G8 Science Q4- Week 6-Materials Cycle in Ecosystem.pptx

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1. MATERIAL CYCLE IN AN ECOSYSTEM PREPARED BY: TYPE YOUR NAME HERE

2. 8LT-IVi23 Analyze the roles of organisms in the cycling of materials

3. Energy flows through an ecosystem and is dissipated as heat, but chemical elements are recycled.

4. The ways in which an element—or compound such as water—moves between its various living and nonliving forms and locations in the biosphere is called a  biogeochemical cycle .

5. Biogeochemical cycles important to living organisms include the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles.

6. Energy flows, but matter is recycled

7. C arbon N itrogen H ydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus S ulfur The six most common elements in organic molecules

8. 1. weathering of rocks 2. erosion 3. water drainage 4. subduction of continental plates 5. interactions among organisms Geologic processes all play a role in this recycling of materials

9. The ways in which an element—or, in some cases, a compound such as water—moves between its various living and nonliving forms and location B iogeochemical cycle

10. Ecosystem All the organisms in a community plus abiotic factors ecosystems are transformers of energy & processors of matter Ecosystems are self-sustaining what is needed? capture energy transfer energy cycle nutrients

11. biosphere Ecosystem inputs constant input of energy energy flows through nutrients cycle nutrients can only cycle inputs energy nutrients Don’t forget the laws of Physics! Matter cannot be created or destroyed

12. consumers decomposers abiotic reservoir nutrients made available to producers geologic processes Generalized Nutrient cycling consumers consumers producers decomposers abiotic reservoir nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN = made available to producers geologic processes Decomposition connects all trophic levels return to abiotic reservoir

13. CYCLES IN ENVIRONMENT

14. Types of Phase Changes

15. Melting Phase change from a solid to a liquid Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy

16. Freezing Phase Change from a liquid to a solid Molecule slow down, move closer together and release heat energy.

17. Vaporization (Boiling) Phase change from a liquid to gas. It occurs at the boiling point of matter. Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.

18. Evaporation Phase change from a liquid to a gas on the surface of a liquid (occurs at all temperatures). Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.

19. Condensation Phase change from a gas to a liquid. Molecule slow down, move closer together and release heat energy.

20. Sublimation Phase change from a solid to a gas. Molecules speed up, move farther apart, and absorb heat energy.

21. Deposition Phase change from a gas to a solid. Molecules slow down, move closer together and release heat energy.

22. Graphing a Phase Change

23. The Nitrogen Cycle

24. Birds Herbivores Plants amino acids Carnivores Atmospheric nitrogen loss to deep sediments Fish Plankton with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (plant roots) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (soil) Denitrifying bacteria Death, excretion, feces Nitrifying bacteria soil nitrates excretion Decomposing bacteria Ammonifying bacteria Nitrogen cycle

25. Nitrogen Nitrogen: used for proteins, RUBISCO only nitrates (and some ammonium) available to plants: N mineralization by decomposers long-term loss/gain of N: deposition, leaching, volatilization

26. Nitrogen (2) Nitrogen dynamics depend on plant chemistry (C:N ratio, pH, decomposability), carbon dynamics, microbial community Short-cuts for plants: N-fixing organisms, mycorrhizae , direct uptake of organic N (?) Human nitrogen loading: fertilizer runoff ( overflows from previously almost-closed cycles)

27. What’s so important about Nitrogen cycling? essential nutrient (fertilizers, growing legumes as crops) – changes in native species composition of ecosystem atmospheric pollutant (burning fuels) groundwater pollutant

28. Nitrogen Cycle ASSIMILATORY or DISSIMILATORY NO 3 - REDUCTION N 2 Organic N NH 4 + NO 3 - DENITRIFICATION NONSYMBIOTIC N 2 FIXATION SYMBIOTIC N 2 FIXATION DECOMPOSITION NITRIFICATION AMMONIFICATION IMMOBILIZATION PLANT UPTAKE

29. Forms of Organic N Protein & peptide N Labile N Hydrolyzable Unknown N Acid Insoluble N Amino sugar N Nucleic acid N

30. Major Inorganic N Compounds Compound Formula Oxidation state Form in soil Ammonium NH 4 + -3 Fixed in clay lattice, dissolved, as gaseous ammonia (NH 3 ) Hydroxylamine Dinitrogen Nitrous oxide Nitric oxide Nitrite Nitrate NH 2 OH N 2 N 2 O NO NO 2 - NO 3 - -1 +1 +2 +3 +5 Not detected Gas Gas, dissolved Gas, dissolved Dissolved Dissolved

31. Nitrogen Fixation The nodules on the roots of this bean plant contain bacteria called Rhizobium that help convert nitrogen in the soil to a form the plant can utilize.

32. Dinitrogen Fixation Treatment Yield (g) Oats Peas No N added Non-inoculated Inoculated with legume soil Inoculated with sterile soil 0.6 0.7 — 0.8 16.4 0.9 112 mg NO 3 - –N per pot added Non-inoculated Inoculated with legume soil 12.0 11.6 12.9 15.3 Hellriegel and Wilfarth (1888) The alder, whose fat shadow nourisheth – Each plant set neere him long flourisheth. –William Browne (1613), Brittania’s Pastorals , Book I, Song 2

33. Types of Biological Nitrogen Fixation Free-living ( asymbiotic ) Cyanobacteria Azotobacter Associative Rhizosphere – Azospirillum Lichens – cyanobacteria Leaf nodules Symbiotic Legume- rhizobia Actinorhizal- Frankia

34. FROM ATMOSPHERE TO PLANTS ATMOSPHERE PLANTS Carbon is usually found as CO 2 in the atmosphere Plants take carbon in as part of photosynthesis Once inside a plant carbon is ripped from CO 2 and used to make carbohydrates (sugars ). Carbon Bonds Store Energy!

35. Photosynthesis + CO 2 + = Sugar + Oxygen Nutrients Since Plants Produce their own food they are know as Producers. Plant = Producer Photo – Greek word for light Syntithenai – Greek word meaning “to put together” photosynthesis activity

36. CARBON CYCLE

37. Carbon cycle CO 2 in atmosphere Diffusion Respiration Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Plants and algae Plants Animals Industry and home Combustion of fuels Animals Carbonates in sediment Bicarbonates Deposition of dead material Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) Dissolved CO 2

38. Phosphorus cycle Loss to deep sediment Rocks and minerals Soluble soil phosphate Plants and algae Plants Urine Land animals Precipitates Aquatic animals Animal tissue and feces Animal tissue and feces Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Decomposers (bacteria & fungi) Phosphates in solution Loss in drainage

39. Transpiration Remember transpiration?

40. Energy flows through ecosystems sun producers (plants) loss of energy loss of energy secondary consumers (carnivores) primary consumers (herbivores)

41. Food chains Trophic levels feeding relationships start with energy from the sun captured by plants 1 st level of all food chains food chains usually go up only 4 or 5 levels inefficiency of energy transfer all levels connect to decomposers Fungi Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Decomposers Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer top carnivore carnivore herbivore Bacteria autotrophs heterotrophs sun

42. Inefficiency of energy transfer Loss of energy between levels of food chain To where is the energy lost? The cost of living! only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain 17% growth 50% waste (feces) 33% cellular respiration energy lost to daily living energy lost to daily living sun

43. Ecological pyramid Loss of energy between levels of food chain can feed fewer animals in each level 1,000,000,000 100,000 100 1 sun

44. Humans in food chains Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations how much energy does it take to feed a human? if we are meat eaters? if we are vegetarian? What is your ecological footprint? !

45. Food webs Food chains are linked together into food webs Who eats whom? a species may weave into web at more than one level bears humans eating meat? eating plants?