Future fuels

1. FUTURE FUELS

2. OUTLINE QUEST FOR FUTURE FUELS TYPES OF FUTURE FUELS FUELS HOW THEY ARE PREPARED USES CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

3. QUEST FOR FUTURE FUELS Fuel resources that our planet hold is exhaustible and will end in the coming future Rapid industrialization and massive growth in population has increased the dependence and use of natural fuels Approximately 90% of our energy requirement are met by fossil fuels This increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting vital natural resources So this has placed a need for us to engage ourselves in search of fuels which would support us in the future when no fossil fuels are present

4. TYPES OF FUTURE FUELS BIODIESEL Derived from Soy bean , sunflowers, corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut and animal fats Has same vehicular performance as Diesel Economical fuel source It is sulfur free Completely renewable fuel source

5. HOW IS IT PRODUCED chemically reacting  lipids  (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat )with an alcohol producing  fatty acid esters which is biodiesel USES Mixed with diesel to reduce pollution Can be directly used in vehicles

6. HYDROGEN It is an emission less fuel By-product of hydrogen burning is water Stores up to 3x as much energy as conventional natural gas If used in a car, it would take comparatively less to fill it up than a car running on standard fuel due to the hydrogen fuel cell efficiency

7. WAYS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN  hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of methane or natural gas CH 4  + H 2 O → CO + 3 H 2  + 191.7 kJ/mol Partial oxidation of   sub stoichiometric  fuel-air mixture  in a reformer , creating a hydrogen-rich  syngas C 12 H 24  + 6 O 2  → 12 CO + 12 H 2 H 2 is also produced by Coal Gasification yielding syngas

8. USES H 2 is widely used in fuel cells for electricity generation and vehicle propulsion Widely used for Rocket Engines

9. ALCOHOL FUELS T hey are convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy Is a renewable energy  source Can be produced from a variety of feedstock such as sugar cane, potatoes, sweet potatoes, molasses, corn, etc. Is a particulate-free burning fuel source

10. HOW IS IT PRODUCED M ethanol is produced from natural gas, although it can be produced from biomass using very similar chemical processes Ethanol is commonly produced from biological material through fermentation processes C 6 H 12 O 6  → 2 C 2 H 5 OH + 2 CO 2 USES Most commonly used to power automobiles Additive for gasoline

11. NUCLEAR REACTORS Nuclear power is a  nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions Nuclear power is usually used by using a nuclear reactor to heat a working fluid such as water, which is then used to create steam pressure, which is converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion in water It is completely a pollution free source, however spent nuclear fuel poses a threat

12. HOW IS NUCLEAR FUEL PRODUCED To prepare uranium for use in a nuclear reactor, it undergoes the steps of mining and milling, conversion, enrichment and fuel fabrication

13. USES It is most widely used for electricity generation TOPAZ nuclear reactor are built to minimize moving parts and use methods that convert nuclear energy to electricity directly making them useful for space missions Naval vessels making use nuclear powered engines have come into existence Nuclear powered crafts are under development

14. RADIOTHERMAL GENERATORS Radio Thermal G enerators produce electricity from the decay of a radioisotope Radioisotopes  have been used as alternative fuels, on both land and in space The decay of radioisotopes generates both heat and electricity in many space probes, particularly probes to outer planets where sunlight is weak, and low temperatures is a problem

15. CONCLUSIONS The future fuel sources are environment-friendly as opposed to fossil fuels Throughout the year these sources are available without affecting the Environment Using these fuels helps diminish Global Warming Helps conserve natural resources

16. REFERENCES “Alternate Fuels ”. 20 september 2012. http :// www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/biofuels “Hydrogen ”. 20 september 2012. http :// www.alternatefuels.com/hydrogen.htm “Ethanol Fuel ”. 20 september 2012. http :// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel “Future Fuels”. 21 september 2012. http ://www.rac.co.uk/advice/car-knowledge/top-ten/top-10-future-fuels/

17. THANK YOU