approach for controlling the pest, as chemical pesticides being not suitable for cultivation of crop. Bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoans, and virus have been extensively studied because of advantageous characteristics. Overexploitation of fungicides has resulted in gathering of the toxic molecules which are harmful to the environment and humans, but pathogenic microbes have adapted themselves by getting resistant to it. In order to overcome this global prob- lem related to chemical control, alternative approaches are being exploited. Additionally, this biological control approach is highly effective for sustainable agriculture and is a vital component of integrated pest management (IPM) program.

5. This before & after pictures shows how effective biocontrol agent can be . The first set of picture shows biocontrol success in tongarirro national park ( the weed is heather- culluna vulgaris and the agent is the heather beetle – lochmaea suturalis )

6. This before & after pictures shows how effective biocontrol agent can be . The second set of picture shows the success story of a fungus ( Kordyana brasiliensis ) that attacks the weed Tradescantia - ( Tradescantia Fluminensis )

7. Efficacy of Microbial Biocontrol Agents In addition to properties discussed above, there are few amendments which enhance the efficiency of this method. First, inappropriate usage of this technique should be prevented, which is mostly because of improper knowledge. Se c ond , on e shou l d b e a bl e d i f f e r e n ti a t e f ailu r e w hic h i s c a us e b y l o w - quality inoculum Moreover, inefficacy occurs because the compost/fertilizers containing biocontrol agents are not of superior quality as available in registered plant products. To improve the efficiency of the biocontrol agents, the strain should be assessed and verified against the tar- geted disease plus optimum condition should also be noted. Specific substrates and carriers also aid in enhancing the efficacy of the agents. Exploration of effective strains will also improve the quality of biocontrol agents and lessen the required amount.

8. Fungi as biocontrol agent F u ng i pos s ess a n u m be r o f ch a r ac t er i s ti c s th a t m a k e them potentially ideal bio control agents. Firstly, many saprophytic species antagonize, representatives of all the pest organisms, including plant pathogenic fungi, weeds and insects. Se c on d l y , f u n g i c an b e r eadily g r ow n i n cultu r e so th a t la r g e quantities can be economically produced for release, mainly as spores or mycelial fragments, into the environment. These inoculants then germinate or grow to produce active m y ce l ium which c an pa r as i ti z e o r o therwise inhi b it the pe s t without damaging the non-target organisms. Fungi also survive f o r r e l a t i v e l y lo n g period s as r e s ting bo d i e s , and c an then g er m in a t e t o g r o w and c o n t r o l the t a r g e t po p ul a t i o n th e r e b y maki n g c o n tinual r e -inocul a tion w i th the bi o - c o n t r o l a g e n t unnecessary.

9. Example of Bio Control Agents Used Commerciall 1 Trichoderma harzianum —White rot onion 2 . Phlebia gigantean —Heterbasidion root rot pine 3. Sporidesmium sclerotivorum —Lettuce drop lettuce Talaromyces flavus— Damping off sugarbeet.

10. Reduce the nega ti v e e f fects of plant p a tho g e ns and pro m ote positive responses in plant. Ino c u la t e d plan t s are sen s i t ized t o respond m ore rapid l y to pathogen attack Alleviation of abiotic stresses Improve photosynthetic efficiency, especially in plants subjected to various stresses Incre a se nut r ients abso r pt i on and ni t rogen use e f fic ie n c y i n plan t s Enhance the growth and yield parameters Role Of biocontrol agent 1 3

11. Competition for nutrient and space. Bioco n tr o l agent dec r ea s e s the avai l a b i l i ty of a parti cu l a r substance thus l i m it i ng the growth of the plant pathogenic agents Trichoderma spp produce siderophores that chelate iron and stop the growth of other fungi

12. Use of Fungi to Control Insect Pest: Over 400 species of fungi attack insects and mites, so there is great potential for the use of these organisms as biological insecticides. As insect bio control agents, fungi are markedly superior to other microorganisms because they are generally non-specific in their action and are useful against a wide range of insect pests. Most of the so-called entomopathogenic fungi are phycomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Spores of these fungi attack either the external or gut cuticle of their insect hosts. They then germinate and hyphae penetrate the haemocoel. Death may result from the production of a toxin by the fungus.

13. B e a u v e ri a b as s i an a , I ntr o d u c t io n Is a fungus Grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, Causes white muscardine disease in silkworms mostly Belongs to the entomopathogenic fungi. It is being used as a biological insecticide to control a number of pests such as termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids and different beetles .

14. B e a u v a r i a , C o mm er c i a ll y … Panther - BB, a microbial insecticide, is of fungal origin causing a lethal disease (white muscadine disease) in insects. Wide variety of insects like white flies, aphids, mealy bugs, thrips, leaf hoppers etc. succumb to the application of Panther - BB. Panther BB does not leave any residual toxicity on the crops

15. Advantages of BioControl Biological control provides an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides with the advantages of greater public acceptance and reduced environmental impact Antagonism between species of naturally competing fungi has been observed Trichoderma species are free-living fungi which are highly interactive in root, soil and foliar environments. Considered to be eager colonizers and particularly invasive fungi, they work against fungal phytopathogens either indirectly by competing for nutrients and space, modifying environmental conditions or promoting plant growth and plant defensive mechanisms and antibiosis ; or directly through mechanisms such as mycoparasitism .served in virtually every fungal ecosystem

16. Advantages of Biological Control Biological control is an eco-friendly approach, as it is nontoxic to plants and a non- targeted microbe, decreases the pesticide accumulation in food, regulates the activ- ity of natural predators, and increases the microbial diversity in managed system. This process is less prominent but more stable and long-lasting, in comparison to physical and chemical controls (Baker and Cook 1974 ). Some of the advantages of biological controls are listed below:

17. Biocontrol Agents Are Host Specific Nontoxic to Plants Application by Conventional Methods Ability to Multiply in Their Target Host Production Technology Available Advantages of Biological Control

18. High Cost of Production Additional Control Measures Time of Application Mortality Viability Difficulty in Mass Production Legal Protection Disadvantages of Biocontrol Agents

19. Conclusion The extensive use of fertilizer and pesticides has resulted in environmental pollution (especially, soil pollution). Over-usage of these agrochemicals and rumors created by the pesticide rivals have significantly reformed the attitude of consumers to use pesticides in their agricultural land. Controlling the large proportion of pest and disease has elevated the usage of these hazardous chemicals for proper management. Generation of resistant against fungicide and pesticide is emerging as new problem. Thus, there is a need to employ eco-friendly pesticides as they are less toxic and have low residual problem and low level of resistance. Thus, biological control approach should be used in collaboration, as efficiency of one approach varies with time, location, and environmental conditions.

20. THANK YOU