GANCER OF THE STOMACH. cancer of stomach

GANCER OF THE STOMACH

1. .
GANCER OF THE STOMACH
CA STOMACH
14-Sep-24
PRESENTED
BY
MUTEGEKI ADOLF

2. Introduction
•Stomach cancer is an abnormal growth of
cells that begins in the stomach.
•The stomach is a muscular sac located in
the upper middle of abdomen, just below
ribs. stomach receives and holds the food
eat and then helps to break down and digest
it.

3. TheStomach
Hollow organ in the upper abdomen, under theribs
5layers:
◦Inner layer –where most stomach cancerbegins
◦Submucosa–support tissue for the innerlayer
◦Muscle layer –create a rippling motion that mixes and
mashesfood
◦Subserosa–support tissue for the outerlayer
◦Outer layer (serosa) –covers the stomach and hold it inplace

5. Definition:
•Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is
a malignant tumor that arises from the lining of
the stomach.
•It can develop in any part of the stomach and can
spread to other parts of the body, including the
esophagus, liver, lungs, and lymph nodes.

6. BenignTumors
Are notcancer
Notlife-threatening
Can be removed and usually do not grow
back
Cells do not invade the tissues around
them
Cells do not spread to other parts of the
body

7. MalignantTumors
Arecancer
Generally more serious than benigntumors
May belife-threatening
Often can be removed but sometimes grow back
Cells can invade and damage nearby tissues and
organs
Can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the
body

8. StomachCancer
Can affect nearby organs and lymph nodes
Stomach tumor can grow through stomach’s outer layer into
nearby organs (such as the pancreas, esophagus or intestine)
Can spread through the blood to the liver, lungs and other
organs
Can also spread through the lymphatic system to lymph nodes all
over thebody

12. RISKFACTORS
•Exact causesunknown
•Age –most are age 72 or older Sex –men most
likely thanwomen
•Race –more common in Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic and African-
Americans
•Diet–diet high in foods that are smoked, salted orpickled
•Helicobacter pylori infection –raises risk of stomach
inflammation and stomachulcers
•Smoking–people who smoke more atrisk
•Certain health problems: stomach surgery, chronic gastritis,
perniciousanemia.
•Family history –rare type of stomach cancer runs in some families

13. •Gastroesophagealreflux disease
•Obesity
•Long term stomach inflammation
(gastritis)
•Stomach polyps

14. Stages of Stomach Cancer
Stage 0 –cancer found only in the
inner layer of thestomach
Stage1
◦Tumor invaded only the submucosa –
cancer cells may be found in up to 6
lymph nodes
◦Tumor invaded the muscle layer
or the subserosa
◦Cancer cells have not spread to lymph
nodes or otherorgans

15. StageII
◦Tumor has invaded only the submucosa –cancer
cells have spread to 7-15 lymphnodes
◦Tumor has invaded the muscle layer or
subserosa –cancer cells have spread to 1-6
lymphnodes
◦Tumor has penetrated outer layer of the
stomach
◦Cancer cells have not spread to lymph nodes or
otherorgans

16. StageIII
◦Tumor has invaded the muscle layer or
subserosa –7-15 lymph nodesor
◦Tumor has penetrated the outer layer –1-15
lymphnodes
◦Tumor has invaded nearby organs, such as the
liver orspleen
◦Cancer cells have not spread to lymph nodes
or distantorgans

17. StageIV
◦Cancer cells have spread to more than 15 lymph
nodesor
◦Tumor has invaded nearby organs and at least 1
lymphnode
◦Cancer cells have spread to distantorgans
Recurrentcancer
◦Has comeback
◦May recur in the stomach or in anotherpart

19. CLINICAL PRESENTANTION
Early stomach cancer –no clear symptoms
Discomfort in the stomacharea
Feeling full or bloated after a smallmeal
Nausea andvomiting
Weightloss
Other health problems, such as ulcer or infection,
can cause the samesymptoms.

20. •Difficulty swallowing
•Heart burn
•Indigestion
•Stomach pain

21. INVESTIGATIONS:
•Endoscopy (Gastroscopy):A flexible tube with a camera is
used to visualize the stomach lining and take biopsy
samples for histological examination.
•Biopsy:Microscopic examination of tissue samples to
confirm the presence of cancer cells.
•Barium Swallow X-ray:A contrast dye is swallowed, and X-
rays are taken to outline the stomach and reveal
abnormalities.
•CT Scan or MRI:Imaging to assess the extent of the tumor
and detect metastasis to other organs.

22. •Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS):Combines endoscopy
with ultrasound to evaluate the depth of tumor
invasion and involvement of nearby lymph nodes.
•PET Scan:Used to identify metastasis or recurrent
disease by highlighting areas of high metabolic
activity typical of cancer cells.
•Laparoscopy:A surgical procedure to look inside the
abdomen and determine if the cancer has spread.

23. Management:
•Treatment depends on the stage, location, and overall health of
the patient and may include:
•Surgery:
•Partial Gastrectomy:Removal of the tumor and part of the stomach.
•Total Gastrectomy:Complete removal of the stomach with
reconstruction to allow digestion.
•Lymph Node Dissection:Removal of nearby lymph nodes to check for
cancer spread.
•Chemotherapy:
•Used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink the tumor or after surgery
(adjuvant) to kill remaining cancer cells.
•May also be used in advanced stages to control the disease.

24. •Radiation Therapy:
•Often used in combination with chemotherapy to
shrink the tumor before surgery or to kill remaining
cancer cells after surgery.
•Can also be used to relieve symptoms in advanced
cancer.
•Targeted Therapy:
•Drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms,
such as HER2 inhibitors (e.g., trastuzumab) for HER2-
positive gastric cancers.

25. •Immunotherapy:
•Boosts the body's immune system to fight
cancer cells, such as PD-1 inhibitors for advanced
cases.
•Palliative Care:
•For advanced or inoperable cancer, focuses on
symptom relief, improving quality of life, and
nutritional support, which may include stent
placement, pain management, and treating
bleeding.

26. PREVENTION:
•Preventive measures include:
•Healthy Diet:Increase intake of fresh fruits and
vegetables and reduce consumption of salty,
smoked, and pickled foods.
•Avoid Tobacco and Limit Alcohol:Reducing or
eliminating these can significantly lower the risk
of stomach cancer.

27. •Maintain a Healthy Weight:Regular exercise and a
balanced diet can reduce the risk.
•Manage H. pylori Infections:Early detection and
treatment of H. pylori infections can reduce the risk
of gastric cancer.
•Regular Screening:In high-risk individuals (e.g.,
those with a family history of gastric cancer or
Barrett's esophagus), regular endoscopic
surveillance may be recommended.

28. END