GALILEO'S OBSERVATION ni Karlo Mariano.pptx

Lesson Grade 11

1. PHYSICAL SCIENCE PPT BY: KARLO MARIANO

2. RECAP Identify the following if they are heliocentric or geocentric Universe. 1. Eudoxus ' Model 2. Ptolemaic Model 3. Aristotleian Model 4. Copernican Model 5. Aristotlian Model

3. ACTIVITY 1 : CAMERA TEST Use your phones to zoom in far objects.

4. Objectives of the day: a. Explain how the advent of the telescopes disproves some concepts of astronomical phenomena proposed by ancient. b. Discuss the importance of telescopes in understanding the movement of celestial bodies. c. Present the comparison of Greek’s observation and Galileo’s discovery through graphic organizer.

5. ACTIVITY 1: Virtual Observation (15 Mins) Directions : 1. Group yourselves into five. 2. While the teacher presents a video, list down the necessary information. 3. In a graphic organizer, compare and contrast the following descriptions of the ancient Greek and Galileo about the following astronomical phenomena. 4. Answer the guide questions on the provided activity sheets.

6. 1. Using a graphic organizer, compare and contrast between the above-mentioned astronomical phenomena based on Ancient Greeks’ time and Galileo’s time. The organizer should state their differences and similarities in the different timelines. The following are the notable astronomical phenomena that were described in different timelines: • Our moon’s physical appearance • Venus’ revolution • Jupiter • Sun’s physical appearance. • Distance of stars

7. GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. What changed the Ancient Greeks’ belief that the moon is a perfect sphere? 2. How did the phases of Venus strengthen the Copernican theory? 3. Why did the believers of the Ptolemaic model oppose the concept of revolution of planets? 4. What did the discovery of sunspots disprove about the sun? 5. The Ancient Greeks believed that the stars were distributed only along the celestial sphere. How did Galileo’s observations disprove this belief?

8. GALILEO GALILEI Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, regarded as the father of modern astronomy, used his own telescope to make astronomical observations. He found significant evidence for the existence of lunar craters, phases of Venus, moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and supernovas, and for the apparently identical size of stars, all of which supported the heliocentric model.

9. GALILEO'S TELESCOPE Galileo focused on refining the instrument. The initial telescope he created (and the Dutch ones it was based on) magnified objects three diameters. That is, it made things look three times larger than they did with the naked eye. Through refining the design of the telescope he developed an instrument that could magnify eight times, and eventually thirty times.

10. GALILEO'S OBSERVATION 1. Lunar Craters – In early Greek times, the moon was believed to be a perfect sphere moving around Earth in a circular motion. The Greeks thought that the surface of the moon was perfectly smooth and that its dark spots were due to the uneven absorption and emission of light on its surface.

11. GALILEO'S OBSERVATION In 1609, when Galileo used his telescope, which had 20 times more magnification power, he noticed that the small dark spots changed from dark to light until they eventually disappeared. Today, the dark spots are known as lunar craters.

12. PHASES OF VENUS Galileo was fascinated with Venus, which is one of the brightest celestial bodies observed from Earth. He discovered that Venus has phases, just like the moon. Indeed, as Venus and Earth revolve around the sun, portions of Venus are illuminated and can be seen from Earth.

13. PHASES OF VENUS Venus is often called "Earth's twin" because they're similar in size and structure, but Venus has extreme surface heat and a dense, toxic atmosphere. Venus is one of the brightest objects in the night sky. Venus is so bright because its thick clouds reflect most of the sunlight that reaches it (about 70%) back into space, and because it is the closest planet to Earth.

14. PHASES OF VENUS In fact, if Venus lies between Earth and the sun, its atmosphere is visible. Galileo knew that this casting of shadows was only possible if Venus also revolve around the sun.

15. MOONS OF JUPITER Galileo discovered four celestial bodies surrounding Jupiter, and which he later recognized as the moons revolving around the planet. He called them collectively as Cosmica Sidera . However, German astronomer Simon Marius later gave them individual names: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto -all lovers of Zeus in Greek mythology.

16. MOONS OF JUPITER Galileo’s discovery was a breakthrough; it gave powerful evidence for the revolution of celestial objects, and for the fact that they do not move around Earth. This view was opposed by the supporters of the Ptolemaic model. They said that if Earth revolves around the sun and the moon revolves around Earth, it is possible that the moon will be left behind by Earth due to Earth’s motion.

17. SUNSPOTS Sunspots, cooler regions on the Sun caused by a concentration of magnetic field lines. Sunspots are the visible component of active regions, areas of intense and complex magnetic fields on the Sun that are the source of solar eruptions. Sunspots can be seen on the Sun’s photosphere, or visible surface of the Sun.

18. SUNSPOT The dark spots that Galileo noticed on the sun’s surface are now called sunspots. He had observed that sunspots changed their positions over time, an indication that the sun rotates on its axis. The discovery of sunspots contradicted an early belief that celestial objects were made of an unchanging perfect substance. In addition, the rotating sun suggested that Earth was also rotating on its axis, a phenomenon that supports the Copernican view of the universe.

19. SUPERNOVA A supernova refers to a huge burst of energy from an explosion of a supergiant star. During Galileo’s time, there were two supernovas recorded. He was only eight years old when the first supernova occurred in 1572. Galileo was able to observe and study the second supernova in 1604.

20. How did it contradict the Ancient's belief? The appearance of a supernova contradicted Aristotle’s belief that the materials of celestial bodies are permanent, and that nothing new should appear in the universe. In addition, Galileo observed that the brightness of the supernova was dimming, an indication that it was moving away from Earth or that Earth was moving instead. Yet again, this was contrary to the belief of a fixed Earth.

21. APPARENTLY IDENTICAL SIZE OF STARS With his telescope, Galileo observed stars that were too faint to be seen by the naked eye. This entailed another opposition to the earlier belief in celestial spheres and provided another evidence for the Copernican model. Galileo reasoned that if the stars were distributed only along the celestial sphere, then there was no way of extending the location of stars beyond the sphere.

22. CLOSET NEIGHBORING STAR Proxima Centauri is the closest star to our sun, located 4.25 light-years away.

23. ACTIVITY 3: Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. Most asteroids can be found orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter within the main asteroid belt. Asteroids range in size from Vesta – the largest at about 329 miles (530 kilometers) in diameter – to bodies that are less than 33 feet (10 meters) across.

24. ACTIVITY 3: • What is the importance of having or inventing powerful telescope in studying the threats of our solar system? • How would you disprove the Ptolemaic model of a geocentric universe with the discoveries of these asteroids?

25. QUIZ: Read and analyze the following situation below. Answer the questions in a one-half sheet of paper. TEST I: Short Answer 1) What are the astronomical discoveries that helped support the Copernican model of the universe? 2) Is a dark, temporary spot on the sun’s surface that’s caused by a strong magnetic field. 3) It is the brightest planet in the solar system. 4) What were the names of Jupiter’s moons that Galileo discovered? 5) Where are the stars located during the ancient observations?

26. ASSIGNMENT Research other astronomical evidences which disregards the geocentric model of universe. These planets, stars and events should not include Galileo’s evidences. Write it in short bond paper together with it’s explanation. The output will be graded based on the following rubrics: