Gandhinagar Smart City
jishnugohel
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115 slides
Feb 20, 2016
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About This Presentation
CHAPTER- 1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER- 2 Energy Management
CHAPTER- 3 Health Care Sector
CHAPTER- 4 Management Of Solid Waste for Gandhinagar City
CHAPTER- 5 Last mile para-transport connectivity with Multi-Modal transportation systems
CHAPTER- 6 Vehicular Technology for the bus transportation systems
C...
Slide Content
PROPOSAL FOR
“GANDHINAGAR AS A
SMART CITY”
Guided by: Shri Rajnikant Patel
Efforts By: M.Tech. Civil (IPE) 2015 BATCH
Team leader: Jishnu Gohel (15RCE006)
“GANDHINAGAR AS A
SMART CITY”
Guided by: Shri Rajnikant Patel
Efforts By: M.Tech. Civil (IPE) 2015 BATCH
Team leader: Jishnu Gohel (15RCE006)
CHAPTER-1Introduction 1
CHAPTER-2Energy Management
(Aarsh S. Desai, Dhruvil A. Gorsawala,
Rushi P. Modi)
3
CHAPTER-3Health Care Sector
(Aaditya C. Chaudhary, Jatan B. Talati,
Malay V. Shah)
15
CHAPTER-4
Management Of Solid Waste for
Gandhinagar City
(Harsh V. Patel, Kalindi S. Vayeda,
Kishan S. Sonani)
23
CHAPTER-5
Last mile para-transport
connectivity with Multi-Modal
transportation systems
(Abhishek S. Purohit, Keval J. Dabasia,
Khushboo P. Pandya, Priyal S. Dave)
35
CHAPTER-6
Vehicular Technology for the bus
transportation systems
(Sapan B. Shah, Umang B. Patel)61
CHAPTER-7
Uninterrupted Water Supply &
Monitoring Systems
(Heli A. Patel, Riddhi J. Shah, Shraddha
D. Patel)
72
CHAPTER-8
Recycling Of Grey Water And
Rain Water Harvesting
(Atit M. Shah, Krupa K. Naik, Megha K.
Patel, Nandita M. Maniyar)
83
CHAPTER-9
Community & Social
Infrastructure
(Jishnu R. Gohel)110
CHAPTER-2Energy Management
(Aarsh S. Desai, Dhruvil A. Gorsawala,
Rushi P. Modi)
3
CHAPTER-3Health Care Sector
(Aaditya C. Chaudhary, Jatan B. Talati,
Malay V. Shah)
15
CHAPTER-4
Management Of Solid Waste for
Gandhinagar City
(Harsh V. Patel, Kalindi S. Vayeda,
Kishan S. Sonani)
23
CHAPTER-5
Last mile para-transport
connectivity with Multi-Modal
transportation systems
(Abhishek S. Purohit, Keval J. Dabasia,
Khushboo P. Pandya, Priyal S. Dave)
35
CHAPTER-6
Vehicular Technology for the bus
transportation systems
(Sapan B. Shah, Umang B. Patel)61
CHAPTER-7
Uninterrupted Water Supply &
Monitoring Systems
(Heli A. Patel, Riddhi J. Shah, Shraddha
D. Patel)
72
CHAPTER-8
Recycling Of Grey Water And
Rain Water Harvesting
(Atit M. Shah, Krupa K. Naik, Megha K.
Patel, Nandita M. Maniyar)
83
CHAPTER-9
Community & Social
Infrastructure
(Jishnu R. Gohel)110
1
Chapter- 1: Introduction
The planning of Gandhinagar is based on pattern of Le-Corbusier which was implemented by
Mr. H.K Mevada, the chief town planner of this project. Like Chandigarh, Gandhinagar is also oriented
North East-South West for the same reason that none of the major streets are oriented directly east west
or north south so the traffic does not have to face the direct sun at any time of the day The city is
organized on a rectangular grid with more or less the same dimensions having 30 sectors. The major
axis was developed into a grand park-way that connects the railway station to the capital complex. This
axis also consists of the legislative assembly, the high court and the secretariat. The secondary axis
cuts right across the city linking the highway from Ahmedabad with the industrial sector. The junction
of these two roads consists of a civic centre and a commercial area.
Each of the sectors of Gandhinagar is independent where school, local shopping centre, hospital
etc., provide basic amenities to consumer of all levels within their walkability distances. Highways and
roads are connected by sub-ways to keep residential houses safe from vehicular traffic. Being the State
Capital, most of the State Government offices are located in Gandhinagar; hence, a major section of
the working population of Gandhinagar is employed in public sector services. Recent surge in the
growth of infrastructure projects in the district has increased the employment opportunities for the
masses. Close proximity to the agro-food and biotech clusters of Ahmedabad has opened up new
avenues for the food processing industry, research centers, and educational institutes.
The first question that arises is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. It has as many as 40 different
definitions. The conceptualization of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to
country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and
aspirations of the city residents. The Indian Smart Cities challenge is a competition for the Municipal
Leaders and their partners to promote economic opportunity in India improve the governance and
produce better result for the urban residents.
India is on its way in developing its first ever 100 smart cities project. The mission was initiated
by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi. In the race of the cities of India to be nominated among
the first 100 smart cites the smaller cities seem to be more favored than the big cities. The Government
has also shared a rough plan about the project, and said that the 100 smart cities mission to be completed
in three phases.
In the first phase which will be starting this year will be aimed to construct 20 smart cities while
the remaining two phases will be constructing 40 smart cities each in and may be started after a gap of
2 years each. These 100 smart cities are now rectified and only 98 cities are now included in the race
of smart city and Gandhinagar is among them.
There is a need for good, reliable, and successful Smart city application that can make sure that
systems implemented are without flaws and loopholes. The Citizen Engagement Interface application
empowers natives to report nearby issues, for example, potholes, unlawful rubbish dumping, defective
road lights, broken tiles on walkways, and illicit promoting sheets.
The report herein suggests different proposal to develop Gandhinagar wholly as a SMART
CITY and various sectors like:
Chapter- 1: Introduction
The planning of Gandhinagar is based on pattern of Le-Corbusier which was implemented by
Mr. H.K Mevada, the chief town planner of this project. Like Chandigarh, Gandhinagar is also oriented
North East-South West for the same reason that none of the major streets are oriented directly east west
or north south so the traffic does not have to face the direct sun at any time of the day The city is
organized on a rectangular grid with more or less the same dimensions having 30 sectors. The major
axis was developed into a grand park-way that connects the railway station to the capital complex. This
axis also consists of the legislative assembly, the high court and the secretariat. The secondary axis
cuts right across the city linking the highway from Ahmedabad with the industrial sector. The junction
of these two roads consists of a civic centre and a commercial area.
Each of the sectors of Gandhinagar is independent where school, local shopping centre, hospital
etc., provide basic amenities to consumer of all levels within their walkability distances. Highways and
roads are connected by sub-ways to keep residential houses safe from vehicular traffic. Being the State
Capital, most of the State Government offices are located in Gandhinagar; hence, a major section of
the working population of Gandhinagar is employed in public sector services. Recent surge in the
growth of infrastructure projects in the district has increased the employment opportunities for the
masses. Close proximity to the agro-food and biotech clusters of Ahmedabad has opened up new
avenues for the food processing industry, research centers, and educational institutes.
The first question that arises is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. It has as many as 40 different
definitions. The conceptualization of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to
country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and
aspirations of the city residents. The Indian Smart Cities challenge is a competition for the Municipal
Leaders and their partners to promote economic opportunity in India improve the governance and
produce better result for the urban residents.
India is on its way in developing its first ever 100 smart cities project. The mission was initiated
by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi. In the race of the cities of India to be nominated among
the first 100 smart cites the smaller cities seem to be more favored than the big cities. The Government
has also shared a rough plan about the project, and said that the 100 smart cities mission to be completed
in three phases.
In the first phase which will be starting this year will be aimed to construct 20 smart cities while
the remaining two phases will be constructing 40 smart cities each in and may be started after a gap of
2 years each. These 100 smart cities are now rectified and only 98 cities are now included in the race
of smart city and Gandhinagar is among them.
There is a need for good, reliable, and successful Smart city application that can make sure that
systems implemented are without flaws and loopholes. The Citizen Engagement Interface application
empowers natives to report nearby issues, for example, potholes, unlawful rubbish dumping, defective
road lights, broken tiles on walkways, and illicit promoting sheets.
The report herein suggests different proposal to develop Gandhinagar wholly as a SMART
CITY and various sectors like:
2
Energy Management
Green Buildings
Smart health care & e-health
Waste Management Systems
o Solid Waste Management
o Grey Water Treatment plants
Last mile para transport connectivity with Multi-Modal transportation systems
Uninterrupted water supply and leakage detection systems with various technologies
Rain water harvesting
Utmost care is taken so that minimal hindrances are created to the residing population and the
smart solutions are thus proposed to monitor the real-time situations. All of the problems that are
addressed upon, are real-time problems that are existing in the present day situation for Gandhinagar.
The solutions worked upon are framed considering the immediate implementation as well as may be
implemented at any later stage whenever the requirement may be felt upon. All of the problems that
are stated in are justified with the help of digital data and photographs wherever necessary.
Gandhinagar being State Capital is frequently visited by the foreign authorities and therefore
needs to be developed in such a manner that are in accordance with the International Standards. The
Knowledge Corridor of Gandhinagar may thus attract many universities of national & international
repute.
Gandhinagar being relatively less populated, can be monitored with better control over the
existing infrastructure as well as the new infrastructure that would be introduced. Thus making it easier
to implement and operate the newly introduced technologies. The pillars that are worked upon in this
report are “Physical Infrastructure” and “Social Infrastructure” which would indirectly develop the
remaining two pillars too, promoting in general a total development of the city as a whole.
Energy Management
Green Buildings
Smart health care & e-health
Waste Management Systems
o Solid Waste Management
o Grey Water Treatment plants
Last mile para transport connectivity with Multi-Modal transportation systems
Uninterrupted water supply and leakage detection systems with various technologies
Rain water harvesting
Utmost care is taken so that minimal hindrances are created to the residing population and the
smart solutions are thus proposed to monitor the real-time situations. All of the problems that are
addressed upon, are real-time problems that are existing in the present day situation for Gandhinagar.
The solutions worked upon are framed considering the immediate implementation as well as may be
implemented at any later stage whenever the requirement may be felt upon. All of the problems that
are stated in are justified with the help of digital data and photographs wherever necessary.
Gandhinagar being State Capital is frequently visited by the foreign authorities and therefore
needs to be developed in such a manner that are in accordance with the International Standards. The
Knowledge Corridor of Gandhinagar may thus attract many universities of national & international
repute.
Gandhinagar being relatively less populated, can be monitored with better control over the
existing infrastructure as well as the new infrastructure that would be introduced. Thus making it easier
to implement and operate the newly introduced technologies. The pillars that are worked upon in this
report are “Physical Infrastructure” and “Social Infrastructure” which would indirectly develop the
remaining two pillars too, promoting in general a total development of the city as a whole.
3
Chapter- 2: Energy Management
Energy (Streetlights for Smart Gandhinagar)
Problem Identification
1. For Gandhinagar to evolve as a smart city, it is of prime importance to focus on the management
of energy. There are certain areas within the Gandhinagar district where there is a complete
blackout after sunset because of the absence of streetlights. One such area is the approach road
to PDPU from Bhaijipura. Absence of streetlights is extremely unsafe for students as many of
the students choose to go for a walk in the evening and when they return after sunset, it is
completely dark.
Also the existing streetlights in the entire city of Gandhinagar are programmed to set
ON and OFF on the basis of the timer system that the Government takes care of. But the timers
are set according to the Summer day time and the lights are ON only after about 7.30 PM and
as the days are shorter in Winter, the lights play their role 1 hour later from the time they are
actually required. All the streetlights are operated and gain power from the local grid
connection.
The highlighted stretch of road in the image below is poorly operated in the context of
streetlights as they are seldom operated on time and in certain areas despite of having the light
poles, the lights are never ON.
Study area
Chapter- 2: Energy Management
Energy (Streetlights for Smart Gandhinagar)
Problem Identification
1. For Gandhinagar to evolve as a smart city, it is of prime importance to focus on the management
of energy. There are certain areas within the Gandhinagar district where there is a complete
blackout after sunset because of the absence of streetlights. One such area is the approach road
to PDPU from Bhaijipura. Absence of streetlights is extremely unsafe for students as many of
the students choose to go for a walk in the evening and when they return after sunset, it is
completely dark.
Also the existing streetlights in the entire city of Gandhinagar are programmed to set
ON and OFF on the basis of the timer system that the Government takes care of. But the timers
are set according to the Summer day time and the lights are ON only after about 7.30 PM and
as the days are shorter in Winter, the lights play their role 1 hour later from the time they are
actually required. All the streetlights are operated and gain power from the local grid
connection.
The highlighted stretch of road in the image below is poorly operated in the context of
streetlights as they are seldom operated on time and in certain areas despite of having the light
poles, the lights are never ON.
Study area
4
2. The meters that are currently installed in Gandhinagar city do not provide real time information
of the amount of energy used at a given time. It can only be known when the
electricity/gas/water bill is obtained at the end of the month. In this system the consumers are
not satisfied as there is a notion that the amount shown in the bill as energy usage is more than
that which is actually used. There is no transparency. Also the existing meters do not indicate
overuse of energy.
Smart Solution
1. In order to make Gandhinagar a smart city, the first step to take in the energy sector is to replace
all the streetlights that run on grid connection by the lights that run on solar PV cells. The
amount of energy saved by this single step will be enormous. Also the transmission losses will
be eliminated.
The next step is to stop operating the streetlights on timer bases and use luminosity
sensors. These sensors set the light ON as soon as luminosity of the area around the light pole
decreases than a certain value. This would stop over-usage of energy in any given season at the
same time maintaining the safety of the citizens in the respective areas.
2. In the recently held Green Building Congress 2015 at Mahatma Mandir in Gandhinagar, smart
meters were introduced. These meters provide real time information of the amount of energy
used, to both the service provider and the consumer at any given time. The product is available
for the record of electricity, gas as well as water. The meters also indicate if there is overuse of
energy in the household. These meters mainly help in maintaining the transparency in the
system and can be installed to replace the conventional meters after acquiring necessary consent
from the service provider.
The only drawback is that it cannot be installed for a single household. The whole
society or area needs to change their meters because the real time system sends the energy usage
data to both the consumer as well as the service provider and it becomes a tedious job for the
service provider to have separate data for a single household. So the meters need to be installed
for an entire area to be effective. The flowchart below explains the smart meter system more
precisely.
Smart meter system
3. It is a well-known fact that CFL lights consume more energy than the LED lights and are less
efficient. Hence for better conservation of energy it is advisable that all the CFL lights be
replaced by the LED lights.
2. The meters that are currently installed in Gandhinagar city do not provide real time information
of the amount of energy used at a given time. It can only be known when the
electricity/gas/water bill is obtained at the end of the month. In this system the consumers are
not satisfied as there is a notion that the amount shown in the bill as energy usage is more than
that which is actually used. There is no transparency. Also the existing meters do not indicate
overuse of energy.
Smart Solution
1. In order to make Gandhinagar a smart city, the first step to take in the energy sector is to replace
all the streetlights that run on grid connection by the lights that run on solar PV cells. The
amount of energy saved by this single step will be enormous. Also the transmission losses will
be eliminated.
The next step is to stop operating the streetlights on timer bases and use luminosity
sensors. These sensors set the light ON as soon as luminosity of the area around the light pole
decreases than a certain value. This would stop over-usage of energy in any given season at the
same time maintaining the safety of the citizens in the respective areas.
2. In the recently held Green Building Congress 2015 at Mahatma Mandir in Gandhinagar, smart
meters were introduced. These meters provide real time information of the amount of energy
used, to both the service provider and the consumer at any given time. The product is available
for the record of electricity, gas as well as water. The meters also indicate if there is overuse of
energy in the household. These meters mainly help in maintaining the transparency in the
system and can be installed to replace the conventional meters after acquiring necessary consent
from the service provider.
The only drawback is that it cannot be installed for a single household. The whole
society or area needs to change their meters because the real time system sends the energy usage
data to both the consumer as well as the service provider and it becomes a tedious job for the
service provider to have separate data for a single household. So the meters need to be installed
for an entire area to be effective. The flowchart below explains the smart meter system more
precisely.
Smart meter system
3. It is a well-known fact that CFL lights consume more energy than the LED lights and are less
efficient. Hence for better conservation of energy it is advisable that all the CFL lights be
replaced by the LED lights.
5
Scenario when Implementation is going on
Here is what will happen when your smart meter is installed:
Step 1: Your electricity distributor will contact you and let you know prior to the installation of a smart
meter. The general notification process involves a letter being sent to residents in an area outlining the
distributor’s intent to install meters. A second letter is provided about ten days prior outlining that a
qualified meter installer will come to replace your old meter with your new smart meter. You won’t
need to be home unless you need to be there to provide access.
Step 2: The installer must produce photo identification (ID) on request. You will not be required to pay
anything to the installer.
Step 3. The power will need to be switched off for 30-60 minutes while the smart meter is installed.
Step
4:
The
installer will leave you with instructions on how to read your new smart meter and who to contact if
you have any problems. If you do not receive this information, you should ask the installer or contact
your distribution business.
If your meter is not freely accessible or the scheduled ten-day installation period is not convenient, you
will need to contact your electricity distributor to arrange an alternative installation time.
Scenario when Implementation is going on
Here is what will happen when your smart meter is installed:
Step 1: Your electricity distributor will contact you and let you know prior to the installation of a smart
meter. The general notification process involves a letter being sent to residents in an area outlining the
distributor’s intent to install meters. A second letter is provided about ten days prior outlining that a
qualified meter installer will come to replace your old meter with your new smart meter. You won’t
need to be home unless you need to be there to provide access.
Step 2: The installer must produce photo identification (ID) on request. You will not be required to pay
anything to the installer.
Step 3. The power will need to be switched off for 30-60 minutes while the smart meter is installed.
Step
4:
The
installer will leave you with instructions on how to read your new smart meter and who to contact if
you have any problems. If you do not receive this information, you should ask the installer or contact
your distribution business.
If your meter is not freely accessible or the scheduled ten-day installation period is not convenient, you
will need to contact your electricity distributor to arrange an alternative installation time.
6
Rough Estimate
The meter costs about Rs. 25000/-
The proposed streetlight costs about Rs. 45000/-
Rough Estimate
The meter costs about Rs. 25000/-
The proposed streetlight costs about Rs. 45000/-
7
GREEN/SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS…
A more comfortable building with much lesser impact on environment.
More economical to run, healthier to live & adaptable to changing needs.
“A green building is one which uses less water, optimize energy efficiency,
conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces
for occupants, as compared to a conventional building.”
– Definition by IGBC
Why is Green Building important?
The Population of our cities is projected to double in next 20 years. The challenge is to create &
manage buildings , communities which are not only efficient in environmental terms but also
promote a high quality of life.
GOING “GREEN” IS THE “RIGHT THING”
reduce carbon consumption,
energy independence,
encourage community,
preserve natural systems
Green Buildings & Projects are High-performance buildings or structure whose construction
& Life time of Operations assures the healthiest possible Environment by reducing its
environmental footprint through sustainable selections and conservation of energy and
resources, while improving the health and productivity of its occupants.
Environmental Benefits
Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems
Improve air and water quality
Reduce waste streams
Conserve and restore natural resources
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
GREEN/SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS…
A more comfortable building with much lesser impact on environment.
More economical to run, healthier to live & adaptable to changing needs.
“A green building is one which uses less water, optimize energy efficiency,
conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces
for occupants, as compared to a conventional building.”
– Definition by IGBC
Why is Green Building important?
The Population of our cities is projected to double in next 20 years. The challenge is to create &
manage buildings , communities which are not only efficient in environmental terms but also
promote a high quality of life.
GOING “GREEN” IS THE “RIGHT THING”
reduce carbon consumption,
energy independence,
encourage community,
preserve natural systems
Green Buildings & Projects are High-performance buildings or structure whose construction
& Life time of Operations assures the healthiest possible Environment by reducing its
environmental footprint through sustainable selections and conservation of energy and
resources, while improving the health and productivity of its occupants.
Environmental Benefits
Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystems
Improve air and water quality
Reduce waste streams
Conserve and restore natural resources
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
8
Economic Benefits
Reduce operating costs
Improve occupant productivity
Enhance asset value and profits
Optimize life-cycle economic performance
Social Benefits
Enhance occupant health and comfort
Improve indoor air quality
Minimize strain on local utility infrastructure
Improve overall quality of life
Comparison of conventional building and green building
Economic Benefits
Reduce operating costs
Improve occupant productivity
Enhance asset value and profits
Optimize life-cycle economic performance
Social Benefits
Enhance occupant health and comfort
Improve indoor air quality
Minimize strain on local utility infrastructure
Improve overall quality of life
Comparison of conventional building and green building
9
Reduction in energy consumption
CHALLENGES FOR GREEN BUILDING
NOT ENOUGH EXPERIENCED WORKFORCE
Lack of experienced workforce is a major problem in India. There are not many experienced
consultants in this field, who can make customers accept the concept of eco-friendly buildings.
There are many untrained service providers, who lack the required expertise in green
construction.
LACK OF AWARENESS AND LEADERSHIP
In India, many people are still not aware about green buildings and its benefits. While buying
new apartments, they hardly consider its green aspects. The local administration needs to be
more mobile and dynamic in its approach to create awareness about these buildings. Today,
India needs strong leadership to drive and promote the concept of sustainable architecture.
UNCERTAINTY OVER GREEN BUILDING TECHNIQUES
Though interest in green homes is growing, yet real estate developers are quite uncertain over
green building techniques. They are skeptical about costs, economic benefits and performance
of such buildings. Because of this, most developers feel uncomfortable while taking up green
projects.
NON-EXISTENCE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE PRACTICE
Sustainable architecture practice is almost non-existent in India. Architectural sustainability
means to work with nature, and not working against it. Most architects fail to design structures
that have the basic principles – green roofs, open layout design – of green homes. There is an
urgent need to promote and extend the technological understanding of eco-friendly structures.
Reduction in energy consumption
CHALLENGES FOR GREEN BUILDING
NOT ENOUGH EXPERIENCED WORKFORCE
Lack of experienced workforce is a major problem in India. There are not many experienced
consultants in this field, who can make customers accept the concept of eco-friendly buildings.
There are many untrained service providers, who lack the required expertise in green
construction.
LACK OF AWARENESS AND LEADERSHIP
In India, many people are still not aware about green buildings and its benefits. While buying
new apartments, they hardly consider its green aspects. The local administration needs to be
more mobile and dynamic in its approach to create awareness about these buildings. Today,
India needs strong leadership to drive and promote the concept of sustainable architecture.
UNCERTAINTY OVER GREEN BUILDING TECHNIQUES
Though interest in green homes is growing, yet real estate developers are quite uncertain over
green building techniques. They are skeptical about costs, economic benefits and performance
of such buildings. Because of this, most developers feel uncomfortable while taking up green
projects.
NON-EXISTENCE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE PRACTICE
Sustainable architecture practice is almost non-existent in India. Architectural sustainability
means to work with nature, and not working against it. Most architects fail to design structures
that have the basic principles – green roofs, open layout design – of green homes. There is an
urgent need to promote and extend the technological understanding of eco-friendly structures.
10
COOL ROOF FOR REDUCE THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
EXISTING BUILDING
LEC (LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION SYSTEM)
• LEC is s green and sustainable waterproofing and insulation system for roof and walls.
• The objective of the system is to create a leak-free, heat free, sustainable structure.
ADVANTAGES
• Reduce the internal temperature by 8-10 C
• LEC system allowed building to remain comfortable with minimal or no A.C
• Saved power consumption by 50%
• Reduce the slab temperature by almost 12c
• Minimised thermal stress making the roof last longer
METHODOLOGY
SURFACE PREPARATION
Clean the surface thoroughly to get rid of all contaminants. Remove all surface imperfection
and repair with a polymer modified mortar using Dr. fixit pidicrete URP.
APPLICATION
Spray form shield with a 30mm average thickness onto the prepared roof surface
Allow curing of foam shield and apply two coats of roof seal
Place a geotextile fabric of 150gsm over the coating before laying the concrete screed
Place a filler board of 10 mm thickness vertically for the construction joints to form a
rectangular bay not exceeding 12m2. this board will aid in meeting the required slop.
Protect the coating with a concrete screed of M20grade.
Maintain an average slop of 1:100 towards the drain outlets for effective and efficient
draining of water with catchment.
For extensive roof gardens, torchshield AR(anti-root membrane) on the screed.
Torchshield AR (anti root membrane)apply on screed.
Place drainage board as specified over the concrete screed.
Place soil for vegetation accordingly.
Drip mould to be fitted on a parapet wall to stop the percolation of water.
COOL ROOF FOR REDUCE THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
EXISTING BUILDING
LEC (LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION SYSTEM)
• LEC is s green and sustainable waterproofing and insulation system for roof and walls.
• The objective of the system is to create a leak-free, heat free, sustainable structure.
ADVANTAGES
• Reduce the internal temperature by 8-10 C
• LEC system allowed building to remain comfortable with minimal or no A.C
• Saved power consumption by 50%
• Reduce the slab temperature by almost 12c
• Minimised thermal stress making the roof last longer
METHODOLOGY
SURFACE PREPARATION
Clean the surface thoroughly to get rid of all contaminants. Remove all surface imperfection
and repair with a polymer modified mortar using Dr. fixit pidicrete URP.
APPLICATION
Spray form shield with a 30mm average thickness onto the prepared roof surface
Allow curing of foam shield and apply two coats of roof seal
Place a geotextile fabric of 150gsm over the coating before laying the concrete screed
Place a filler board of 10 mm thickness vertically for the construction joints to form a
rectangular bay not exceeding 12m2. this board will aid in meeting the required slop.
Protect the coating with a concrete screed of M20grade.
Maintain an average slop of 1:100 towards the drain outlets for effective and efficient
draining of water with catchment.
For extensive roof gardens, torchshield AR(anti-root membrane) on the screed.
Torchshield AR (anti root membrane)apply on screed.
Place drainage board as specified over the concrete screed.
Place soil for vegetation accordingly.
Drip mould to be fitted on a parapet wall to stop the percolation of water.
11
COOL ROOF
LIGHTPIPE -ROOF MOUNTED
Features
• Superior angle selective light collector for enhanced Daylight collection.
• Reduction of Heat transfer.
• Easy to install & maintain.
Factory manufactured metal kerbs for long life and leak proof installation.
• Light diffuser for longer area of spread of light.
• Pipes with high reflectivity (95-98%) with very long life of 25 years.
LIGHTING DIFFUSERS SPECIFICATIONS:
Clear Bright Diffuser
• High Light Transmission.
• Medium Light Distribution.
• Applicable for high roof Industrial buildings /Warehouses/Commercial buildings.
• Dome shape wider distribution
Soft White Diffuser
• Soft, Pleasing Light.
• High Lighting distribution.
• Applicable for low roof.
COOL ROOF
LIGHTPIPE -ROOF MOUNTED
Features
• Superior angle selective light collector for enhanced Daylight collection.
• Reduction of Heat transfer.
• Easy to install & maintain.
Factory manufactured metal kerbs for long life and leak proof installation.
• Light diffuser for longer area of spread of light.
• Pipes with high reflectivity (95-98%) with very long life of 25 years.
LIGHTING DIFFUSERS SPECIFICATIONS:
Clear Bright Diffuser
• High Light Transmission.
• Medium Light Distribution.
• Applicable for high roof Industrial buildings /Warehouses/Commercial buildings.
• Dome shape wider distribution
Soft White Diffuser
• Soft, Pleasing Light.
• High Lighting distribution.
• Applicable for low roof.
12
• Application-Offices & Residences
• Dome & Flat Shaped diffuser options.
• Application-Offices & Residences
• Dome & Flat Shaped diffuser options.
13
System implementation
System implementation
14
Diameter Size
(in mm)
Max. Length
Recommended
Area coverage
(Approximately)
Roof height
Recommended
300 mm – 12
inches
4-5 meters 15 Sqm(150sft) Upto 3m
400 mm - 16
inches
6-8 meters 23 Sqm(250sft) Upto 5m
530 mm - 21
inches
10-12 meters 42 Sqm(450sft) Upto 7m
750 mm - 30
inches
Generally for
shorter length
80 Sqm(850sft) Upto 12m
Bends:
Size Lumen output Electrical wattage
equivalent
300 mm-12 inches 4,000 Lumens 90W
400 mm-16 inches 8,000 Lumens 180 W
530 mm-21 inches 12,000 Lumens 300W
750 mm-30 inches 22,000 Lumens 475w
LIGHTPIPE INTEGRATION WITH ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
Upto 30% energy saving in practice is done by this day 360
TM
Diameter Size
(in mm)
Max. Length
Recommended
Area coverage
(Approximately)
Roof height
Recommended
300 mm – 12
inches
4-5 meters 15 Sqm(150sft) Upto 3m
400 mm - 16
inches
6-8 meters 23 Sqm(250sft) Upto 5m
530 mm - 21
inches
10-12 meters 42 Sqm(450sft) Upto 7m
750 mm - 30
inches
Generally for
shorter length
80 Sqm(850sft) Upto 12m
Bends:
Size Lumen output Electrical wattage
equivalent
300 mm-12 inches 4,000 Lumens 90W
400 mm-16 inches 8,000 Lumens 180 W
530 mm-21 inches 12,000 Lumens 300W
750 mm-30 inches 22,000 Lumens 475w
LIGHTPIPE INTEGRATION WITH ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
Upto 30% energy saving in practice is done by this day 360
TM
15
Chapter-3: Health Care Sector
Introduction
The Constitution of India makes health in India the responsibility of state governments, rather
than the central federal government. It makes every state responsible for "raising the level of nutrition
and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary
duties". The National Health Policy was endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983 and updated in
2002. The National Health Policy is being worked upon further in 2017 and a draft for public
consultation has been released.
There are great inequalities in health between states. Infant mortality in Kerala is 12 per
thousand live births, but in Assam it is 56.
India spends only 4.0% of its GDP on health which is quite low as compared to other developing
countries. India lags far behind in terms of health sector.
SMART CITY: Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat state. The major hospital located in Gandhinagar is the
civil hospital in sector 11(CH-3), and other small primary health centres and private hospitals are also
located but private hospital are quiet costlier.
Gandhinagar civil hospital: general data
Chapter-3: Health Care Sector
Introduction
The Constitution of India makes health in India the responsibility of state governments, rather
than the central federal government. It makes every state responsible for "raising the level of nutrition
and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary
duties". The National Health Policy was endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983 and updated in
2002. The National Health Policy is being worked upon further in 2017 and a draft for public
consultation has been released.
There are great inequalities in health between states. Infant mortality in Kerala is 12 per
thousand live births, but in Assam it is 56.
India spends only 4.0% of its GDP on health which is quite low as compared to other developing
countries. India lags far behind in terms of health sector.
SMART CITY: Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat state. The major hospital located in Gandhinagar is the
civil hospital in sector 11(CH-3), and other small primary health centres and private hospitals are also
located but private hospital are quiet costlier.
Gandhinagar civil hospital: general data
16
Problem Identification Related to G’nagar city:
1. The main problem related to the health services in Gandhinagar is that there is only one
Government hospital i.e. civil hospital of Gandhinagar in sector 11(CH-3), so when we think
of hospital it has to be like which is affordable to all and in particularly to the poorest of poor
person. So the main problem related to it is that as the no of people coming to hospital are very
large and facilities provided are very meagre or we can say that at last resources fall quiet short.
2. Lack of Data Base Management in public hospitals like civil hospitals.
3. Lack of Personal Healthcare as in case of foreign developed countries.
4. Lack of Faster Access to Health Records which leads to delay in diagnosis.
Proposed Solution:
To identify the bottleneck parts and give such a solution that can be helpful to everybody. The
proposed solution can be creating a “smart health village” by interlinking all the hospitals nearby and
also by opening new primary health centres and interlinking them so that all the people do not have to
come to civil hospital all the way and if minor treatment is there it can be treated at the primary health
Centre.
The other major problems is that the people have to stand in long queues for their case papers
to be taken out and if taken out once they have to be shown at the window once again, in that scenario
a lot of precious time is wasted, so in that case a central database could be created by which it can be
stored and the case history could be seen by the doctor with just “one tap” on the keyboard/monitor or
the other facility which can be given is the “smart health card” in which all the health history of the
patient can be stored and when needed can be viewed easily.
Proposed solution details
1. GMC should issue a Smart Health Cards supporting a wide variety of features and
applications to every citizen of the city. Smart health cards can improve the security and privacy
Problem Identification Related to G’nagar city:
1. The main problem related to the health services in Gandhinagar is that there is only one
Government hospital i.e. civil hospital of Gandhinagar in sector 11(CH-3), so when we think
of hospital it has to be like which is affordable to all and in particularly to the poorest of poor
person. So the main problem related to it is that as the no of people coming to hospital are very
large and facilities provided are very meagre or we can say that at last resources fall quiet short.
2. Lack of Data Base Management in public hospitals like civil hospitals.
3. Lack of Personal Healthcare as in case of foreign developed countries.
4. Lack of Faster Access to Health Records which leads to delay in diagnosis.
Proposed Solution:
To identify the bottleneck parts and give such a solution that can be helpful to everybody. The
proposed solution can be creating a “smart health village” by interlinking all the hospitals nearby and
also by opening new primary health centres and interlinking them so that all the people do not have to
come to civil hospital all the way and if minor treatment is there it can be treated at the primary health
Centre.
The other major problems is that the people have to stand in long queues for their case papers
to be taken out and if taken out once they have to be shown at the window once again, in that scenario
a lot of precious time is wasted, so in that case a central database could be created by which it can be
stored and the case history could be seen by the doctor with just “one tap” on the keyboard/monitor or
the other facility which can be given is the “smart health card” in which all the health history of the
patient can be stored and when needed can be viewed easily.
Proposed solution details
1. GMC should issue a Smart Health Cards supporting a wide variety of features and
applications to every citizen of the city. Smart health cards can improve the security and privacy
17
of patient information, provide the secure carrier for portable medical records, reduce
healthcare fraud, support new processes for portable medical records, provide secure access to
emergency medical information, enable compliance with government initiatives and mandates,
and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the healthcare
organization. Smart health card should have following record details.
E-Health
• E-Health is the cost-effective and secure use of information and communications technologies
in support of health and health-related fields, including health-care services, health surveillance,
health literature, and health education, knowledge and research.
Key application areas of e-Health:
• Electronic Medical Records (including patient records, clinical administration systems, digital
imaging & archiving systems, e-prescribing, e-booking)
• Telemedicine and tele-care services; health information networks.
of patient information, provide the secure carrier for portable medical records, reduce
healthcare fraud, support new processes for portable medical records, provide secure access to
emergency medical information, enable compliance with government initiatives and mandates,
and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the healthcare
organization. Smart health card should have following record details.
E-Health
• E-Health is the cost-effective and secure use of information and communications technologies
in support of health and health-related fields, including health-care services, health surveillance,
health literature, and health education, knowledge and research.
Key application areas of e-Health:
• Electronic Medical Records (including patient records, clinical administration systems, digital
imaging & archiving systems, e-prescribing, e-booking)
• Telemedicine and tele-care services; health information networks.
18
• Decision support tools
• Internet-based technologies and services
Benefits:
Supporting the delivery of care tailored to individual patients, where ICT enables more
informed decision making based both on evidence and patient-specific data;
Improving transparency and accountability of care processes and facilitating shared care across
boundaries;
Aiding evidence-based practice and error reduction;
Improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment appropriateness;
Improving access to effective healthcare by reducing barriers created, for example, by physical
location or disability;
Facilitating patient empowerment for self-care and health decision making;
Improving cost-efficiency by streamlining processes, reducing waiting times and waste.
Stages involved in Implementation of E-Health services
Preliminary phase
In the preliminary phase, the initiating party's motivations and expectations must be clarified. The first
goal of this phase is to develop a reference document setting out the objectives and estimated duration
of the project.
The second goal of this phase is an in-depth analysis of the assumptions and plan, including the context
(policy environment, resources and risk).
The planning phase
The purpose of this phase is to establish a credible, all-embracing document describing the project's
technical aspects in detail.
Development phase
During this phase a unit should be set up to maintain a "technology watch". This unit monitors e-health
developments worldwide through information support provided by industry and organisations such as
ITU and WHO. Where appropriate the unit draws attention to new solutions, resources and examples
of relevant projects.
Implementation phase
The objective in this phase is to hand over the operational product to the end users in accordance with
the established schedule and budget.
• Decision support tools
• Internet-based technologies and services
Benefits:
Supporting the delivery of care tailored to individual patients, where ICT enables more
informed decision making based both on evidence and patient-specific data;
Improving transparency and accountability of care processes and facilitating shared care across
boundaries;
Aiding evidence-based practice and error reduction;
Improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment appropriateness;
Improving access to effective healthcare by reducing barriers created, for example, by physical
location or disability;
Facilitating patient empowerment for self-care and health decision making;
Improving cost-efficiency by streamlining processes, reducing waiting times and waste.
Stages involved in Implementation of E-Health services
Preliminary phase
In the preliminary phase, the initiating party's motivations and expectations must be clarified. The first
goal of this phase is to develop a reference document setting out the objectives and estimated duration
of the project.
The second goal of this phase is an in-depth analysis of the assumptions and plan, including the context
(policy environment, resources and risk).
The planning phase
The purpose of this phase is to establish a credible, all-embracing document describing the project's
technical aspects in detail.
Development phase
During this phase a unit should be set up to maintain a "technology watch". This unit monitors e-health
developments worldwide through information support provided by industry and organisations such as
ITU and WHO. Where appropriate the unit draws attention to new solutions, resources and examples
of relevant projects.
Implementation phase
The objective in this phase is to hand over the operational product to the end users in accordance with
the established schedule and budget.
19
The transfer of technology and transition of the management of various modules to users can be
staggered over weeks or months
Tele-medicine:
Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication and information technologies in order to provide clinical
health care at a distance. It helps eliminate distance barriers and can improve access to medical services
that would often not be consistently available in distant rural communities. It is also used to save lives
in critical care and emergency situations.
These technologies permit communications between patient and medical staff with both convenience
and fidelity, as well as the transmission of medical, imaging and health informatics data from one site
to another.
Provision of central primary health center which can monitor, control and operate under the
umbrella of tele-medical facilities.
Proposing it near PHC/CHC near rural community with strong ICT network for Gandhinagar
will enable people with telemedical facilities.
It will include doctors, equipment, physical infrastructure and a strong monitoring backup of
ICT for successful implementation.
The convenience of receiving alerts for medication and health check-ups in the comfort of their own
home – at a significantly reduced cost – compared to other health care facilities like urgent care
facilities or emergency departments.
It helps eliminate distance barriers and can improve access to medical services that would often not be
consistently available in distant rural communities.
For example, in hospitals, electronic medical records can be used to set up notifications that are
automatically sent to the staff when it’s time for a patient to take medicine or when a test is due. In a
similar manner, patients receive text messages on their phone to remind them of scheduled
appointments.
The transfer of technology and transition of the management of various modules to users can be
staggered over weeks or months
Tele-medicine:
Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication and information technologies in order to provide clinical
health care at a distance. It helps eliminate distance barriers and can improve access to medical services
that would often not be consistently available in distant rural communities. It is also used to save lives
in critical care and emergency situations.
These technologies permit communications between patient and medical staff with both convenience
and fidelity, as well as the transmission of medical, imaging and health informatics data from one site
to another.
Provision of central primary health center which can monitor, control and operate under the
umbrella of tele-medical facilities.
Proposing it near PHC/CHC near rural community with strong ICT network for Gandhinagar
will enable people with telemedical facilities.
It will include doctors, equipment, physical infrastructure and a strong monitoring backup of
ICT for successful implementation.
The convenience of receiving alerts for medication and health check-ups in the comfort of their own
home – at a significantly reduced cost – compared to other health care facilities like urgent care
facilities or emergency departments.
It helps eliminate distance barriers and can improve access to medical services that would often not be
consistently available in distant rural communities.
For example, in hospitals, electronic medical records can be used to set up notifications that are
automatically sent to the staff when it’s time for a patient to take medicine or when a test is due. In a
similar manner, patients receive text messages on their phone to remind them of scheduled
appointments.
20
21
2. Public centric treatments and facilities: Online medical services including key services such as
requiring an assistance of on-line or possibility of having digital record.
3. Wearable technology such activity trackers, mobile applications devices etc.
4. Huawei Smart Hospital Solution covers everything from the digital systems of hospital
management and clinical information to the infrastructure construction of wired and wireless
networks and data centers. For different application scenarios, Smart Hospital provides a
hospital cloud and IT-based platform for telemedicine, desktop cloud, unified communications,
2. Public centric treatments and facilities: Online medical services including key services such as
requiring an assistance of on-line or possibility of having digital record.
3. Wearable technology such activity trackers, mobile applications devices etc.
4. Huawei Smart Hospital Solution covers everything from the digital systems of hospital
management and clinical information to the infrastructure construction of wired and wireless
networks and data centers. For different application scenarios, Smart Hospital provides a
hospital cloud and IT-based platform for telemedicine, desktop cloud, unified communications,
22
office collaboration, video surveillance, primary care information (PCI), and mobile hospital
services.
Smart Hospital improves patient services, medical service efficiency and quality, reduces
hospital OPEX, and improves hospital management skills.
PATIENT DIRECTING:
(REAL TIME PATIENT DIRECTING AND RESOURCE ALLOCATING
SYSTEM BASED ON ADVANCED
MOBILE TECHNOLOGY)
The aim of the solution is to support to the greatest extent through advanced information
technology solutions the process of patient care from the patient’s arrival at the institution to
his/her departure from it. It continuously monitors and logs the events that take place during
care and their precise resource requirements.
The operating efficiency of health care institutions can be radically improved by using the
system. Actual patient turnover, along with the capacity utilization of the respective units and
facilities of care, the average waiting time and service time can be continuously tracked even
from a distance, real time, with the help of the patient directing system.
The health care personnel may adapt the order of calling patients to the actual status of patients,
continuously monitoring the time-slot available for commencing their treatment (urgent
TRIAGE service).
If the patent has to be referred to the hospital, the function tracking free hospital bed capacities
enables the personnel to immediately find out whether there is a free bed for the placement of
the patient.
The health care tablet interfaces have stop watches on them and thus it can provide a point of
reference to the health care personnel and, respectively, using the emergency button they can
seek immediate help in a simple manner from the personnel of nearby care units.
In order to improve operating efficiency historic and real-time statistics are also available.
Traits of the system offered:
1. The system takes into consideration that the processes of the health care system can be
standardized through other means than patterns. It has the ability to manage unexpected events.
It is an intelligent system, which learns continuously with the help of algorithms of learning
and optimizes constantly.
2. It exploits to the greatest extent the possibilities offered by today’s advanced technology.
3. In addition to serving the medical personnel it also provides patients a tangible
solution informing and supporting them (smart phone applications).
office collaboration, video surveillance, primary care information (PCI), and mobile hospital
services.
Smart Hospital improves patient services, medical service efficiency and quality, reduces
hospital OPEX, and improves hospital management skills.
PATIENT DIRECTING:
(REAL TIME PATIENT DIRECTING AND RESOURCE ALLOCATING
SYSTEM BASED ON ADVANCED
MOBILE TECHNOLOGY)
The aim of the solution is to support to the greatest extent through advanced information
technology solutions the process of patient care from the patient’s arrival at the institution to
his/her departure from it. It continuously monitors and logs the events that take place during
care and their precise resource requirements.
The operating efficiency of health care institutions can be radically improved by using the
system. Actual patient turnover, along with the capacity utilization of the respective units and
facilities of care, the average waiting time and service time can be continuously tracked even
from a distance, real time, with the help of the patient directing system.
The health care personnel may adapt the order of calling patients to the actual status of patients,
continuously monitoring the time-slot available for commencing their treatment (urgent
TRIAGE service).
If the patent has to be referred to the hospital, the function tracking free hospital bed capacities
enables the personnel to immediately find out whether there is a free bed for the placement of
the patient.
The health care tablet interfaces have stop watches on them and thus it can provide a point of
reference to the health care personnel and, respectively, using the emergency button they can
seek immediate help in a simple manner from the personnel of nearby care units.
In order to improve operating efficiency historic and real-time statistics are also available.
Traits of the system offered:
1. The system takes into consideration that the processes of the health care system can be
standardized through other means than patterns. It has the ability to manage unexpected events.
It is an intelligent system, which learns continuously with the help of algorithms of learning
and optimizes constantly.
2. It exploits to the greatest extent the possibilities offered by today’s advanced technology.
3. In addition to serving the medical personnel it also provides patients a tangible
solution informing and supporting them (smart phone applications).
23
Chapter-4: Management Of Solid Waste for
Gandhinagar City
Importance of MSW
The importance of effective Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) services is to
protect public health, the environment and natural resources (water, land, air). To promote the
ecological management of solid waste in compliance with the principle of the 4Rs: Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle, Recover and safe disposal. An effective MSWM service can be achieved only by improving
the efficiency of MSWM activities, thereby leading to the reduction of waste generation, separation of
MSW and recycling and recovery of materials, and generation of compost and energy.
The principles which govern the future approach to provision of MSWM services include
the following:
Promoting awareness of waste management principles among citizens and other
stake holders
Minimizing multiple and manual handling of waste and designing a system to
Ensure that MSW does not touch the ground till treatment and final disposal
Defining the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and putting in place an
operational frame work, which would include appropriate contractual structures
Developing systems for effective resources utilization and deployment
Promoting recovery of value from MSW, developing treatment and final disposal
Facilities, which, while adhering to the statutory requirements are sustainable,
Environmental friendly and economical.
Problem Identification Related To Gandhinagar City
1. GMC has provided two types of Dustbins for waste disposal i.e. Blue and Green Dustbins for
segregation of solid waste at source only. But it was found that at dumping site of Gandhinagar
which is located at sector 30,near Mukti Dham both these wastes bio-degradable and non bio-
degradable waste are getting mixed.
2. The dumping site of Gandhinagar is located very near to the basin of the river Sabarmati. So,
In rainy season when Sabarmati river is in its full potential, the waste which is collected flows
into the river and reaches at Sabarmati Riverfront. Due to this, river water gets polluted, it also
affects the aesthetics of river and in some areas like Dariyapur in Ahmedabad City, the drinking
water also gets polluted.
3. Proper treatment of Solid waste is not done at dumping site. Plastic waste, glass waste, textiles
waste, domestic waste (bio-degradable waste) should be disposed according to norms which is
not followed at dumping site and if no immediate actions are taken it may lead to even worst
scenario.
Chapter-4: Management Of Solid Waste for
Gandhinagar City
Importance of MSW
The importance of effective Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) services is to
protect public health, the environment and natural resources (water, land, air). To promote the
ecological management of solid waste in compliance with the principle of the 4Rs: Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle, Recover and safe disposal. An effective MSWM service can be achieved only by improving
the efficiency of MSWM activities, thereby leading to the reduction of waste generation, separation of
MSW and recycling and recovery of materials, and generation of compost and energy.
The principles which govern the future approach to provision of MSWM services include
the following:
Promoting awareness of waste management principles among citizens and other
stake holders
Minimizing multiple and manual handling of waste and designing a system to
Ensure that MSW does not touch the ground till treatment and final disposal
Defining the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders and putting in place an
operational frame work, which would include appropriate contractual structures
Developing systems for effective resources utilization and deployment
Promoting recovery of value from MSW, developing treatment and final disposal
Facilities, which, while adhering to the statutory requirements are sustainable,
Environmental friendly and economical.
Problem Identification Related To Gandhinagar City
1. GMC has provided two types of Dustbins for waste disposal i.e. Blue and Green Dustbins for
segregation of solid waste at source only. But it was found that at dumping site of Gandhinagar
which is located at sector 30,near Mukti Dham both these wastes bio-degradable and non bio-
degradable waste are getting mixed.
2. The dumping site of Gandhinagar is located very near to the basin of the river Sabarmati. So,
In rainy season when Sabarmati river is in its full potential, the waste which is collected flows
into the river and reaches at Sabarmati Riverfront. Due to this, river water gets polluted, it also
affects the aesthetics of river and in some areas like Dariyapur in Ahmedabad City, the drinking
water also gets polluted.
3. Proper treatment of Solid waste is not done at dumping site. Plastic waste, glass waste, textiles
waste, domestic waste (bio-degradable waste) should be disposed according to norms which is
not followed at dumping site and if no immediate actions are taken it may lead to even worst
scenario.
24
Location of Dumping site of Gandhinagar at Sector-30
Problem Justification Related To Gandhinagar City
55-60 metric tones, that is the amount of garbage that Gandhinagar generates every day! Most
of this is wet waste, which can be used to produce fertilizer and generate electricity. Instead, huge
mounds of it lie piled up in our cities and villages, posing a serious threat to public health and the
environment. Disease and toxins fly in the air and leach into the water and the ground, triggering
ailments ranging from cholera and asthma to more serious problems affecting the brain and other
organs.
In this report we will bring you solutions. Some are simple ways to treat waste in our homes,
restaurants so that we may reuse, recycle and revive the earth. While we must reduce our waste
footprint, we must also put pressure on local authorities, especially at the municipal level, to ensure
responsible waste management. We must demand that they set up effective mechanisms for the
collection, segregation and treatment of solid waste.
Detailed Scope Of Work
We visited to the dumping site of Gandhinagar City in sector-30. We also consulted to GMC. Some
techniques or technology would be provided by us for SWM. Our techniques would specially depend
on the cost and how easily it could be adopted at city level and ultimately turning our city into a smart
city.
Location of Dumping site of Gandhinagar at Sector-30
Problem Justification Related To Gandhinagar City
55-60 metric tones, that is the amount of garbage that Gandhinagar generates every day! Most
of this is wet waste, which can be used to produce fertilizer and generate electricity. Instead, huge
mounds of it lie piled up in our cities and villages, posing a serious threat to public health and the
environment. Disease and toxins fly in the air and leach into the water and the ground, triggering
ailments ranging from cholera and asthma to more serious problems affecting the brain and other
organs.
In this report we will bring you solutions. Some are simple ways to treat waste in our homes,
restaurants so that we may reuse, recycle and revive the earth. While we must reduce our waste
footprint, we must also put pressure on local authorities, especially at the municipal level, to ensure
responsible waste management. We must demand that they set up effective mechanisms for the
collection, segregation and treatment of solid waste.
Detailed Scope Of Work
We visited to the dumping site of Gandhinagar City in sector-30. We also consulted to GMC. Some
techniques or technology would be provided by us for SWM. Our techniques would specially depend
on the cost and how easily it could be adopted at city level and ultimately turning our city into a smart
city.
25
Proposed Solution With Respect To The Problem Identified
The proposed solution for given identified problems are as follows:
1. Nisargruna biogas technology
Nisargruna biogas technology has been used by many organizations to set up over 160 biogas
plants. In Gandhinagar, Nisargruna Technology can be applied at major restaurants near sector
11, sector 21 and sector 16.
Requirements to set up a biogas plant
Land along with 3 phase power supply and water supply.
Segregation of waste at source to ensure only the organic portion is sent to the plant.
Scope for usage of the gas.
Capital investment (that usually pays off in 1 to 5 years).
Waste needed for the plant
The plant is best suited for processing bulk quantities of waste, ranging from 100 kg to 30,000
kg per day. Multiple plants of these capacities can be set up to process an even larger quantity.
Biogas plants have been set up at many educational institutes, industrial and corporate
campuses, and hospitals and residential complexes. Several municipalities have also installed
them for processing market or agricultural waste.
Types of waste which can be processed by this technology
There are many types:
Food and garden waste
Offerings made at religious places
Biodegradable municipal solid waste
Waste from fisheries and slaughterhouses
Biomass generated from sewage plants.
Advantages
It has helped us do our bit in solving the mammoth problem of solid waste management in
a sustainable, economically viable and eco-friendly manner. It has saved emissions of
greenhouse gases from dumping grounds and those during transportation of waste to
dumping grounds.
The biogas plants have also enabled the institutions that have installed them to generate
methane gas and nutrient-rich, weed-free manure. More institutions are gradually
recognizing the value and possible uses of such gas—for cooking (by replacing LPG), for
the generation of electricity, and by bottling into large cylinders for use in industries or
vehicles.
Proposed Solution With Respect To The Problem Identified
The proposed solution for given identified problems are as follows:
1. Nisargruna biogas technology
Nisargruna biogas technology has been used by many organizations to set up over 160 biogas
plants. In Gandhinagar, Nisargruna Technology can be applied at major restaurants near sector
11, sector 21 and sector 16.
Requirements to set up a biogas plant
Land along with 3 phase power supply and water supply.
Segregation of waste at source to ensure only the organic portion is sent to the plant.
Scope for usage of the gas.
Capital investment (that usually pays off in 1 to 5 years).
Waste needed for the plant
The plant is best suited for processing bulk quantities of waste, ranging from 100 kg to 30,000
kg per day. Multiple plants of these capacities can be set up to process an even larger quantity.
Biogas plants have been set up at many educational institutes, industrial and corporate
campuses, and hospitals and residential complexes. Several municipalities have also installed
them for processing market or agricultural waste.
Types of waste which can be processed by this technology
There are many types:
Food and garden waste
Offerings made at religious places
Biodegradable municipal solid waste
Waste from fisheries and slaughterhouses
Biomass generated from sewage plants.
Advantages
It has helped us do our bit in solving the mammoth problem of solid waste management in
a sustainable, economically viable and eco-friendly manner. It has saved emissions of
greenhouse gases from dumping grounds and those during transportation of waste to
dumping grounds.
The biogas plants have also enabled the institutions that have installed them to generate
methane gas and nutrient-rich, weed-free manure. More institutions are gradually
recognizing the value and possible uses of such gas—for cooking (by replacing LPG), for
the generation of electricity, and by bottling into large cylinders for use in industries or
vehicles.
26
Moreover, the technology is quite easy to operate and therefore can generate employment
for the marginalized sections of society, such as the thousands of women waste pickers who
we believe are the invisible environmentalists of this country.
2. Bioremediation technique
To a solid waste which is brought to dumping site is not segregated which results into huge
mountains if not treated properly.
Bioremediation is also one of the method which could deal with the proper treatment of
solid waste at dumping site. This method is proposed by Dr. S. R. Maley and Mr. Birju
Mundra with the help of enzymes(inoculation of bacterias).
Firstly whole of the dumping site or a portion of dumping site is levelled and is properly
sterilized. After which a mixture of consortium which is developed from waste and bacteria
would start working and would bring plastic and all the above waste on the upper side of
layer.
As waste mainly composes of the cellulose, protein, sugar and fat in plenty of amount,
bacterias would start feeding on the portion other than this plastics, textile waste, glass waste
etc. These bacteria within four weeks would turn full trash into soil.
After scooping the area we would have plastics, rags, textiles and all unbiodegradable waste
onto top surface. After recycling these waste other portion of the land could be treated
accordingly.
This whole method could be performed in 60 days.
3. Proposal for third type of Dustbin
Segregation of waste should be maintained from source to the dumping site so that further
efforts for segregation are rectified. Currently if we see at collection level we have green and
blue dustbin for wet and dry waste. So it is going really well. But dumping site its getting
combine and whole waste is getting dumped together. We are planning to design the 3
rd
type of
dustbin in which only green vegetable waste or domestic edible waste is supposed to be
gathered/thrown. This green veg. waste would be useful for roaming cows or it can also be
transported to nearby gaushala or poultry farm.
4. Barrier Wall
For stopping the waste to be flown into the river, we suggest the GMC to construct a diaphragm
wall/barrier wall for temporary or current solution of the problem.
5. Empowering the waste pickers
Waste pickers should allowed to get into the dumping site where they are allowed to pick
up the trash which could earn them living. This waste pickers also ensures that harmful
elements like plastic, glass, medical waste do not reach the dumping ground and pollute the
air and ground water.
Moreover, the technology is quite easy to operate and therefore can generate employment
for the marginalized sections of society, such as the thousands of women waste pickers who
we believe are the invisible environmentalists of this country.
2. Bioremediation technique
To a solid waste which is brought to dumping site is not segregated which results into huge
mountains if not treated properly.
Bioremediation is also one of the method which could deal with the proper treatment of
solid waste at dumping site. This method is proposed by Dr. S. R. Maley and Mr. Birju
Mundra with the help of enzymes(inoculation of bacterias).
Firstly whole of the dumping site or a portion of dumping site is levelled and is properly
sterilized. After which a mixture of consortium which is developed from waste and bacteria
would start working and would bring plastic and all the above waste on the upper side of
layer.
As waste mainly composes of the cellulose, protein, sugar and fat in plenty of amount,
bacterias would start feeding on the portion other than this plastics, textile waste, glass waste
etc. These bacteria within four weeks would turn full trash into soil.
After scooping the area we would have plastics, rags, textiles and all unbiodegradable waste
onto top surface. After recycling these waste other portion of the land could be treated
accordingly.
This whole method could be performed in 60 days.
3. Proposal for third type of Dustbin
Segregation of waste should be maintained from source to the dumping site so that further
efforts for segregation are rectified. Currently if we see at collection level we have green and
blue dustbin for wet and dry waste. So it is going really well. But dumping site its getting
combine and whole waste is getting dumped together. We are planning to design the 3
rd
type of
dustbin in which only green vegetable waste or domestic edible waste is supposed to be
gathered/thrown. This green veg. waste would be useful for roaming cows or it can also be
transported to nearby gaushala or poultry farm.
4. Barrier Wall
For stopping the waste to be flown into the river, we suggest the GMC to construct a diaphragm
wall/barrier wall for temporary or current solution of the problem.
5. Empowering the waste pickers
Waste pickers should allowed to get into the dumping site where they are allowed to pick
up the trash which could earn them living. This waste pickers also ensures that harmful
elements like plastic, glass, medical waste do not reach the dumping ground and pollute the
air and ground water.
27
According to Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group, a Delhi-based
organization that works on improving the disposal of waste, most Indian cities are run on
the work of the informal sector, which includes waste pickers who form 1% of an average
city's population and do the important job of recycling waste and reducing pressure on the
environment. Their work helps clean up our cities by recycling approximately 20% of the
waste generated.
The waste pickers can earn at least 200-300 Rs per day and collects atleast50-60 kg of
different kind of waste from dumping site. Waste pickers aim to keep as much waste out of
the landfills and waste dumps as possible and to help make waste useful and profitable. It is
time to treat them with respect and empower them with basic rights.
Rough Estimate About the Cost
1. Bioremediation of Landfill
The cost of this technique depends upon the type of waste in different areas. The cost can vary
in different cities or area. According to the thumb rule, we can say that it can cost around 6-8
lacs per hectare area of dumping site. The height of the dump also affect the cost, but on an
average it costs approximately around 6-8 lacs per hectare.
MSW over a hectare of land in Gorai dumpsite was bio-remediated and the compost formed
was mined along with recovery of recyclables. 9 m tall waste beds over this area were cleared
in 2 months with low investment and infrastructure which is affordable by most cities in India.
According to Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group, a Delhi-based
organization that works on improving the disposal of waste, most Indian cities are run on
the work of the informal sector, which includes waste pickers who form 1% of an average
city's population and do the important job of recycling waste and reducing pressure on the
environment. Their work helps clean up our cities by recycling approximately 20% of the
waste generated.
The waste pickers can earn at least 200-300 Rs per day and collects atleast50-60 kg of
different kind of waste from dumping site. Waste pickers aim to keep as much waste out of
the landfills and waste dumps as possible and to help make waste useful and profitable. It is
time to treat them with respect and empower them with basic rights.
Rough Estimate About the Cost
1. Bioremediation of Landfill
The cost of this technique depends upon the type of waste in different areas. The cost can vary
in different cities or area. According to the thumb rule, we can say that it can cost around 6-8
lacs per hectare area of dumping site. The height of the dump also affect the cost, but on an
average it costs approximately around 6-8 lacs per hectare.
MSW over a hectare of land in Gorai dumpsite was bio-remediated and the compost formed
was mined along with recovery of recyclables. 9 m tall waste beds over this area were cleared
in 2 months with low investment and infrastructure which is affordable by most cities in India.
28
The table attached below shows the Bioremediation Projects Undertaken in India Until 2007:
2. Nisargruna Technology
In this technology, from the research papers we have gone through, it can be said that a
model of half tonne can be economic.
There is an initial investment of 12 lakh rupees and it needs area of about 40 square
meter.
The life cycle of this bio-methanation bio-gas plant is 40 years.
The investment becomes free after 3-4 years. Means its payback period is 3-4 years.
This type of decentralized can be set up in many organizations, companies, schools,
restaurants, hotel, etc.
In the 0.5 tonne model, from 500kg of waste, one can produce minimum 40-50 kg of
manure and also get at least 20 kg of methane gas (equivalent to 1 LPG cylinder).
Bhabha Reseach Atomic Centre has done something great. They are charging very
minimal fee of Rs. 25000 for it. They can give this technique to anybody. One can use
this technique to install as many you wish without having to pay royalty.
The table attached below shows the Bioremediation Projects Undertaken in India Until 2007:
2. Nisargruna Technology
In this technology, from the research papers we have gone through, it can be said that a
model of half tonne can be economic.
There is an initial investment of 12 lakh rupees and it needs area of about 40 square
meter.
The life cycle of this bio-methanation bio-gas plant is 40 years.
The investment becomes free after 3-4 years. Means its payback period is 3-4 years.
This type of decentralized can be set up in many organizations, companies, schools,
restaurants, hotel, etc.
In the 0.5 tonne model, from 500kg of waste, one can produce minimum 40-50 kg of
manure and also get at least 20 kg of methane gas (equivalent to 1 LPG cylinder).
Bhabha Reseach Atomic Centre has done something great. They are charging very
minimal fee of Rs. 25000 for it. They can give this technique to anybody. One can use
this technique to install as many you wish without having to pay royalty.
29
Proposed location of Bio-methanation plants for Nisargruna Technology
Infocity
Sector – 16
Proposed location of Bio-methanation plants for Nisargruna Technology
Infocity
Sector – 16
30
Sector – 21
INTRODUCTION ABOUT PROJECT ON DUSTBIN DENSITY:
The Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation can give the contract to private companies with right
to make money from advertisement, under the observation of selected team.
Gandhinagar waste generation is around 43.62 (MT/d).
In Gandhinagar, on the sub road , there are not properly collection of garbage. There are lack
of dustbins on the sub road. GMC is provided the four dustbins along km on maim road but
there is no any provision on the sub road. Beside the main road, there are provide the dustbins.
But inside the main road and nearest to houses there are so much waster. It can’t be properly
manage. Due to lack of dustbins the people throw any things anywhere. So entire area become
polluted by this waste. And also in monsoon season there cause the problems related to health.
GMC provide the garbage picks inside the sectors but it is not sufficient.
This problem is mainly due to no any dustbins inside the sectors.
The above image is inside position of sector. We can see that too much waste beside the road.
Sector – 21
INTRODUCTION ABOUT PROJECT ON DUSTBIN DENSITY:
The Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation can give the contract to private companies with right
to make money from advertisement, under the observation of selected team.
Gandhinagar waste generation is around 43.62 (MT/d).
In Gandhinagar, on the sub road , there are not properly collection of garbage. There are lack
of dustbins on the sub road. GMC is provided the four dustbins along km on maim road but
there is no any provision on the sub road. Beside the main road, there are provide the dustbins.
But inside the main road and nearest to houses there are so much waster. It can’t be properly
manage. Due to lack of dustbins the people throw any things anywhere. So entire area become
polluted by this waste. And also in monsoon season there cause the problems related to health.
GMC provide the garbage picks inside the sectors but it is not sufficient.
This problem is mainly due to no any dustbins inside the sectors.
The above image is inside position of sector. We can see that too much waste beside the road.
31
SCOPE OF WORK
After showing this situation, fot the dustbin density inside the sectors. Selection of the pilot
area is sector 16. This is residential and commercial areas.
There are problem related to solid waste because of not properly management of collection of
waste.
So it is necessary to provide an adequate number of dustbins on the all subroads.
This image is sub road of the sector 16. We can see that there are not provision of any dustbins on
this subroads so there are problem related to waste.
PROPOSED SOLUTION WITH RE SPECT TO THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
There are provide minimum four dustbins along the one KM in all the sub road of
sectors.And also it should be properly transport of the waste from all the dustbins in all the
days on the morning or time.
In sub road, the length of road are different.So according to length, numbers of dustbins are
different. The distance between two dustbins are around 250m.
SCOPE OF WORK
After showing this situation, fot the dustbin density inside the sectors. Selection of the pilot
area is sector 16. This is residential and commercial areas.
There are problem related to solid waste because of not properly management of collection of
waste.
So it is necessary to provide an adequate number of dustbins on the all subroads.
This image is sub road of the sector 16. We can see that there are not provision of any dustbins on
this subroads so there are problem related to waste.
PROPOSED SOLUTION WITH RE SPECT TO THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
There are provide minimum four dustbins along the one KM in all the sub road of
sectors.And also it should be properly transport of the waste from all the dustbins in all the
days on the morning or time.
In sub road, the length of road are different.So according to length, numbers of dustbins are
different. The distance between two dustbins are around 250m.
32
Map of Gandhinagar
Map of Gandhinagar
33
Map of Sector 16
In the map of sector 16, area near to GH road is commercial and other area are residential. So
in the commercial area, waste generation is less than residential area. So accordingly there should
provision of dustbins. It show in following image.
Map of Sector 16
In the map of sector 16, area near to GH road is commercial and other area are residential. So
in the commercial area, waste generation is less than residential area. So accordingly there should
provision of dustbins. It show in following image.
34
QUANTITY AND COST OF DUSTBINS
The dustbins are blue or green colour. And it is close at the top area so there are not any problem
during rainy seasons. It show in follow image.
This type of dustbin are on the main road like CH, GH, G, ROAD 2 ROAD 3 etc.
Similarly it provide in the all the subroads.
These are plastic dustbins. And the maintenance cost is less. The yearl maintance is necessary
.
The cost of dustbins with installation is around 1000 RS.
Here twenty dustbins are provided so the total cost is 20000 RS.
SITUATION AFTER IMPLEMANTATION
The main concept is keep the city clean and green, it is closely related to how the city become
clean related to all areas. All the subroad and also all the sectors.
After providing the dustbins density inside the sector, the inside area make clean and also
healthy environment is occur.
QUANTITY AND COST OF DUSTBINS
The dustbins are blue or green colour. And it is close at the top area so there are not any problem
during rainy seasons. It show in follow image.
This type of dustbin are on the main road like CH, GH, G, ROAD 2 ROAD 3 etc.
Similarly it provide in the all the subroads.
These are plastic dustbins. And the maintenance cost is less. The yearl maintance is necessary
.
The cost of dustbins with installation is around 1000 RS.
Here twenty dustbins are provided so the total cost is 20000 RS.
SITUATION AFTER IMPLEMANTATION
The main concept is keep the city clean and green, it is closely related to how the city become
clean related to all areas. All the subroad and also all the sectors.
After providing the dustbins density inside the sector, the inside area make clean and also
healthy environment is occur.
35
Chapter-5: Last mile para-transport
connectivity with Multi-Modal
transportation systems
DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED MONORAIL
OVERVIEW:
Locale Gandhinagar ( GH-road)
Transit type Straddle beam monorail
Number of lines 2 lines
Number of stations 5 station
Per day capacity 40,000 approx.
TECHNICAL:
System length 8 km
Engine type 2 engine (for each line)
Average speed 55 km/hr
Top speed 80 km/hr
TECHNOLOGY:
The line has a theoretical capacity of 40,000 passengers per day, with trains running every few
minutes during peak hours and every 15 to 20 minutes during off-peak hours.
Chapter-5: Last mile para-transport
connectivity with Multi-Modal
transportation systems
DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED MONORAIL
OVERVIEW:
Locale Gandhinagar ( GH-road)
Transit type Straddle beam monorail
Number of lines 2 lines
Number of stations 5 station
Per day capacity 40,000 approx.
TECHNICAL:
System length 8 km
Engine type 2 engine (for each line)
Average speed 55 km/hr
Top speed 80 km/hr
TECHNOLOGY:
The line has a theoretical capacity of 40,000 passengers per day, with trains running every few
minutes during peak hours and every 15 to 20 minutes during off-peak hours.
36
MONORAIL ROUTE
PLAN
MONORAIL ROUTE
MONORAIL STATION
MONORAIL SERVICE
STATION
MONORAIL ROUTE
PLAN
MONORAIL ROUTE
MONORAIL STATION
MONORAIL SERVICE
STATION
37
STATIONS:
1. GH-0
2. GH-3
3. GH-5
4. GH-7
5. CHAREDI CHOKADI
STATION LAYOUT:
AN APPROXIMATED MODEL
ESTIMATED COST
The estimated cost of the project 350 CRORES *
STATIONS:
1. GH-0
2. GH-3
3. GH-5
4. GH-7
5. CHAREDI CHOKADI
STATION LAYOUT:
AN APPROXIMATED MODEL
ESTIMATED COST
The estimated cost of the project 350 CRORES *
38
JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSAL OF MONORAIL
Advantages and disadvantages of MONORAIL
Advantages
The primary advantage of monorails over conventional rail systems is that they
require minimal space, both horizontally and vertically. Monorail vehicles are
wider than the beam, and monorail systems are commonly elevated, requiring
only a minimal footprint for support pillars.
Due to a smaller footprint they are seen as more attractive than conventional
elevated rail lines and block only a minimal amount of sky.
They are quieter, as modern monorails use rubber wheels on a concrete track.
(Some non-monorail subway systems, like certain lines of the Paris Metro and all
of the Montreal metro, use the same technique and are equally quiet.)
Monorails are capable of climbing and descending steeper grades than heavy or
light rail systems.
Unlike conventional rail systems, straddle monorails wrap around their track and
are thus not physically capable of derailing, unless the track itself suffers a
catastrophic failure, which is why monorails have an excellent safety record
Disadvantages
In an emergency, passengers may not be able to immediately exit because the
monorail vehicle is high above ground and not all systems have emergency
walkways. The passengers must sometimes wait until a rescue train, fire engine
(/entry/Fire apparatus), or cherry picker comes to the rescue. Newer monorail
systems resolve this by building emergency walkways alongside the entire track,
at the expense of visual intrusion. Suspended railways resolve this by building
aircraft style evacuation slides into the vehicles. Japanese systems are set up to
use the next train to tow broken-down trains to the next station.
Adding extensions by diverging the track is more expensive because of the linear
nature of the track itself.
JUSTIFICATION FOR PROPOSAL OF MONORAIL
Advantages and disadvantages of MONORAIL
Advantages
The primary advantage of monorails over conventional rail systems is that they
require minimal space, both horizontally and vertically. Monorail vehicles are
wider than the beam, and monorail systems are commonly elevated, requiring
only a minimal footprint for support pillars.
Due to a smaller footprint they are seen as more attractive than conventional
elevated rail lines and block only a minimal amount of sky.
They are quieter, as modern monorails use rubber wheels on a concrete track.
(Some non-monorail subway systems, like certain lines of the Paris Metro and all
of the Montreal metro, use the same technique and are equally quiet.)
Monorails are capable of climbing and descending steeper grades than heavy or
light rail systems.
Unlike conventional rail systems, straddle monorails wrap around their track and
are thus not physically capable of derailing, unless the track itself suffers a
catastrophic failure, which is why monorails have an excellent safety record
Disadvantages
In an emergency, passengers may not be able to immediately exit because the
monorail vehicle is high above ground and not all systems have emergency
walkways. The passengers must sometimes wait until a rescue train, fire engine
(/entry/Fire apparatus), or cherry picker comes to the rescue. Newer monorail
systems resolve this by building emergency walkways alongside the entire track,
at the expense of visual intrusion. Suspended railways resolve this by building
aircraft style evacuation slides into the vehicles. Japanese systems are set up to
use the next train to tow broken-down trains to the next station.
Adding extensions by diverging the track is more expensive because of the linear
nature of the track itself.
39
Why proposal on GH-road?
Traffic survey:
Classified volume count survey:
Residential Commercial
(banks/stores/offices)
Institution/schools/
recreational
Health
care
GH-0 III III + (NH-8) - -
GH-3 III III II II
GH-5 II III II I
GH-7 II II II -
CHAREDI
CHOKADI
I I - -
NOTE: intensity
I. low
II. moderate
III. high
Why proposal on GH-road?
Traffic survey:
Classified volume count survey:
Residential Commercial
(banks/stores/offices)
Institution/schools/
recreational
Health
care
GH-0 III III + (NH-8) - -
GH-3 III III II II
GH-5 II III II I
GH-7 II II II -
CHAREDI
CHOKADI
I I - -
NOTE: intensity
I. low
II. moderate
III. high
40
Origin and destination survey:
At peak hours’ time taken to cover the length : 14 min
At non-peak hours’ time taken to cover the length: 12 min
Estimated time for proposed monorail to cover length: 9 min
Origin and destination survey:
At peak hours’ time taken to cover the length : 14 min
At non-peak hours’ time taken to cover the length: 12 min
Estimated time for proposed monorail to cover length: 9 min
41
Smart Bus
service
PROPOSAL
Smart Bus
service
PROPOSAL
42
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED BUS SERVICE
Classified volume count survey:
NOTE: intensity
I. low
II. moderate
III. high
** NOTE: the bus service also provided the connectivity from NH-8 so it promises
provides commutership.
BUS BATTERY EXCHANGING STATIONS:
The stations at which, the buses running along the specified route will exchange the
battery by giving the used one and will pick up the charged one which will consume less
time.
The stations are provided at some interval keeping in mind the loop of the bus route
proposed
Residential Commercial
(banks/stores/offices)
Institution/schools/
recreational
Health
care
CHH ROAD III III III -
CH-ROAD III III III I
GH-ROAD III III III II
G-ROAD II III II I
KH-ROAD II III III -
K-ROAD II III(GIDC*) - -
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED BUS SERVICE
Classified volume count survey:
NOTE: intensity
I. low
II. moderate
III. high
** NOTE: the bus service also provided the connectivity from NH-8 so it promises
provides commutership.
BUS BATTERY EXCHANGING STATIONS:
The stations at which, the buses running along the specified route will exchange the
battery by giving the used one and will pick up the charged one which will consume less
time.
The stations are provided at some interval keeping in mind the loop of the bus route
proposed
Residential Commercial
(banks/stores/offices)
Institution/schools/
recreational
Health
care
CHH ROAD III III III -
CH-ROAD III III III I
GH-ROAD III III III II
G-ROAD II III II I
KH-ROAD II III III -
K-ROAD II III(GIDC*) - -
43
BUS BATTERY EXCHANGING STATION
BUS BATTERY EXCHANGING STATION
44
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED BUS SERVICE
Due to the location like vidhansabha, udyog bhavan and mahatma mandir and other
government & commercial building main buses of high capacity are provided.
MAIN BUSES
RUNNING IN THE
SQUARE
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED BUS SERVICE
Due to the location like vidhansabha, udyog bhavan and mahatma mandir and other
government & commercial building main buses of high capacity are provided.
MAIN BUSES
RUNNING IN THE
SQUARE
45
Due to location of residential and other small zones mini buses at more frequency
are better justified.
MINI BUSES
Due to location of residential and other small zones mini buses at more frequency
are better justified.
MINI BUSES
46
According to the general survey done including the reviews of local public on K-
road there is no bus service availability to reach the main roads of Gandhinagar so
the proposed plan is justified as public residing there can reach their destination in
time and by various route depending on their destination( as shown in plan above).
According to the general survey done including the reviews of local public on K-
road there is no bus service availability to reach the main roads of Gandhinagar so
the proposed plan is justified as public residing there can reach their destination in
time and by various route depending on their destination( as shown in plan above).
47
Rickshaw/plrt
PROPOSAL
Rickshaw/plrt
PROPOSAL
48
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED SERVICE
Classified volume count survey:
NOTE: intensity
I. low
II. moderate
III. high
Residential Commercial
(banks/stores/offices)
Institution/schools/
recreational
Health
care
CHH ROAD III III III -
CH-ROAD III III III I
GH-ROAD III III III II
G-ROAD II III II I
KH-ROAD II III III -
K-ROAD II III(GIDC*) - -
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED SERVICE
Classified volume count survey:
NOTE: intensity
I. low
II. moderate
III. high
Residential Commercial
(banks/stores/offices)
Institution/schools/
recreational
Health
care
CHH ROAD III III III -
CH-ROAD III III III I
GH-ROAD III III III II
G-ROAD II III II I
KH-ROAD II III III -
K-ROAD II III(GIDC*) - -
49
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED SERVICE
The proposed rickshaw stand proposal map
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED SERVICE
The proposed rickshaw stand proposal map
50
Justification for “Why not PLRT?”
As the provision of the magnetic markers, referred kerb and steel tracks for running
of PLRT the main concept of the last mile Para connectivity ( i.e. Door to door
connectivity) cannot be justified so the proposal of rickshaw service is more
prevailing.
Type of rickshaw proposed:
Justification for “Why not PLRT?”
As the provision of the magnetic markers, referred kerb and steel tracks for running
of PLRT the main concept of the last mile Para connectivity ( i.e. Door to door
connectivity) cannot be justified so the proposal of rickshaw service is more
prevailing.
Type of rickshaw proposed:
51
Justification for the connectivity of GEB colony to CHAREDI CHOKADI
As there is no connectivity along the road of GEB colony road & GEC Gandhinagar
a rickshaw stand can be provided so that the people living around that area can use
the rickshaw service to reach the cross road and then take the monorail to reach
their destination safely.
RICKSHAW
STAND
Justification for the connectivity of GEB colony to CHAREDI CHOKADI
As there is no connectivity along the road of GEB colony road & GEC Gandhinagar
a rickshaw stand can be provided so that the people living around that area can use
the rickshaw service to reach the cross road and then take the monorail to reach
their destination safely.
RICKSHAW
STAND
52
RICKSHAW
STAND
RICKSHAW
STAND
53
Map justifying THE LAST MILE PARA TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY
Map justifying THE LAST MILE PARA TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY
54
Problem Identification
Gandhinagar, the city to be developed as a twin city to neighbouring city Ahmedabad stays as
the capital of state of Gujarat.
Ahmedabad, the city just few kms away from Gandhinagar has more population than
Gandhinagar and it has a very good accessible and connective public transport system in form
of BRTS, AMTS and Feeder Buses.
Whereas Gandhinagar, the capital of state is a planned city but lacks an effective public
transport for mobilization of residents.
There is no connectivity between extent corners of the city.
Majority of resident’s uses private transport or para transit modes like rickshaw, Jeep etc.
Hence, it is the need of the hour to implement a public transport system which can cater the
needs of residents for internal transportation.
Problem Justification
Gandhinagar, the city to be developed as a twin city to
neighboring city Ahmedabad stays as the capital of state of Gujarat.
Ahmedabad, the city just few kms away from Gandhinagar has more population than
Gandhinagar and it has a very good accessible and connective public transport system in form
of BRTS, AMTS and Feeder Buses.
Whereas Gandhinagar, the capital of state is a planned city but lacks an effective public
transport for mobilization of residents.
There is no connectivity between extent corners of the city.
Majority of resident’s uses private transport or para transit modes like rickshaw, Jeep etc.
Hence, it is the need of the hour to implement a public transport system which can cater the
needs of residents for internal transportation.
Proposed Solution
To Identify the Corridor/Routes for the transit of the electrically driven public transport buses
connecting the extent corners of the city.
The electrically driven buses will run along the x and y directions on the arterials of the city
which will cover every corner of the city.
The internal or last mile transit can be established by integrating feeder bus system or para
transit.
Determination of bus station location and bus charging station.
Problem Identification
Gandhinagar, the city to be developed as a twin city to neighbouring city Ahmedabad stays as
the capital of state of Gujarat.
Ahmedabad, the city just few kms away from Gandhinagar has more population than
Gandhinagar and it has a very good accessible and connective public transport system in form
of BRTS, AMTS and Feeder Buses.
Whereas Gandhinagar, the capital of state is a planned city but lacks an effective public
transport for mobilization of residents.
There is no connectivity between extent corners of the city.
Majority of resident’s uses private transport or para transit modes like rickshaw, Jeep etc.
Hence, it is the need of the hour to implement a public transport system which can cater the
needs of residents for internal transportation.
Problem Justification
Gandhinagar, the city to be developed as a twin city to
neighboring city Ahmedabad stays as the capital of state of Gujarat.
Ahmedabad, the city just few kms away from Gandhinagar has more population than
Gandhinagar and it has a very good accessible and connective public transport system in form
of BRTS, AMTS and Feeder Buses.
Whereas Gandhinagar, the capital of state is a planned city but lacks an effective public
transport for mobilization of residents.
There is no connectivity between extent corners of the city.
Majority of resident’s uses private transport or para transit modes like rickshaw, Jeep etc.
Hence, it is the need of the hour to implement a public transport system which can cater the
needs of residents for internal transportation.
Proposed Solution
To Identify the Corridor/Routes for the transit of the electrically driven public transport buses
connecting the extent corners of the city.
The electrically driven buses will run along the x and y directions on the arterials of the city
which will cover every corner of the city.
The internal or last mile transit can be established by integrating feeder bus system or para
transit.
Determination of bus station location and bus charging station.
55
The time and distance analysis of each route will be determined. The frequency of buses will
be fixed after going through the initial iterations over the route.
Detailed Scope Of Work
To design and implement a clean and green Public transport system which can cater to the
needs of residents of G’nagar without disturbing the natural surroundings of the city.
To implement the electrically driven public transport buses this will contribute in increasing
carbon credit.
The O and M infrastructure like maintenance yard and charging stations will also be designed
and implemented.
Various Vertical Routes For Electrically Driven Public Transit Buses.
The time and distance analysis of each route will be determined. The frequency of buses will
be fixed after going through the initial iterations over the route.
Detailed Scope Of Work
To design and implement a clean and green Public transport system which can cater to the
needs of residents of G’nagar without disturbing the natural surroundings of the city.
To implement the electrically driven public transport buses this will contribute in increasing
carbon credit.
The O and M infrastructure like maintenance yard and charging stations will also be designed
and implemented.
Various Vertical Routes For Electrically Driven Public Transit Buses.
56
57
58
Name of Route is-Manoranjan Path
Name of Route is-Manoranjan Path
59
Route Details
Route Travel Time (min) Travel Distance (Km)
1 34 20.7
2 32 17.5
3 25 16.3
4 Manoranjan Path 19 15.7
Various Horizontal Routes for Electrically Driven Buses
Routes Details
Route Travel Time (Min) Travel Distance (Km)
6 24 11.6
Route Details
Route Travel Time (min) Travel Distance (Km)
1 34 20.7
2 32 17.5
3 25 16.3
4 Manoranjan Path 19 15.7
Various Horizontal Routes for Electrically Driven Buses
Routes Details
Route Travel Time (Min) Travel Distance (Km)
6 24 11.6
60
Special Routes Connecting Bus Stand And Railway Station
Route Travel Time Travel Distance
Special 11 Min 6.1 Km
Special Routes Connecting Bus Stand And Railway Station
Route Travel Time Travel Distance
Special 11 Min 6.1 Km
61
Chapter-6: Vehicular Technology for the bus
transportation systems
Smart Bus in Gandhinagar
Scope:-
Today there is problem of waiting for bus, problem of change after buying ticket, less comfort.
So smart buses fulfill all amenities to solve this problem.
It is directly connected to online server for:
(i) Live streaming.
(ii) Give exact location by GPS.
(iii) Online transaction.
(iv) Free Wi-Fi.
And there is also indicator on bus seat which guide tourist what is place surrounding him and where
is his/her stop.
Application:-
- For implementation of this system we requiring transmitter tower at frequent location for continue
connectivity of bus.
- One receiver in all bus.
- ATM card reader machine in all bus.
Planning:-
-by applying this system we can also integrate it with traffic control system.
-if it run efficiently all user wants to travel by bus and it reduce private vehicle traffic on road.
-it save time because we know bus location and when it is arrive at our location.
Chapter-6: Vehicular Technology for the bus
transportation systems
Smart Bus in Gandhinagar
Scope:-
Today there is problem of waiting for bus, problem of change after buying ticket, less comfort.
So smart buses fulfill all amenities to solve this problem.
It is directly connected to online server for:
(i) Live streaming.
(ii) Give exact location by GPS.
(iii) Online transaction.
(iv) Free Wi-Fi.
And there is also indicator on bus seat which guide tourist what is place surrounding him and where
is his/her stop.
Application:-
- For implementation of this system we requiring transmitter tower at frequent location for continue
connectivity of bus.
- One receiver in all bus.
- ATM card reader machine in all bus.
Planning:-
-by applying this system we can also integrate it with traffic control system.
-if it run efficiently all user wants to travel by bus and it reduce private vehicle traffic on road.
-it save time because we know bus location and when it is arrive at our location.
62
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION RELATED TO GANDHINAGAR CITY
Today there is problem of waiting for bus, problem of change after buying ticket, less comfort.
So smart buses fulfill all amenities to solve this problem.
Regular travellers in have been observed, that whenever we get a ticket from source to destination,
most of the time conductor doesn’t give money change back to passenger like Rs.1 or Rs.2.
For example, I travel most of time from Pathikashram (gandhinagar Bus Stand) to Bhaijipura Station
(PDPU) and the rent for the same is Rs.8. Now whenever we give conductor Rs. 10 he don’t give us
change and keep that Rs. 2 with himself. This is the case for most of the passenger on the bus.
Now seeing it on a bigger scale, approximately 24 lakh passenger travel every day into Gujarat
Government Bus (data mention on GSRTC website).Suppose even if for 10% passenger, conductor
doesn’t give Rs. 1 change the amount will be approx. 2.5 lakh/day for Gujarat state only. Now consider
if the same is happening all over country, then how much money people of country is losing every day
and hence Government of India. So for that type of problem we can provide small online payment
machine for buying ticket and it’s also provide beneficial support in cashless transaction.
There Is an another problem like waiting for a Bus and Bus not stopping during night time because of
traffic or other problem so for smart bus we also provide separate lane near left corner side for smart
buses(not like BRTS).
For passenger comfort we can provide facility to advance booking of seat in bus same as like Railway
Ticket booking. And we can also provide Pass (student, passenger, physical handicapped) scanning
system for easier way of checking for conductor and by this we can minimize illegal travel. And there
is an also tourist guide system in bus which give all guidance about near place and where is the stop of
passenger by using headphone. And also we can provide free Wi-Fi for passenger in Bus.
PROBLEM JUSTIFICATI OIN RELATED TO GANDHINAGAR CITY
Problem of change after buying ticket is major problem and it’s another solution is give same value
coupon which we can refer anywhere but it is a cheap solution not a smart solution so provide online
transaction system in bus is a smart solution of that problem.
There is an also problem of traffic during day/night between 6:00 to 9:00 because it is time which
most people use for going to job,school,college… so we can provide separate dedicated smart bus
lane at left side corner only for bus.
Smart buses provided at special time for special purpose like
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION RELATED TO GANDHINAGAR CITY
Today there is problem of waiting for bus, problem of change after buying ticket, less comfort.
So smart buses fulfill all amenities to solve this problem.
Regular travellers in have been observed, that whenever we get a ticket from source to destination,
most of the time conductor doesn’t give money change back to passenger like Rs.1 or Rs.2.
For example, I travel most of time from Pathikashram (gandhinagar Bus Stand) to Bhaijipura Station
(PDPU) and the rent for the same is Rs.8. Now whenever we give conductor Rs. 10 he don’t give us
change and keep that Rs. 2 with himself. This is the case for most of the passenger on the bus.
Now seeing it on a bigger scale, approximately 24 lakh passenger travel every day into Gujarat
Government Bus (data mention on GSRTC website).Suppose even if for 10% passenger, conductor
doesn’t give Rs. 1 change the amount will be approx. 2.5 lakh/day for Gujarat state only. Now consider
if the same is happening all over country, then how much money people of country is losing every day
and hence Government of India. So for that type of problem we can provide small online payment
machine for buying ticket and it’s also provide beneficial support in cashless transaction.
There Is an another problem like waiting for a Bus and Bus not stopping during night time because of
traffic or other problem so for smart bus we also provide separate lane near left corner side for smart
buses(not like BRTS).
For passenger comfort we can provide facility to advance booking of seat in bus same as like Railway
Ticket booking. And we can also provide Pass (student, passenger, physical handicapped) scanning
system for easier way of checking for conductor and by this we can minimize illegal travel. And there
is an also tourist guide system in bus which give all guidance about near place and where is the stop of
passenger by using headphone. And also we can provide free Wi-Fi for passenger in Bus.
PROBLEM JUSTIFICATI OIN RELATED TO GANDHINAGAR CITY
Problem of change after buying ticket is major problem and it’s another solution is give same value
coupon which we can refer anywhere but it is a cheap solution not a smart solution so provide online
transaction system in bus is a smart solution of that problem.
There is an also problem of traffic during day/night between 6:00 to 9:00 because it is time which
most people use for going to job,school,college… so we can provide separate dedicated smart bus
lane at left side corner only for bus.
Smart buses provided at special time for special purpose like
63
-School, University, Hospital, Shopping Centers and other activity centers.
Bus Time Frequency
On weekdays services run On weekends and public holidays
-every 15 minutes between 6.30am and
9.00pm
-on average every 30 minutes between
6.30pm and 9.00pm
-on average every 30 minutes between
6.00am and midnight on Saturdays and
public holidays
DETAILED SCOPE OF WORK
1) We provide smart bus as in Melbourne city.
-School, University, Hospital, Shopping Centers and other activity centers.
Bus Time Frequency
On weekdays services run On weekends and public holidays
-every 15 minutes between 6.30am and
9.00pm
-on average every 30 minutes between
6.30pm and 9.00pm
-on average every 30 minutes between
6.00am and midnight on Saturdays and
public holidays
DETAILED SCOPE OF WORK
1) We provide smart bus as in Melbourne city.
64
2) We provide special traffic signal for smart bus for rapid movement.
3) We
provide
smart bus station at specific location, and also provide music system like FM radio for
entertaining people who wait for Bus.
2) We provide special traffic signal for smart bus for rapid movement.
3) We
provide
smart bus station at specific location, and also provide music system like FM radio for
entertaining people who wait for Bus.
65
4) We design smart bus as it suspension come as road level at station for easier passenger
movement.
5) We provide bus route detail at station.
4) We design smart bus as it suspension come as road level at station for easier passenger
movement.
5) We provide bus route detail at station.
66
6) We provide push for information system for next bus arrival time and more detail for blind
people.
7) We provide smart bus station which give detail about next bus arrival time and its route.
6) We provide push for information system for next bus arrival time and more detail for blind
people.
7) We provide smart bus station which give detail about next bus arrival time and its route.
67
8) We want to provide online transaction machine in smart bus for cashless transaction.in fig we can
see that there is a smart card system in school bus for easy checking of student pass so if we provide
online transaction machine in bus it made easy payment of bus ticket.
9) We want to provide free Wi-Fi in smart bus which help the tourist for guidance about near place.
8) We want to provide online transaction machine in smart bus for cashless transaction.in fig we can
see that there is a smart card system in school bus for easy checking of student pass so if we provide
online transaction machine in bus it made easy payment of bus ticket.
9) We want to provide free Wi-Fi in smart bus which help the tourist for guidance about near place.
68
10) Other application which can make our bus transportation system better.
In this system at every bus stop passenger detection sensor is placed and its give live figure of
passenger at central bus depot.
For 10-15 passenger balloon indicate blue
For 15-25 passenger balloon indicate green.
For >25 passenger balloon indicate Red.
11) There is another smart bus solution for electric bus in this we can provide rapid battery charge
station at every bus stop which charge bus battery while passenger movement.
10) Other application which can make our bus transportation system better.
In this system at every bus stop passenger detection sensor is placed and its give live figure of
passenger at central bus depot.
For 10-15 passenger balloon indicate blue
For 15-25 passenger balloon indicate green.
For >25 passenger balloon indicate Red.
11) There is another smart bus solution for electric bus in this we can provide rapid battery charge
station at every bus stop which charge bus battery while passenger movement.
69
PROPOSED SOLUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
Smart Bus project require
-Separate dedicated road for smart bus (not like BRTS)
-Wireless Broadband connectivity transmitter at frequent location (ex. pickup stand) and receiver
in all buses.
-Smart bus station at particular location which give full detail about bus.
-if smart bus are battery operated than we also require battery charge station at several location.
PILOT PROJECT AND A REAL TIME CASE STUDY AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
This smart bus project already implemented in Melbourne city so it give us proper guide for our
project.
For our primarily test we can apply this project between Gandhinagar to Ahmedabad road.
TOTAL INTEGRATED SCENARIO PLANNING
(6A) SITUATION PREVAILING BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED SOLUTION
-more time wasted for bus waiting.
-change problem after buying ticket.
-passenger getting problem to pick up bus during traffic.
PROPOSED SOLUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
Smart Bus project require
-Separate dedicated road for smart bus (not like BRTS)
-Wireless Broadband connectivity transmitter at frequent location (ex. pickup stand) and receiver
in all buses.
-Smart bus station at particular location which give full detail about bus.
-if smart bus are battery operated than we also require battery charge station at several location.
PILOT PROJECT AND A REAL TIME CASE STUDY AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
This smart bus project already implemented in Melbourne city so it give us proper guide for our
project.
For our primarily test we can apply this project between Gandhinagar to Ahmedabad road.
TOTAL INTEGRATED SCENARIO PLANNING
(6A) SITUATION PREVAILING BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED SOLUTION
-more time wasted for bus waiting.
-change problem after buying ticket.
-passenger getting problem to pick up bus during traffic.
70
-less comfort in bus.
(6B) SCENARIO WHILE IMPLEMENTAION IS GOING ON
-if separate road provided for bus than there are no problem of traffic for passenger and time required
for travel is less.
- Only minor change in traffic signal is allowable because it can be easily understand by everyone.
-initially broadband connectivity problem getting problem because more time require for
implementation of free Wi-Fi in bus is require minimum 6 month.
(6C) REPERCUSSIONS/CONSEQUENCES AFTER THE IMPLEMENTAION PHASE
(POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPLICAITONS)
Positive Implications.
-rapid passenger transportation facility.
-Better and smart ride for passenger.
-less traffic problem for bus.
Negative Implications.
-if bus provide this type of facility than cost of ride is increase.
-smart people also required for smart solution because if people don’t avoid to use separate bus route
than this project is meaningless.
-if any problem in broadband connection than it cause major problem for bus operation system.
ROUGH ESTIMATE ABOUT INITIAL COST/ CAPEX REQUIREMENTS
-One Volvo bus price about 65 lakh so by this we can say that our smart bus price around 1 crore.
-One broadband telecommunication tower cost around 10-15 lakh to 30-40 lakh.
-One LED bus information indicator cost about 1 lakh.
Rough Estimation of Speed of Smart bus and its efficiency:-
Average speed 20 kmph
Maximum speed 41 kmph
Cost efficiency:-
-less comfort in bus.
(6B) SCENARIO WHILE IMPLEMENTAION IS GOING ON
-if separate road provided for bus than there are no problem of traffic for passenger and time required
for travel is less.
- Only minor change in traffic signal is allowable because it can be easily understand by everyone.
-initially broadband connectivity problem getting problem because more time require for
implementation of free Wi-Fi in bus is require minimum 6 month.
(6C) REPERCUSSIONS/CONSEQUENCES AFTER THE IMPLEMENTAION PHASE
(POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPLICAITONS)
Positive Implications.
-rapid passenger transportation facility.
-Better and smart ride for passenger.
-less traffic problem for bus.
Negative Implications.
-if bus provide this type of facility than cost of ride is increase.
-smart people also required for smart solution because if people don’t avoid to use separate bus route
than this project is meaningless.
-if any problem in broadband connection than it cause major problem for bus operation system.
ROUGH ESTIMATE ABOUT INITIAL COST/ CAPEX REQUIREMENTS
-One Volvo bus price about 65 lakh so by this we can say that our smart bus price around 1 crore.
-One broadband telecommunication tower cost around 10-15 lakh to 30-40 lakh.
-One LED bus information indicator cost about 1 lakh.
Rough Estimation of Speed of Smart bus and its efficiency:-
Average speed 20 kmph
Maximum speed 41 kmph
Cost efficiency:-
71
The fuel consumption was determined to in average 26 liter per 100 km (for the average speed of 60
km/h) so by this we can say that average 30kmph speed our fuel consumption is about 25 liter per
75km so our transportation cost is about 20rs/km
If we use electric bus that cost is about 5rs/km.
The fuel consumption was determined to in average 26 liter per 100 km (for the average speed of 60
km/h) so by this we can say that average 30kmph speed our fuel consumption is about 25 liter per
75km so our transportation cost is about 20rs/km
If we use electric bus that cost is about 5rs/km.
72
Chapter-7: Uninterrupted Water Supply &
Monitoring Systems
BACKGROUND
Gandhinagar is a proud participant in the challenge of the Smart City. The guidelines and mission
of the Smart City states that is should have adequate facilities that include following things:-
Adequate or say 24 x 7 water supply
Assured electricity supply,
sanitation, including solid waste management
efficient urban mobility and public transport,
affordable housing, especially for the poor,
robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation,
sustainable environment,
safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly, and
health and education
We will now be focusing on one the feature of Smart City –“Adequate or say 24 x 7 water supply”
The issues and justification are dealt herewith to make “GANDHINAGAR AS SMART CITY”
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION :
As per the Census 2011 the
population of Gandhinagar is
2,06,167 and Considering the
outskirts ie Villages the
population is 2,92,797.The
major Source of Water for the
City of Gandhinagar is the
Narmada Canal. The Water is
then pumped near Nabhoi
Village which is further send
into different zones for
Distribution in the Gujarat
Urban Development
Authority (GUDA) and
Gandhinagar District. Water,
Electricity, Transportation
and Housing are the basic
facilities that a city requires
to convert it into a livable city. Further these entire if are interconnected with the ICT and using it
in a smart way makes the City more or less comparable to the definition of “SMART CITY”
Fig:1 Gandhinagar Map showing the Sector wise division
Chapter-7: Uninterrupted Water Supply &
Monitoring Systems
BACKGROUND
Gandhinagar is a proud participant in the challenge of the Smart City. The guidelines and mission
of the Smart City states that is should have adequate facilities that include following things:-
Adequate or say 24 x 7 water supply
Assured electricity supply,
sanitation, including solid waste management
efficient urban mobility and public transport,
affordable housing, especially for the poor,
robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation,
sustainable environment,
safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly, and
health and education
We will now be focusing on one the feature of Smart City –“Adequate or say 24 x 7 water supply”
The issues and justification are dealt herewith to make “GANDHINAGAR AS SMART CITY”
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION :
As per the Census 2011 the
population of Gandhinagar is
2,06,167 and Considering the
outskirts ie Villages the
population is 2,92,797.The
major Source of Water for the
City of Gandhinagar is the
Narmada Canal. The Water is
then pumped near Nabhoi
Village which is further send
into different zones for
Distribution in the Gujarat
Urban Development
Authority (GUDA) and
Gandhinagar District. Water,
Electricity, Transportation
and Housing are the basic
facilities that a city requires
to convert it into a livable city. Further these entire if are interconnected with the ICT and using it
in a smart way makes the City more or less comparable to the definition of “SMART CITY”
Fig:1 Gandhinagar Map showing the Sector wise division
73
Gandhinagar city has major issues of Water Distribution System. The Following are the issues:
1. The issues are that the communities living at the dead end are not able to get the adequate
water with the sufficient Head / Pressure.
2. The Water supplied only for 3- 4 hours only rather than 24 x 7 Water Supply which results
into wastage issues and loss of water.
3. The Issue of water Theft and Non revenue Water which is outcome of less water supply.
4. There is no proper monitoring system which can address the above mentioned issues and
collection of the bill or revenue is not proper.
This makes us to focus more on this Water Supply Issue in the City which is basic and essential
necessity. Water is the Basic necessity for any city so distribution and management should be done
in a smarter way. Thus, an attempt to make Gandhinagar a Smart city.
PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION
The issues that are listed above are due to reasons mentioned in the below points. The people at the
dead end are not getting enough water with sufficient Pressure and head is because of two reasons:
a. The Distribution system is designed in a way that the people near by the Water Works gets
water with the adequate pressure as the distance increases the pressure also decrease.
b. The consumption is more than the supply and no major technology is used to detect supply –
Demand Gap.
c. The laying of Pipelines is done properly but no methods are there to detect the Water Supplied
from the headworks and how much it reaches to the Ground Level due to the losses or water
theft.
d. The Water Supply is for 3-4 Hour and therefore people have tendencies to store as much as
water they can and so the Pressure is not maintained again.
Thus all these are interrelated and if one of them gets solved the other issues can more or less be
solved and in fact resulting into better management of bill and revenues Collection. Thus decreasing
the water losses and wastage and making it economical.
SCOPE OF WORK
As the issues are identified, the scope of work would be to provide the community at the dead end
with the adequate Water Head /Pressure of 7-8 Meters (depending upon the Site Conditions the
figures might vary to +_1m). Also we will be calculating the losses or leakage in between by
measuring the Flow and the pressure required for 24 x 7 Supply. The Scope of work will include
Laying/ Fixing of pressure meters , Water meters at household level, recording the water usage and
then collecting the water Charges. The proposed improvements in services are proposed to be
initiated and implemented in the phases if needed.
Gandhinagar city has major issues of Water Distribution System. The Following are the issues:
1. The issues are that the communities living at the dead end are not able to get the adequate
water with the sufficient Head / Pressure.
2. The Water supplied only for 3- 4 hours only rather than 24 x 7 Water Supply which results
into wastage issues and loss of water.
3. The Issue of water Theft and Non revenue Water which is outcome of less water supply.
4. There is no proper monitoring system which can address the above mentioned issues and
collection of the bill or revenue is not proper.
This makes us to focus more on this Water Supply Issue in the City which is basic and essential
necessity. Water is the Basic necessity for any city so distribution and management should be done
in a smarter way. Thus, an attempt to make Gandhinagar a Smart city.
PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION
The issues that are listed above are due to reasons mentioned in the below points. The people at the
dead end are not getting enough water with sufficient Pressure and head is because of two reasons:
a. The Distribution system is designed in a way that the people near by the Water Works gets
water with the adequate pressure as the distance increases the pressure also decrease.
b. The consumption is more than the supply and no major technology is used to detect supply –
Demand Gap.
c. The laying of Pipelines is done properly but no methods are there to detect the Water Supplied
from the headworks and how much it reaches to the Ground Level due to the losses or water
theft.
d. The Water Supply is for 3-4 Hour and therefore people have tendencies to store as much as
water they can and so the Pressure is not maintained again.
Thus all these are interrelated and if one of them gets solved the other issues can more or less be
solved and in fact resulting into better management of bill and revenues Collection. Thus decreasing
the water losses and wastage and making it economical.
SCOPE OF WORK
As the issues are identified, the scope of work would be to provide the community at the dead end
with the adequate Water Head /Pressure of 7-8 Meters (depending upon the Site Conditions the
figures might vary to +_1m). Also we will be calculating the losses or leakage in between by
measuring the Flow and the pressure required for 24 x 7 Supply. The Scope of work will include
Laying/ Fixing of pressure meters , Water meters at household level, recording the water usage and
then collecting the water Charges. The proposed improvements in services are proposed to be
initiated and implemented in the phases if needed.
74
Phase: 1: Installation of the pump at the Water Works, pressures meters at intermittent stages
Phase: 2 Procurement of customer meters, starting of installation of meter and service
connection
Phase: 3 Operations and Maintenance
PROPOSAL FOR THE SMART WATER SYSTEM
The Population of Gandhinagar City from the Census 2011 is 2, 06,617 which considering the
increase of 0.15, the projected formula is 2, 37,610. So the Demand of water comes out to be
45MLD considering a requirement of 190LPCD.
To address the issue of the Water Losses and the to supply the Water with the Adequate Pressure,
the Demand Driven Distribution using the Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps with the Split Casing
with the Multistage Pump Controllers(MPC) is proposed.
The Demand Driven Distribution works on the basis of Demand as the name suggests. In this
system there will Horizontal pumps with MPC which will be having a pressure meter that is
maintained at the Head Works and other pressure at the Intermediate or at the Dead End Connection
which will be measure the pressure required and as per this will regulate the Flow.
Secondly, the Smart meters would be installed at the household level and constant reading will be
provided in the Meter Management Database System.
The Collection of the Water Charges will be based on this meter reading. But it would be such that
the up to certain fixed consumption the Charges would be only
Fig:3 The Working of the System
Phase: 1: Installation of the pump at the Water Works, pressures meters at intermittent stages
Phase: 2 Procurement of customer meters, starting of installation of meter and service
connection
Phase: 3 Operations and Maintenance
PROPOSAL FOR THE SMART WATER SYSTEM
The Population of Gandhinagar City from the Census 2011 is 2, 06,617 which considering the
increase of 0.15, the projected formula is 2, 37,610. So the Demand of water comes out to be
45MLD considering a requirement of 190LPCD.
To address the issue of the Water Losses and the to supply the Water with the Adequate Pressure,
the Demand Driven Distribution using the Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps with the Split Casing
with the Multistage Pump Controllers(MPC) is proposed.
The Demand Driven Distribution works on the basis of Demand as the name suggests. In this
system there will Horizontal pumps with MPC which will be having a pressure meter that is
maintained at the Head Works and other pressure at the Intermediate or at the Dead End Connection
which will be measure the pressure required and as per this will regulate the Flow.
Secondly, the Smart meters would be installed at the household level and constant reading will be
provided in the Meter Management Database System.
The Collection of the Water Charges will be based on this meter reading. But it would be such that
the up to certain fixed consumption the Charges would be only
Fig:3 The Working of the System
75
As one can see in the Figure above, the working of the system becomes clear. Basically, the
question then comes about the arrangement of this pumps and pressure meters at various
locations?
One can decide this using the data that was used to design the existing Water Supply Distribution
Network in Gandhinagar. And the Pressure calculated using the Softwares of Water Supply can be
given to the Demand Driven Manufacturing Pumps and accordingly the design of the pump and
calibration can be done. Also The Multistage Pump Controller (MPC) will also be calibrated and
used as the site conditions. There are companies making the Pump Assembly. One of the
Examples is the City of Ploesti, Romania which uses Grudfoss Pumps of this kind for the Water
Supply.
PILOT PROJECT AND A REAL TIME CASE STUDY:
The issues addressed above are observed in many countries and efforts are already put on to provide
the communities with the 24 x 7 Water Supply. This method is implemented in to the Municipality
of Ploesti, Romania.
We will further discuss that how these management of pressure reduce the Water Leakage issues
and the Non revenue Water problems (NRW).Pressure Management is implemented at the Ploesti
Nord Gageni water supply zone, one of four water supply zones in this city of over 230,000
inhabitants.
The Situation in 2010 was such that Ploesti Nord Gageni zone supplies water to 60,000 consumers
at 13,000 households. The weekly pumped volume is approximately 100,000 m3 per week, or 5
million m3 per year. Pump pressure was 2.9 Bar during the day and 2.6 Bar at night. Non-Revenue
Water (NRW) losses were at 30%, meaning 1.5 million m3 water is lost per year.
Comparing the existing constant pressure model with a Demand Driven Distribution model Showed
that a pressure management system generated substantially higher savings for energy consumption
and reductions in leakage loss. Also the Water was available with the adequate pressure at the dead
ends
As one can see in the Figure above, the working of the system becomes clear. Basically, the
question then comes about the arrangement of this pumps and pressure meters at various
locations?
One can decide this using the data that was used to design the existing Water Supply Distribution
Network in Gandhinagar. And the Pressure calculated using the Softwares of Water Supply can be
given to the Demand Driven Manufacturing Pumps and accordingly the design of the pump and
calibration can be done. Also The Multistage Pump Controller (MPC) will also be calibrated and
used as the site conditions. There are companies making the Pump Assembly. One of the
Examples is the City of Ploesti, Romania which uses Grudfoss Pumps of this kind for the Water
Supply.
PILOT PROJECT AND A REAL TIME CASE STUDY:
The issues addressed above are observed in many countries and efforts are already put on to provide
the communities with the 24 x 7 Water Supply. This method is implemented in to the Municipality
of Ploesti, Romania.
We will further discuss that how these management of pressure reduce the Water Leakage issues
and the Non revenue Water problems (NRW).Pressure Management is implemented at the Ploesti
Nord Gageni water supply zone, one of four water supply zones in this city of over 230,000
inhabitants.
The Situation in 2010 was such that Ploesti Nord Gageni zone supplies water to 60,000 consumers
at 13,000 households. The weekly pumped volume is approximately 100,000 m3 per week, or 5
million m3 per year. Pump pressure was 2.9 Bar during the day and 2.6 Bar at night. Non-Revenue
Water (NRW) losses were at 30%, meaning 1.5 million m3 water is lost per year.
Comparing the existing constant pressure model with a Demand Driven Distribution model Showed
that a pressure management system generated substantially higher savings for energy consumption
and reductions in leakage loss. Also the Water was available with the adequate pressure at the dead
ends
76
Savings on reduced NRW are calculated from accepted international calculations of leakage rates
and estimated reductions. Using FAVAD (Fixed and Variable Area Discharges) methodology,
developed by the International Water Association (IWA). FAVAD equations are able to take
account of pressure and flow, even where precise figures are not available due to insufficient
knowledge of the network. These calculations are based on the following assumptions:
The number of connections
Legitimate consumption, meaning the
expected consumption in the given population i.e. number of households multiplied With
the expected average night consumption
Exceptional users, meaning known users that exceed the legitimate flow
Minimum night flow, averaged over one hour, based on 15 minutes samplings between 3am
and 4am.
For the Ploesti Nord Gageni zone calculations, the following equation was applied:
NRW (Leakage) = Minimum Night Flow - (Exceptional
User + Legitimate Consumption
Leakage rates and possible reductions are calculated from estimated yearly flow, based on the
figures from the test periods outlined above.
RESULTS & BENEFITS IN ROMANIA.
Demand Driven Distribution reduces NRW (leakage) losses by 6.6% ≈ 146,000 M3/year.
Demand Driven Distribution reduced Specific Energy (kWh/m3) by 7.4% ≈ 48,000
KWh/year.
Savings on reduced NRW are calculated from accepted international calculations of leakage rates
and estimated reductions. Using FAVAD (Fixed and Variable Area Discharges) methodology,
developed by the International Water Association (IWA). FAVAD equations are able to take
account of pressure and flow, even where precise figures are not available due to insufficient
knowledge of the network. These calculations are based on the following assumptions:
The number of connections
Legitimate consumption, meaning the
expected consumption in the given population i.e. number of households multiplied With
the expected average night consumption
Exceptional users, meaning known users that exceed the legitimate flow
Minimum night flow, averaged over one hour, based on 15 minutes samplings between 3am
and 4am.
For the Ploesti Nord Gageni zone calculations, the following equation was applied:
NRW (Leakage) = Minimum Night Flow - (Exceptional
User + Legitimate Consumption
Leakage rates and possible reductions are calculated from estimated yearly flow, based on the
figures from the test periods outlined above.
RESULTS & BENEFITS IN ROMANIA.
Demand Driven Distribution reduces NRW (leakage) losses by 6.6% ≈ 146,000 M3/year.
Demand Driven Distribution reduced Specific Energy (kWh/m3) by 7.4% ≈ 48,000
KWh/year.
77
Adequate Supply for 24 hours is possible with a pressure of about 7 meters on an average.
Reducing pressure at night resulted in reductions in NRW (leakage) losses and energy consumption,
when compared to Constant Pressure whereas the Demand Driven Distribution doubled the
reductions for both measurements, when compared with Constant Pressure.
“We have done a good job in reducing leakages and adequate supply with head over the last 10
years. We were happily surprised that Demand Driven Distribution could reduce our leakage
losses even further” said by Alina Micalache, Director, APA Nova Ploiesti, Romania
TOTAL INTEGRATED SCENARIO PLANNING.
Implementing this scheme would lead to a considerable saving in the economic as well as the Water
losses. Also the communities will get the 24 x 7 Water Supply systems and as there would be no
requirement of storing of water automatically the pressure would increase at the Dead End
Initially the issues of inadequate water will be resolved since we will be bridge the gap between
supply & demand. After the implementation of this proposal, judicious use of water will be done
so automatically the awareness in the people will be there to waste less water which will help in
the communities at dead end to get water adequately.
As far as during the implementation is concerned we will do it in such a way that people will get
the water as early as possible.
This approximation is done considering there is no repairing works required much and the care for
the utility diversion as well as the Traffic diversion will taken care of by the respective authority.
Also Burst rate and repair costs reduced and the Asset lifetime extended leading to the reduction in
the overall maintenance of the Cost.
PROPOSAL COST:
The Costing is carried out considering the Pilot scale Plant and the figures might depend upon
the Site Conditions:
S.No Description of Item Amount (Rs/-)
1 Capital Cost ( A+B) 76,50,000
A Set Up Cost ( Automated Revenue Company
including the Systems equipments)
30,00,000
B New Asset (Pumps, Pressure meters ,Smart
Meters )
46,50,000
2 Operating Cost (C+D) 9,50,000
C O&M Manpower Cost 6,00,000
D O&M Other Cost 3,50,000
3 Contingency Charges (2%) 1,72,000
Say 87,72,000
Adequate Supply for 24 hours is possible with a pressure of about 7 meters on an average.
Reducing pressure at night resulted in reductions in NRW (leakage) losses and energy consumption,
when compared to Constant Pressure whereas the Demand Driven Distribution doubled the
reductions for both measurements, when compared with Constant Pressure.
“We have done a good job in reducing leakages and adequate supply with head over the last 10
years. We were happily surprised that Demand Driven Distribution could reduce our leakage
losses even further” said by Alina Micalache, Director, APA Nova Ploiesti, Romania
TOTAL INTEGRATED SCENARIO PLANNING.
Implementing this scheme would lead to a considerable saving in the economic as well as the Water
losses. Also the communities will get the 24 x 7 Water Supply systems and as there would be no
requirement of storing of water automatically the pressure would increase at the Dead End
Initially the issues of inadequate water will be resolved since we will be bridge the gap between
supply & demand. After the implementation of this proposal, judicious use of water will be done
so automatically the awareness in the people will be there to waste less water which will help in
the communities at dead end to get water adequately.
As far as during the implementation is concerned we will do it in such a way that people will get
the water as early as possible.
This approximation is done considering there is no repairing works required much and the care for
the utility diversion as well as the Traffic diversion will taken care of by the respective authority.
Also Burst rate and repair costs reduced and the Asset lifetime extended leading to the reduction in
the overall maintenance of the Cost.
PROPOSAL COST:
The Costing is carried out considering the Pilot scale Plant and the figures might depend upon
the Site Conditions:
S.No Description of Item Amount (Rs/-)
1 Capital Cost ( A+B) 76,50,000
A Set Up Cost ( Automated Revenue Company
including the Systems equipments)
30,00,000
B New Asset (Pumps, Pressure meters ,Smart
Meters )
46,50,000
2 Operating Cost (C+D) 9,50,000
C O&M Manpower Cost 6,00,000
D O&M Other Cost 3,50,000
3 Contingency Charges (2%) 1,72,000
Say 87,72,000
78
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION RELATED TO GANDHINAGAR CITY
This diagram shows the water supply from main canal to pumping stations and then water is supplied
to different sector in gandhinagar.
The Water Treatment Plant are:-
1 Sarita Udhyan
2 charedi
Using this water supply network diagram of gandhinagar I have identified the area where water
problem is more frequently occurring in sector-5 as the water is supplied from sector 10 then to
sector 9 then network goes in various sector.
As the data says water supply scheme of GWSSB is designed in such a manner that 200 lpcd is
provided to each person (depending on current population) but then why water in not reaching
properly in every sector.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION RELATED TO GANDHINAGAR CITY
This diagram shows the water supply from main canal to pumping stations and then water is supplied
to different sector in gandhinagar.
The Water Treatment Plant are:-
1 Sarita Udhyan
2 charedi
Using this water supply network diagram of gandhinagar I have identified the area where water
problem is more frequently occurring in sector-5 as the water is supplied from sector 10 then to
sector 9 then network goes in various sector.
As the data says water supply scheme of GWSSB is designed in such a manner that 200 lpcd is
provided to each person (depending on current population) but then why water in not reaching
properly in every sector.
79
The Real Costs of Water Wastage to us and the Environment
When you consider all the pipes, taps, fittings and appliances in the community, the real extent of the
water lost and damage caused by known and unknown leaks and wastage, is measured in billions of
litres and hundreds of millions of dollars. Tons of CO² emissions can be saved by reducing the energy
required to purify and pump water, which is lost to leaks and wastage.
Aqua Trip will detect the leaks as they appear, stop the waste and alert the consumer to the existence
of a problem with their plumbing.
The Real Costs of Water Wastage to us and the Environment
When you consider all the pipes, taps, fittings and appliances in the community, the real extent of the
water lost and damage caused by known and unknown leaks and wastage, is measured in billions of
litres and hundreds of millions of dollars. Tons of CO² emissions can be saved by reducing the energy
required to purify and pump water, which is lost to leaks and wastage.
Aqua Trip will detect the leaks as they appear, stop the waste and alert the consumer to the existence
of a problem with their plumbing.
80
http://www.aquatrip.com.au/truths.html
This table shows an estimated amount of water loss and cost due to this leakage problem
DETAILED SCOPE OF WORK
If we apply sensors and other leak detection tools (vibration sensor, Google Maps, monitoring, cloud
computing, M2M, big data) in the pipe line then the water loss can be minimized.
But how to apply these sensors?
As it is not possible to apply these sensors to the existing structure so the measure for this if we apply
these sensors in all new structure that are being constructed in Gandhinagar then the water losses and
theft in construction projects can be reduced.
All these sensors must be linked with GIS software (ARC GIS) so that data can be tracked and leak
and other problem in pipeline can be identified.
How to apply these sensors???
Figure showing water leak detection technique.
EVENT WATER LOSS $ COST
Dripping Tap
A tap leaking at the rate of one drop per second will waste
almost 20,000 litres in a year.
$ 54 a
Year
A Burst Pipe
A burst pipe or a tap left fully open will waste up to 60 litres
per minute or 86,000 litres in only one day.
$ 230 a
DAY
Leaky Toilet
A toilet with an invisible leak will waste more than 8,000
litres per year, and a toilet with a barely audible leak will
waste over 100,000 litres per year.
$ 268 a
Year
Community
Leaks
In a community of 50,000 residential properties, if 1 in 50
(that's only 1,000 homes) taps or appliances lose a drop a
second, the annual loss will be at least 200 million litres or
5,000 average size swimming pools.
$ 536,000
a Year
Community
Toilets
In the same community, if 1 in 20 (that's 2,500 Homes)
toilets have a small invisible leak, the annual loss will be at
least 15 million litres or 375 average size swimming pools.
$ 40,200 a
Year
http://www.aquatrip.com.au/truths.html
This table shows an estimated amount of water loss and cost due to this leakage problem
DETAILED SCOPE OF WORK
If we apply sensors and other leak detection tools (vibration sensor, Google Maps, monitoring, cloud
computing, M2M, big data) in the pipe line then the water loss can be minimized.
But how to apply these sensors?
As it is not possible to apply these sensors to the existing structure so the measure for this if we apply
these sensors in all new structure that are being constructed in Gandhinagar then the water losses and
theft in construction projects can be reduced.
All these sensors must be linked with GIS software (ARC GIS) so that data can be tracked and leak
and other problem in pipeline can be identified.
How to apply these sensors???
Figure showing water leak detection technique.
EVENT WATER LOSS $ COST
Dripping Tap
A tap leaking at the rate of one drop per second will waste
almost 20,000 litres in a year.
$ 54 a
Year
A Burst Pipe
A burst pipe or a tap left fully open will waste up to 60 litres
per minute or 86,000 litres in only one day.
$ 230 a
DAY
Leaky Toilet
A toilet with an invisible leak will waste more than 8,000
litres per year, and a toilet with a barely audible leak will
waste over 100,000 litres per year.
$ 268 a
Year
Community
Leaks
In a community of 50,000 residential properties, if 1 in 50
(that's only 1,000 homes) taps or appliances lose a drop a
second, the annual loss will be at least 200 million litres or
5,000 average size swimming pools.
$ 536,000
a Year
Community
Toilets
In the same community, if 1 in 20 (that's 2,500 Homes)
toilets have a small invisible leak, the annual loss will be at
least 15 million litres or 375 average size swimming pools.
$ 40,200 a
Year
81
PROPOSED SOLUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
The complete Procedure:-
Sensor Loggers
The small cylindrical body of each sensor logger (Photo) consists of packaged: vibration sensor,
memory, battery, logic, wireless device and antenna. It has a powerful magnet at the bottom so that it
may be attached and detached freely to a metallic section of the water pipe equipment, such as to a fire
hydrant or water stop valve in a manhole. The battery is capable of continuous use for five years
(variable depending on the operating conditions). The sensor loggers are installed at intervals of about
200 meters in existing manholes. They communicate with a network device, as described below, via a
specified low power radio that does not need a license.
Network Device
• Relay equipment (for permanent collection)
A repeater is a device for collecting information from the sensor logger that is installed on a public
utilities pole or similar facility within some tens of meters of each sensor logger. In a similar manner
to the sensor logger a battery is incorporated so that it may be used continuously for a long period
without maintenance.
• Base stations (for permanent collection)
The base station is the communication device for gathering information from the repeater. It uses a
specified license-free low power radio for communication for approximately 0.5 to 1 km distance in
line of sight from each repeater installation location. The data is then communicated to the NEC cloud
computer via the PTSN, etc.
• Data collector (for drive-by collection)
In addition to the permanent data collection function, data from the sensor loggers may also be collected
using a data collector that can be installed easily on a vehicle. With this method, data is collected by a
drive by vehicle so that permanent collection equipment is not necessary.
PILOT PROJECT AND A REAL TIME CASE STUDY AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
Pilot project will be in any new construction site where these sensors can be applied and can be
monitored in Gandhinagar. As pilot project we could apply this sensor logger on the main pipeline
from where the water is supplied to the site. And then we will see that project is positive or negative.
PROPOSED SOLUTION WITH RESPECT TO THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
The complete Procedure:-
Sensor Loggers
The small cylindrical body of each sensor logger (Photo) consists of packaged: vibration sensor,
memory, battery, logic, wireless device and antenna. It has a powerful magnet at the bottom so that it
may be attached and detached freely to a metallic section of the water pipe equipment, such as to a fire
hydrant or water stop valve in a manhole. The battery is capable of continuous use for five years
(variable depending on the operating conditions). The sensor loggers are installed at intervals of about
200 meters in existing manholes. They communicate with a network device, as described below, via a
specified low power radio that does not need a license.
Network Device
• Relay equipment (for permanent collection)
A repeater is a device for collecting information from the sensor logger that is installed on a public
utilities pole or similar facility within some tens of meters of each sensor logger. In a similar manner
to the sensor logger a battery is incorporated so that it may be used continuously for a long period
without maintenance.
• Base stations (for permanent collection)
The base station is the communication device for gathering information from the repeater. It uses a
specified license-free low power radio for communication for approximately 0.5 to 1 km distance in
line of sight from each repeater installation location. The data is then communicated to the NEC cloud
computer via the PTSN, etc.
• Data collector (for drive-by collection)
In addition to the permanent data collection function, data from the sensor loggers may also be collected
using a data collector that can be installed easily on a vehicle. With this method, data is collected by a
drive by vehicle so that permanent collection equipment is not necessary.
PILOT PROJECT AND A REAL TIME CASE STUDY AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
Pilot project will be in any new construction site where these sensors can be applied and can be
monitored in Gandhinagar. As pilot project we could apply this sensor logger on the main pipeline
from where the water is supplied to the site. And then we will see that project is positive or negative.
82
ROUGH ESTIMATE ABOUT INITIAL COST/ CAPEX REQUIREMENTS
In this project we need
Wi-Fi connection
Photo sensor device
Mobile application
Computer
GIS software
One sensors is around (1356-1500) INR
Future Perspectives
It is well known that the water management is very important Nevertheless, since most waterworks
were installed in past are going to demolished soon , the ratio of decrepit pipes used over 40 years is
sure to increase rapidly in the future, while investment of high expenses for water pipe updating cannot
be expected because of depopulation. Is therefore indispensable to manage the installed water pipes
more efficiently than before by utilizing the force of ICT, since the problem of water leaks is more
serious in every part of our nation. So using these sensors and other tools water leakage problem can
be minimized.
ROUGH ESTIMATE ABOUT INITIAL COST/ CAPEX REQUIREMENTS
In this project we need
Wi-Fi connection
Photo sensor device
Mobile application
Computer
GIS software
One sensors is around (1356-1500) INR
Future Perspectives
It is well known that the water management is very important Nevertheless, since most waterworks
were installed in past are going to demolished soon , the ratio of decrepit pipes used over 40 years is
sure to increase rapidly in the future, while investment of high expenses for water pipe updating cannot
be expected because of depopulation. Is therefore indispensable to manage the installed water pipes
more efficiently than before by utilizing the force of ICT, since the problem of water leaks is more
serious in every part of our nation. So using these sensors and other tools water leakage problem can
be minimized.
83
Chapter-8: Recycling Of Grey Water And
Rainwater Harvesting
INTRODUCTION
Grey Water
Grey water is all wastewater that is discharged from a house, excluding black water (toilet
water). This includes water from showers, bathtubs, sinks, kitchen, dishwashers, laundry tubs, and
washing machines. It commonly contains soap, shampoo and toothpaste, food scraps, cooking oils,
detergents and hair. Grey water makes up the largest proportion of the total wastewater flow from
households in terms of volume. Typically, 50-80% of the household wastewater is grey water. If a
composting toilet is also used, then 100% of the household wastewater is grey water.
Studies in different countries have estimated that the usable domestic grey water resource
could amount to 35% of the total domestic demand. Clean grey water is also produced by non-
domestic establishments such as swimming pools, restaurants, hotels, schools, and other public
buildings.
The grey water can be collected before it goes to the septic tank or the municipal wastewater
system, and may be reused to irrigate plants after providing simple treatment. With a little additional
treatment, this water can be also used for toilet flushing and other applications. Of course, some
safeguards are required. The risks to the human and plant health should be minimized. In certain
cases, no treatment may be required.
Necessity of grey water recycling
India is facing a water crisis and by 2025 it is estimated that India's population will be
suffering from severe water scarcity. There will be an increase in stress on sanitation and wastewater
disposal system.
Recyclable grey water will meet 40-50% of total water requirement, so that we can reduce
the fresh water consumption.
Reuse of water particularly grey water is important in the context of availability of rainwater
and over-extraction of ground water for meeting water demand during annual cycle.
Grey water exposure risk to humans and ecosystems. It prevents pollution of surface water,
ground water, and land.
Objectives of grey water recycling
The purpose of this overview is to provide guidance about the impacts of grey water reuse
on human health, plants, animals and the environment.
In addition, this overview will focus on the reuse of grey water for domestic purposes without
compromising public health; and on how to maintain and enhance the quality of the environment by
setting minimum standards for the design and installation of grey water reuse systems.
Chapter-8: Recycling Of Grey Water And
Rainwater Harvesting
INTRODUCTION
Grey Water
Grey water is all wastewater that is discharged from a house, excluding black water (toilet
water). This includes water from showers, bathtubs, sinks, kitchen, dishwashers, laundry tubs, and
washing machines. It commonly contains soap, shampoo and toothpaste, food scraps, cooking oils,
detergents and hair. Grey water makes up the largest proportion of the total wastewater flow from
households in terms of volume. Typically, 50-80% of the household wastewater is grey water. If a
composting toilet is also used, then 100% of the household wastewater is grey water.
Studies in different countries have estimated that the usable domestic grey water resource
could amount to 35% of the total domestic demand. Clean grey water is also produced by non-
domestic establishments such as swimming pools, restaurants, hotels, schools, and other public
buildings.
The grey water can be collected before it goes to the septic tank or the municipal wastewater
system, and may be reused to irrigate plants after providing simple treatment. With a little additional
treatment, this water can be also used for toilet flushing and other applications. Of course, some
safeguards are required. The risks to the human and plant health should be minimized. In certain
cases, no treatment may be required.
Necessity of grey water recycling
India is facing a water crisis and by 2025 it is estimated that India's population will be
suffering from severe water scarcity. There will be an increase in stress on sanitation and wastewater
disposal system.
Recyclable grey water will meet 40-50% of total water requirement, so that we can reduce
the fresh water consumption.
Reuse of water particularly grey water is important in the context of availability of rainwater
and over-extraction of ground water for meeting water demand during annual cycle.
Grey water exposure risk to humans and ecosystems. It prevents pollution of surface water,
ground water, and land.
Objectives of grey water recycling
The purpose of this overview is to provide guidance about the impacts of grey water reuse
on human health, plants, animals and the environment.
In addition, this overview will focus on the reuse of grey water for domestic purposes without
compromising public health; and on how to maintain and enhance the quality of the environment by
setting minimum standards for the design and installation of grey water reuse systems.
84
The main objectives are:
To minimize the fresh water consumption
Protection of ground water
Protection of surface water
Protection of land and vegetation
Prevention of public health risk
protection of the community against possible disease transmission arising from improper
grey water reuse
To ensure that grey water installations do not harm the environment, or cause a nuisance, and
are appropriately sited and maintained according to a regulatory standard.
The benefits of grey water recycling
Lower fresh water use
Grey water can replace fresh water in many instances, saving money and increasing the
effective water supply in regions where irrigation is needed. Residential water use is almost evenly
split between indoor and outdoor. All except toilet water could be recycled outdoors, achieving the
same result with significantly less water diverted from nature.
Less strain on septic tank or treatment plant
Grey water use greatly extends the useful life and capacity of septic systems. For municipal
treatment systems, decreased wastewater flow means higher treatment effectiveness and lower costs.
Highly effective purification
Grey water is purified to a spectacularly high degree in the upper, most biologically active
region of the soil. This protects the quality of natural surface and ground waters.
Site unsuitable for a septic tank
For sites with slow soil percolation or other problems, a grey water system can be a partial or
complete substitute for a very costly, over-engineered system.
Less energy and chemical use
Less energy and chemicals are used due to the reduced amount of both freshwater and
wastewater that needs pumping and treatment. For those providing their own water or electricity, the
advantage of a reduced burden on the infrastructure is felt directly. Also, treating your wastewater
in the soil under your own fruit trees definitely encourages you to dump fewer toxic chemicals down
the drain.
The main objectives are:
To minimize the fresh water consumption
Protection of ground water
Protection of surface water
Protection of land and vegetation
Prevention of public health risk
protection of the community against possible disease transmission arising from improper
grey water reuse
To ensure that grey water installations do not harm the environment, or cause a nuisance, and
are appropriately sited and maintained according to a regulatory standard.
The benefits of grey water recycling
Lower fresh water use
Grey water can replace fresh water in many instances, saving money and increasing the
effective water supply in regions where irrigation is needed. Residential water use is almost evenly
split between indoor and outdoor. All except toilet water could be recycled outdoors, achieving the
same result with significantly less water diverted from nature.
Less strain on septic tank or treatment plant
Grey water use greatly extends the useful life and capacity of septic systems. For municipal
treatment systems, decreased wastewater flow means higher treatment effectiveness and lower costs.
Highly effective purification
Grey water is purified to a spectacularly high degree in the upper, most biologically active
region of the soil. This protects the quality of natural surface and ground waters.
Site unsuitable for a septic tank
For sites with slow soil percolation or other problems, a grey water system can be a partial or
complete substitute for a very costly, over-engineered system.
Less energy and chemical use
Less energy and chemicals are used due to the reduced amount of both freshwater and
wastewater that needs pumping and treatment. For those providing their own water or electricity, the
advantage of a reduced burden on the infrastructure is felt directly. Also, treating your wastewater
in the soil under your own fruit trees definitely encourages you to dump fewer toxic chemicals down
the drain.
85
Groundwater recharge
Grey water application in excess of plant needs recharges groundwater.
Plant growth
Grey water enables a landscape to flourish where water may not otherwise be available to
support much plant growth.
Reclamation of otherwise wasted nutrients
Loss of nutrients through wastewater disposal in rivers or oceans is a subtle, but highly
significant form of erosion. Reclaiming nutrients in grey water helps to maintain the fertility of the
land.
Increased awareness of and sensitivity to natural cycles
Grey water use yields the satisfaction of taking responsibility for the wise husbandry of an
important resource.
Health considerations
Effects of grey water reuse on human health
Grey water is contaminated with human excretions from bathing and laundry. Microbial and
chemical contamination of grey water poses a potential risk to human health, a risk that is likely to
be increased if microbial contamination is increased. It is important to recognize that grey water does
have the potential to transmit disease.
The environmental transmission of pathogens occurs through several different routes. These may be:
Directly through contact with grey water;
Directly through contaminated drinking-water;
Directly through vegetables, shellfish or other food products exposed to contaminated
water or soil;
By accidental ingestion of contaminated water during recreational activities;
By inhalation of aerosols or dust due to irrigation with grey water;
Vector-borne transmission where the vector or the intermediate host breeds in water;
and
By secondary transmission through contact with infected individuals.
Groundwater recharge
Grey water application in excess of plant needs recharges groundwater.
Plant growth
Grey water enables a landscape to flourish where water may not otherwise be available to
support much plant growth.
Reclamation of otherwise wasted nutrients
Loss of nutrients through wastewater disposal in rivers or oceans is a subtle, but highly
significant form of erosion. Reclaiming nutrients in grey water helps to maintain the fertility of the
land.
Increased awareness of and sensitivity to natural cycles
Grey water use yields the satisfaction of taking responsibility for the wise husbandry of an
important resource.
Health considerations
Effects of grey water reuse on human health
Grey water is contaminated with human excretions from bathing and laundry. Microbial and
chemical contamination of grey water poses a potential risk to human health, a risk that is likely to
be increased if microbial contamination is increased. It is important to recognize that grey water does
have the potential to transmit disease.
The environmental transmission of pathogens occurs through several different routes. These may be:
Directly through contact with grey water;
Directly through contaminated drinking-water;
Directly through vegetables, shellfish or other food products exposed to contaminated
water or soil;
By accidental ingestion of contaminated water during recreational activities;
By inhalation of aerosols or dust due to irrigation with grey water;
Vector-borne transmission where the vector or the intermediate host breeds in water;
and
By secondary transmission through contact with infected individuals.
86
Disease transmission is determined by several pathogen-related factors including:
An organism’s ability to survive or multiply in the environment (some pathogens
require the presence of specific intermediate hosts to complete their life-cycles);
Latent periods (many pathogens are immediately infectious; others may require a
period of time before they become infectious); and
An organism’s ability to infect the host (some pathogens can cause infections when
present in small numbers, such as Ascaris, others may require a million or more
organisms to cause infection).
However, there are no recorded incidents of serious effects on human health from the reuse of grey
water.
To minimize the risk to human health and to prevent a nuisance from grey water reuse, the following
considerations are important:
Grey water systems must dispose of the grey water below ground surface unless
treated and disinfected to meet an appropriate standard.
The system must be designed and operated to prevent human contact with grey water.
There must be no cross connection with a potable water supply.
Grey water must not be allowed to enter any storm water drainage system.
Grey water should not be used in a manner that may result in direct contact with
vegetables or other edible plants. It may be used to irrigate fruit plants where the fruit
does not make contact with grey water.
The opportunity for the breeding of mosquitoes must not be permitted in any part of
the grey water system [in conveyance, treatment, storage, or soil application.
Grey water must not be allowed to pond on the surface or to run off the property.
Disinfection and other advanced treatment systems must be applied to reach the
required standard for use in toilet flushing and for car washing.
The land application system must be signposted to advise that grey water is being
reused and that contact with the water must be avoided.
Grey water should not be stored, unless it has been treated and disinfected.
Sprinkler irrigation must be avoided.
Effects of grey water reuse on plants
Most grey water is used to irrigate plants, and so the most immediate risks of pollutant
constituents in the grey water are related to plant health. Grey water may be beneficial for plants
because it contains nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, but it may also contain sodium and
chloride, which can be harmful to some plant species. It is assumed that users will avoid the disposal
of inappropriate substances [paints, antifreeze, solvents, mothballs, wastewater from oily rags,
chemicals from photographic laboratories, etc.) into grey water. However, many grey water sources
contain substances which may have harmful effects on plants. Laundry products, in particular, use a
variety of chemicals that can be harmful to plants. Most soaps and detergents—including baking
soda—contain sodium compounds. High levels of sodium can cause discoloration and burning of
leaves, and can contribute toward an alkaline soil condition. In addition, high sodium can be toxic to
Disease transmission is determined by several pathogen-related factors including:
An organism’s ability to survive or multiply in the environment (some pathogens
require the presence of specific intermediate hosts to complete their life-cycles);
Latent periods (many pathogens are immediately infectious; others may require a
period of time before they become infectious); and
An organism’s ability to infect the host (some pathogens can cause infections when
present in small numbers, such as Ascaris, others may require a million or more
organisms to cause infection).
However, there are no recorded incidents of serious effects on human health from the reuse of grey
water.
To minimize the risk to human health and to prevent a nuisance from grey water reuse, the following
considerations are important:
Grey water systems must dispose of the grey water below ground surface unless
treated and disinfected to meet an appropriate standard.
The system must be designed and operated to prevent human contact with grey water.
There must be no cross connection with a potable water supply.
Grey water must not be allowed to enter any storm water drainage system.
Grey water should not be used in a manner that may result in direct contact with
vegetables or other edible plants. It may be used to irrigate fruit plants where the fruit
does not make contact with grey water.
The opportunity for the breeding of mosquitoes must not be permitted in any part of
the grey water system [in conveyance, treatment, storage, or soil application.
Grey water must not be allowed to pond on the surface or to run off the property.
Disinfection and other advanced treatment systems must be applied to reach the
required standard for use in toilet flushing and for car washing.
The land application system must be signposted to advise that grey water is being
reused and that contact with the water must be avoided.
Grey water should not be stored, unless it has been treated and disinfected.
Sprinkler irrigation must be avoided.
Effects of grey water reuse on plants
Most grey water is used to irrigate plants, and so the most immediate risks of pollutant
constituents in the grey water are related to plant health. Grey water may be beneficial for plants
because it contains nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, but it may also contain sodium and
chloride, which can be harmful to some plant species. It is assumed that users will avoid the disposal
of inappropriate substances [paints, antifreeze, solvents, mothballs, wastewater from oily rags,
chemicals from photographic laboratories, etc.) into grey water. However, many grey water sources
contain substances which may have harmful effects on plants. Laundry products, in particular, use a
variety of chemicals that can be harmful to plants. Most soaps and detergents—including baking
soda—contain sodium compounds. High levels of sodium can cause discoloration and burning of
leaves, and can contribute toward an alkaline soil condition. In addition, high sodium can be toxic to
87
certain plants and can prevent calcium from reaching them. A second possible effect of some types
of sodium is a disturbance of the soil’s ability to absorb water. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
is the parameter that measures the effect on the soil’s structure of sodium compounds. A high SAR
(13 or above) will result in soils with reduced permeability and aeration, and a general degradation
of the soil’s structure. Therefore, a build-up of sodium over time will reduce the soil’s ability to
support plants. This is probably one of the most serious potential long-term consequences of
irrigation with grey water.
Detergent and laundry products also contain other chemicals that are harmful to plants, such
as boron, chlorides and peroxides. Boron, for example, is very toxic to most plants. Plant damage
from exposure to excessive amounts of boron is first displayed by a
burnt appearance to the edges of the leaves. Other symptoms of boron toxicity include leaf cupping,
chlorosis, branch dieback, premature leaf drop and reduced growth.
Bleaches commonly contain chlorides that can also damage plants, particularly if the bleach
water actually touches the foliage. One symptom of chlorine-induced damage is a tendency for new,
expanding leaves to appear bleached. Ammonia is often used as a substitute for bleach, as it also
breaks down grease, and is preferable as a household cleaning and deodorizing agent.
All of the above-mentioned threats to plant health can be avoided by adopting the correct use
of grey water as will be discussed later
The general effects of grey water chemical contents on plants include the following.
Boron is considered a plant micronutrient and is required in small concentrations. Most
soils provide adequate amounts of this chemical. Concentrations slightly higher than
those considered beneficial can cause damage or death to plants.
Nitrogen is a necessary nutrient for plant growth, and is extremely beneficial as a
supplement to landscape plants.
Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for plant growth, and is very beneficial as a
supplement to landscape plants.
Potassium is a plant nutrient, which is, in general, beneficial, especially in soil with high
alkalinity.
Sodium can act as a poison to plants by reducing the plant’s ability to take up water from
the soil. It can build up in the soil gradually and increases the soil’s toxicity.
Chlorine is undesirable for plants in large amounts, although it is found in small amounts
in many municipal water supplies. Bleaches and detergents carry large amounts of
chlorine.
To minimize the adverse effects of grey water reuse on plant health the following
considerations are important:
Plants irrigated with grey water must be monitored regularly for symptoms of
damage.
Water quality and nutrients to be used for irrigation must be monitored and applied
at a rate required to meet the demand of the vegetation. Application
beyond this rate poses a threat of surface run-off, or contamination of
certain plants and can prevent calcium from reaching them. A second possible effect of some types
of sodium is a disturbance of the soil’s ability to absorb water. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
is the parameter that measures the effect on the soil’s structure of sodium compounds. A high SAR
(13 or above) will result in soils with reduced permeability and aeration, and a general degradation
of the soil’s structure. Therefore, a build-up of sodium over time will reduce the soil’s ability to
support plants. This is probably one of the most serious potential long-term consequences of
irrigation with grey water.
Detergent and laundry products also contain other chemicals that are harmful to plants, such
as boron, chlorides and peroxides. Boron, for example, is very toxic to most plants. Plant damage
from exposure to excessive amounts of boron is first displayed by a
burnt appearance to the edges of the leaves. Other symptoms of boron toxicity include leaf cupping,
chlorosis, branch dieback, premature leaf drop and reduced growth.
Bleaches commonly contain chlorides that can also damage plants, particularly if the bleach
water actually touches the foliage. One symptom of chlorine-induced damage is a tendency for new,
expanding leaves to appear bleached. Ammonia is often used as a substitute for bleach, as it also
breaks down grease, and is preferable as a household cleaning and deodorizing agent.
All of the above-mentioned threats to plant health can be avoided by adopting the correct use
of grey water as will be discussed later
The general effects of grey water chemical contents on plants include the following.
Boron is considered a plant micronutrient and is required in small concentrations. Most
soils provide adequate amounts of this chemical. Concentrations slightly higher than
those considered beneficial can cause damage or death to plants.
Nitrogen is a necessary nutrient for plant growth, and is extremely beneficial as a
supplement to landscape plants.
Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for plant growth, and is very beneficial as a
supplement to landscape plants.
Potassium is a plant nutrient, which is, in general, beneficial, especially in soil with high
alkalinity.
Sodium can act as a poison to plants by reducing the plant’s ability to take up water from
the soil. It can build up in the soil gradually and increases the soil’s toxicity.
Chlorine is undesirable for plants in large amounts, although it is found in small amounts
in many municipal water supplies. Bleaches and detergents carry large amounts of
chlorine.
To minimize the adverse effects of grey water reuse on plant health the following
considerations are important:
Plants irrigated with grey water must be monitored regularly for symptoms of
damage.
Water quality and nutrients to be used for irrigation must be monitored and applied
at a rate required to meet the demand of the vegetation. Application
beyond this rate poses a threat of surface run-off, or contamination of
88
groundwater.
If any signs of plant injury appear, grey water use must be discontinued or reduced.
Particular care should be given to water containing detergents, bleach or boron; in
addition, only detergents that contain small amounts of chloride and boron must be
used.
Applying grey water directly to foliage or stems must be avoided.
Grey water should only be used on well-established plants, not on seedlings or young
plants, as they are more sensitive to the impurities in the grey water.
USES
Indoor reuse
Recycled grey water from showers and bathtubs can be used for flushing toilets. The
International Plumbing Code has provision for reusing the grey water for residential buildings. Such
a system could provide an estimated 30% reduction in water use for the average household.
a cleaning tank, to eliminate floating and sinking items
watering to house gardens
Groundwater Recharging
By using treated grey water, ground water use can be decreased and also recharging of
ground water is possible thus the level of ground water will increase. Recharging can be done using
different recharging technique.
Irrigation
Grey water is directly used for irrigating some plants, fruits and vegetables. The productivity
also increases. Treated grey water can be used for all spices due to decreased level of toxicity.
It can be used in different industries for different manufacturing process Grey water
is best suited to the irrigation of plants, trees and shrubs. Ideally, the area to be
irrigated should be at a lower level than the grey water output so that the entire system
can be operated by gravity, and thus there is no need for a pump.
Drip irrigation hoses with small holes may clog due to the presence of solid material
in the grey water, or following the growth of algae in the hose. Therefore, holes of at
least a 3 mm diameter should be provided.
For untreated grey water, the possibility of human contact should be avoided. Grey
water, therefore, should not be used for the irrigation of lawns, unless they are for
ornamental purposes only and are not used by children or household animals, or are
irrigated by subsurface irrigation systems that reduce the risk of human contact.
However, surface irrigation is permitted provided that the user is careful to avoid
contact with the grey water.
Irrigation of vegetables that will be cooked before they are eaten is also permitted,
groundwater.
If any signs of plant injury appear, grey water use must be discontinued or reduced.
Particular care should be given to water containing detergents, bleach or boron; in
addition, only detergents that contain small amounts of chloride and boron must be
used.
Applying grey water directly to foliage or stems must be avoided.
Grey water should only be used on well-established plants, not on seedlings or young
plants, as they are more sensitive to the impurities in the grey water.
USES
Indoor reuse
Recycled grey water from showers and bathtubs can be used for flushing toilets. The
International Plumbing Code has provision for reusing the grey water for residential buildings. Such
a system could provide an estimated 30% reduction in water use for the average household.
a cleaning tank, to eliminate floating and sinking items
watering to house gardens
Groundwater Recharging
By using treated grey water, ground water use can be decreased and also recharging of
ground water is possible thus the level of ground water will increase. Recharging can be done using
different recharging technique.
Irrigation
Grey water is directly used for irrigating some plants, fruits and vegetables. The productivity
also increases. Treated grey water can be used for all spices due to decreased level of toxicity.
It can be used in different industries for different manufacturing process Grey water
is best suited to the irrigation of plants, trees and shrubs. Ideally, the area to be
irrigated should be at a lower level than the grey water output so that the entire system
can be operated by gravity, and thus there is no need for a pump.
Drip irrigation hoses with small holes may clog due to the presence of solid material
in the grey water, or following the growth of algae in the hose. Therefore, holes of at
least a 3 mm diameter should be provided.
For untreated grey water, the possibility of human contact should be avoided. Grey
water, therefore, should not be used for the irrigation of lawns, unless they are for
ornamental purposes only and are not used by children or household animals, or are
irrigated by subsurface irrigation systems that reduce the risk of human contact.
However, surface irrigation is permitted provided that the user is careful to avoid
contact with the grey water.
Irrigation of vegetables that will be cooked before they are eaten is also permitted,
89
provided that the grey water makes no contact with the vegetables. However,
irrigation of vegetables that have contact with the ground (such as potatoes), or those
that are likely to be eaten raw (such as lettuce, carrots, and tomatoes), should be
avoided, in addition to leafy edible plants (such as mint and parsley). Grey water is
best suited for the irrigation of mature plants (not
saplings) that have considerable tolerance to salinity, sodium compounds and high
pH levels.
Grey water should be used in quantities that can be taken up by the plants and the
soil. Excess grey water will flow to the groundwater and may cause contamination.
Grey water tends to be slightly alkaline. Shade-loving and acid-loving plants do not
like the alkalinity of grey water. Following is a list of some of the plants that are not
suited to alkaline conditions
Only products with very low phosphorous content should be used. Phosphorous
content ranges from 0.05% up to 10% in various detergents. Plants of the Proteaceae
family (such as Grevillea, Hakea, Banksias and Silky Oak) are susceptible to excess
phosphates. These plants are not ideally suited to grey water reuse.
Detergents and powder cleaners that contain boron should be used sparingly to protect
plant life.
It is important to check the facility on a regular weekly basis to ensure that grey water
is not surfacing or ponding, that the plants and the soil are healthy, and that the
equipment is working properly.
Miscellaneous
It can be used in different industries for different manufacturing process
Treatment systems for grey water
General considerations
Depending upon the economic aspects and required effluent quality, grey water undergoes
different degrees of treatment before being reused or disposed
Screening
Screening is the first technique employed in primary treatment, which is the first step in the
treatment process.
This step removes all sorts of refuse that has arrived with the grey water such as plastic, rags,
and metals. The screening process is used primarily to present the clogging and interference of the
following treatment processes.
provided that the grey water makes no contact with the vegetables. However,
irrigation of vegetables that have contact with the ground (such as potatoes), or those
that are likely to be eaten raw (such as lettuce, carrots, and tomatoes), should be
avoided, in addition to leafy edible plants (such as mint and parsley). Grey water is
best suited for the irrigation of mature plants (not
saplings) that have considerable tolerance to salinity, sodium compounds and high
pH levels.
Grey water should be used in quantities that can be taken up by the plants and the
soil. Excess grey water will flow to the groundwater and may cause contamination.
Grey water tends to be slightly alkaline. Shade-loving and acid-loving plants do not
like the alkalinity of grey water. Following is a list of some of the plants that are not
suited to alkaline conditions
Only products with very low phosphorous content should be used. Phosphorous
content ranges from 0.05% up to 10% in various detergents. Plants of the Proteaceae
family (such as Grevillea, Hakea, Banksias and Silky Oak) are susceptible to excess
phosphates. These plants are not ideally suited to grey water reuse.
Detergents and powder cleaners that contain boron should be used sparingly to protect
plant life.
It is important to check the facility on a regular weekly basis to ensure that grey water
is not surfacing or ponding, that the plants and the soil are healthy, and that the
equipment is working properly.
Miscellaneous
It can be used in different industries for different manufacturing process
Treatment systems for grey water
General considerations
Depending upon the economic aspects and required effluent quality, grey water undergoes
different degrees of treatment before being reused or disposed
Screening
Screening is the first technique employed in primary treatment, which is the first step in the
treatment process.
This step removes all sorts of refuse that has arrived with the grey water such as plastic, rags,
and metals. The screening process is used primarily to present the clogging and interference of the
following treatment processes.
90
Figure 2.9 Screen Bars
This type of screen, called a bar screen, removes debris from grey water.
Screens are considered coarse if their opening are larger than 6mm, fine if their openings are
between 1.5 and 6mm, and very fine if their openings are between 0.2 and 1.5mm.
Screens are cleaned manually if the object caught is larger and mechanically if finer particles
are caught. The angle of the screen may also be varied to affect the efficiency of filtration.
Sedimentation
Sedimentation (settling) is the separation of suspended particles that are heavier than water.
The sedimentation of particles are based on the gravity force from the differences in density between
particles and the fluid. Sedimentation is widely used in treatment systems. A successful
sedimentation is crucial for the overall efficiency of the plant. Common examples include the
removal of;
Grit and particulate matter in the primary settling basin (settling tanks that receive
raw wastewater prior to biological treatment are called primary tanks,
foresedimenting).
Chemical flocs in the chemical step.
Often, the settler connected to the activated sludge process is the main bottle neck in the
plant. The seemingly simple process has proven to be the weak link in many treatment plants.
Depending on the particles concentration and the interaction between particles, four types of settling
can occur:
Discrete particle settling. The particles settle without interaction and occurs under
low solids concentration. A typical occurrence of this type of settling is the removal
of sand particles.
Flocculent settling. This is defined as a condition where particles initially settle
independently, but flocculate in the depth of the clarification unit. The velocity of
settling particles are usually increasing as the particles aggregates. The mechanisms
of flocculent settling are not well understood.
Hindered settling. Inter-particle forces are sufficient to hinder the settling of
neighbouring particles. The particles tend to remain in a fixed positions with respect
to each others. This type of settling is typical in the settler for the activated sludge
Figure 2.9 Screen Bars
This type of screen, called a bar screen, removes debris from grey water.
Screens are considered coarse if their opening are larger than 6mm, fine if their openings are
between 1.5 and 6mm, and very fine if their openings are between 0.2 and 1.5mm.
Screens are cleaned manually if the object caught is larger and mechanically if finer particles
are caught. The angle of the screen may also be varied to affect the efficiency of filtration.
Sedimentation
Sedimentation (settling) is the separation of suspended particles that are heavier than water.
The sedimentation of particles are based on the gravity force from the differences in density between
particles and the fluid. Sedimentation is widely used in treatment systems. A successful
sedimentation is crucial for the overall efficiency of the plant. Common examples include the
removal of;
Grit and particulate matter in the primary settling basin (settling tanks that receive
raw wastewater prior to biological treatment are called primary tanks,
foresedimenting).
Chemical flocs in the chemical step.
Often, the settler connected to the activated sludge process is the main bottle neck in the
plant. The seemingly simple process has proven to be the weak link in many treatment plants.
Depending on the particles concentration and the interaction between particles, four types of settling
can occur:
Discrete particle settling. The particles settle without interaction and occurs under
low solids concentration. A typical occurrence of this type of settling is the removal
of sand particles.
Flocculent settling. This is defined as a condition where particles initially settle
independently, but flocculate in the depth of the clarification unit. The velocity of
settling particles are usually increasing as the particles aggregates. The mechanisms
of flocculent settling are not well understood.
Hindered settling. Inter-particle forces are sufficient to hinder the settling of
neighbouring particles. The particles tend to remain in a fixed positions with respect
to each others. This type of settling is typical in the settler for the activated sludge
91
process (secondary clarifier).
Compression settling. This occurs when the particle concentration is so high that so
that particles at one level are mechanically influenced by particles on lower levels.
The settling velocity then drastically reduces.
Sedimentation ponds
Sedimentation/stabilization ponds shown in figure 2.10 can be used as first sludge treatment
step when land availability is not a problem. They can receive fresh sludge. The raw sludge is loaded
onto the pond; solids settle and accumulate at the bottom of the pond while the clarified liquid flows
out of the pond. Ponds are usually designed with a high retention time. Therefore, not only
sedimentation but also anaerobic degradation contributes to the improvement of the effluent quality.
It is assumed that large sedimentation ponds are more appropriate for the treatment of fresh
public toilet sludge or a sludge mixture containing a high amount of public toilet sludge. The reason
is that the higher retention time would allow for
partial stabilization of the fresh sludge and thus
reduce the negative impact of intense bubbling on
particles settling. Sedimentation ponds have longer
sediment removal intervals than septic tanks. Sludge
is removed once, twice or more often per year. At
least two parallel ponds are required to assure
continuous operation. The sediment is removed after
removal of the liquid column and a period of drying.
Both liquid and sediments require further treatment.
Figure 2.10 Sedimentation Pond
process (secondary clarifier).
Compression settling. This occurs when the particle concentration is so high that so
that particles at one level are mechanically influenced by particles on lower levels.
The settling velocity then drastically reduces.
Sedimentation ponds
Sedimentation/stabilization ponds shown in figure 2.10 can be used as first sludge treatment
step when land availability is not a problem. They can receive fresh sludge. The raw sludge is loaded
onto the pond; solids settle and accumulate at the bottom of the pond while the clarified liquid flows
out of the pond. Ponds are usually designed with a high retention time. Therefore, not only
sedimentation but also anaerobic degradation contributes to the improvement of the effluent quality.
It is assumed that large sedimentation ponds are more appropriate for the treatment of fresh
public toilet sludge or a sludge mixture containing a high amount of public toilet sludge. The reason
is that the higher retention time would allow for
partial stabilization of the fresh sludge and thus
reduce the negative impact of intense bubbling on
particles settling. Sedimentation ponds have longer
sediment removal intervals than septic tanks. Sludge
is removed once, twice or more often per year. At
least two parallel ponds are required to assure
continuous operation. The sediment is removed after
removal of the liquid column and a period of drying.
Both liquid and sediments require further treatment.
Figure 2.10 Sedimentation Pond
92
Disadvantages:
High land requirement
Advantages:
Simple operation
Cheap construction
Good sedimentation properties
Good stabilisation capacities
Filtration
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation
of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can
pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. Oversize solids in the fluid are retained, but
the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain
fine particles (depending on the pore size and filter thickness).
Filtration is also used to describe some biological processes, especially in water treatment
and sewage treatment in which undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological
film grown on or in the filter medium as in slow sand filtration.
Figure 2.11 Filter
Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension, where the fluid can be a liquid,
a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application, either one or both of the components
may be isolated.
Filtration, as a physical operation is very important in chemistry for the separation of materials
of different chemical composition. A solvent is chosen which dissolves one component, while
not dissolving the other. By dissolving the mixture in the chosen solvent, one component will go
into the solution and pass through the filter, while the other will be retained. This is one of the
Disadvantages:
High land requirement
Advantages:
Simple operation
Cheap construction
Good sedimentation properties
Good stabilisation capacities
Filtration
Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation
of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can
pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. Oversize solids in the fluid are retained, but
the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain
fine particles (depending on the pore size and filter thickness).
Filtration is also used to describe some biological processes, especially in water treatment
and sewage treatment in which undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological
film grown on or in the filter medium as in slow sand filtration.
Figure 2.11 Filter
Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension, where the fluid can be a liquid,
a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application, either one or both of the components
may be isolated.
Filtration, as a physical operation is very important in chemistry for the separation of materials
of different chemical composition. A solvent is chosen which dissolves one component, while
not dissolving the other. By dissolving the mixture in the chosen solvent, one component will go
into the solution and pass through the filter, while the other will be retained. This is one of the
93
most important techniques used by chemists to purify compounds.
Filtration is also important and widely used as one of the unit operations of chemical engineering.
It may be simultaneously combined with other unit operations to process the feed stream, as in
the biofilter, which is a combined filter and biological digestion device.
Filtration differs from sieving, where separation occurs at a single perforated layer (a sieve). In
sieving, particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained (see particle
size distribution). In filtration, a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow
the tortuous channels of the filter. Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter
and may also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter (blinding).
Commercially, the term filter is applied to membranes where the separation lattice is so thin that
the surface becomes the main zone of particle separation, even though these products might be
described as sieves.
Filtration differs from adsorption, where it is not the physical size of particles that causes
separation but the effects of surface charge. Some adsorption devices containing activated
charcoal and ion exchange resin are commercially called filters, although filtration is not their
principal function.
Filtration differs from removal of magnetic contaminants from fluids with magnets (typically
lubrication oil, coolants and fuel oils), because there is no filter medium.
Commercial devices called "magnetic filters" are sold, but the name reflects their use, not their
mode of operation.
Two main types of filter media are employed in any chemical laboratory— surface filter, a solid
sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid of filter paper (e.g. Buchner funnel, Belt
filter, Rotary vacuumdrum filter, Cross-flow filters, Screen filter), and a depth filter, a bed of granular
material which retains the solid particles as it passes (e.g. sand filter). The first type allows the solid
particles, i.e. the residue, to be collected intact; the second type does not permit this. However, the
second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be
trapped. Also, when the solid particles are very fine, it is often cheaper and easier to discard the
contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve.
Filter media can be cleaned by rinsing with solvents or detergents. Alternatively, in engineering
applications, such as swimming pool water treatment plants, they may be cleaned by backwashing.
Self-cleaning screen filters utilize point-of-suction backwashing to clean the screen without
interrupting system flow.
Wetland System (Biofilters)
Constructed wetlands have been used successfully in the past for the treatment of wastewaters.
Physical, chemical, and biological processes combine in wetlands to remove contaminants from
wastewater. Grey water treatment is achieved by soil filtration in reed-bed systems which reduce the
organic load of the grey water considerably, in addition to decreasing the concentrations of faecal
bacteria. If properly designed, these systems would produce a clear and odorless effluent, which can
be stored for several days without the need for disinfection. One disadvantage is the high evaporation
rate from the reed beds, especially in warm climates and the high space requirement. Compared to
most important techniques used by chemists to purify compounds.
Filtration is also important and widely used as one of the unit operations of chemical engineering.
It may be simultaneously combined with other unit operations to process the feed stream, as in
the biofilter, which is a combined filter and biological digestion device.
Filtration differs from sieving, where separation occurs at a single perforated layer (a sieve). In
sieving, particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained (see particle
size distribution). In filtration, a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow
the tortuous channels of the filter. Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter
and may also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter (blinding).
Commercially, the term filter is applied to membranes where the separation lattice is so thin that
the surface becomes the main zone of particle separation, even though these products might be
described as sieves.
Filtration differs from adsorption, where it is not the physical size of particles that causes
separation but the effects of surface charge. Some adsorption devices containing activated
charcoal and ion exchange resin are commercially called filters, although filtration is not their
principal function.
Filtration differs from removal of magnetic contaminants from fluids with magnets (typically
lubrication oil, coolants and fuel oils), because there is no filter medium.
Commercial devices called "magnetic filters" are sold, but the name reflects their use, not their
mode of operation.
Two main types of filter media are employed in any chemical laboratory— surface filter, a solid
sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid of filter paper (e.g. Buchner funnel, Belt
filter, Rotary vacuumdrum filter, Cross-flow filters, Screen filter), and a depth filter, a bed of granular
material which retains the solid particles as it passes (e.g. sand filter). The first type allows the solid
particles, i.e. the residue, to be collected intact; the second type does not permit this. However, the
second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be
trapped. Also, when the solid particles are very fine, it is often cheaper and easier to discard the
contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve.
Filter media can be cleaned by rinsing with solvents or detergents. Alternatively, in engineering
applications, such as swimming pool water treatment plants, they may be cleaned by backwashing.
Self-cleaning screen filters utilize point-of-suction backwashing to clean the screen without
interrupting system flow.
Wetland System (Biofilters)
Constructed wetlands have been used successfully in the past for the treatment of wastewaters.
Physical, chemical, and biological processes combine in wetlands to remove contaminants from
wastewater. Grey water treatment is achieved by soil filtration in reed-bed systems which reduce the
organic load of the grey water considerably, in addition to decreasing the concentrations of faecal
bacteria. If properly designed, these systems would produce a clear and odorless effluent, which can
be stored for several days without the need for disinfection. One disadvantage is the high evaporation
rate from the reed beds, especially in warm climates and the high space requirement. Compared to
94
conventional treatment methods, constructed wetlands tend to be simple, inexpensive and
environmentally friendly. They also provide food and habitat for wildlife and create pleasant
landscapes.
Feed pump will pump the Grey Water from Raw Grey Water tank it to the self-cleaning filter
whiels than bassen to sand media filter. Air blowers are provided to mix air in the raw grey water
tank. This serves twin purpose of mixing the raw grey and removal of odour by providing
sufficient oxygen, thereby avoiding septicity of raw water. A suitable coagulant is dosed so as to
facilitate removal of suspended solids depending on characteristics of grey water.
A constructed wetland
THE WORKING OF PACT GREY WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
After sand media filter the water goes to activated carbon filter where odour / traces of
hydrocarbons etc are removed. The exhausted sand media filter and carbon filter are backwashed by
conventional treatment methods, constructed wetlands tend to be simple, inexpensive and
environmentally friendly. They also provide food and habitat for wildlife and create pleasant
landscapes.
Feed pump will pump the Grey Water from Raw Grey Water tank it to the self-cleaning filter
whiels than bassen to sand media filter. Air blowers are provided to mix air in the raw grey water
tank. This serves twin purpose of mixing the raw grey and removal of odour by providing
sufficient oxygen, thereby avoiding septicity of raw water. A suitable coagulant is dosed so as to
facilitate removal of suspended solids depending on characteristics of grey water.
A constructed wetland
THE WORKING OF PACT GREY WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
After sand media filter the water goes to activated carbon filter where odour / traces of
hydrocarbons etc are removed. The exhausted sand media filter and carbon filter are backwashed by
95
a separate backwash duty pump using treated Grey Water. The filtered water is free from suspended
solids and odour and is disinfected by an appropriate amount of chlorine which is continuously dosed
by a dosing pump. Additionally ozonation or/and ultra violet sterilizer can also be provide for
disinfection depending on application and clients requirement. All equipment are provided as
working & stand by. The treated Grey Water is sent to treated water tank.
A CASE STUDY OF RAJUPURA VILLAGE
Location :
o Village :- Rajupura (old) (Near S.V.I.T, Vasad)
o Dist. :- Anand
o Latitude :- 22.473 N (22’28’’25’’)
o Longitude :- 73.085 E (73’5’’6’’)
Ref. :- Google Earth Pro
Figure 3.1 Site Location
Population :
o No of houses :- 180
o Population :- 900
Problems
Drainage :
Drainage system is Provided in old village but lateral line is not provided so half of the
population is not using the drainage system efficiently. For black water they are using individual
house septic tanks and grey water is discharged directly into open i.e. on roads. These discharged
water then meets the river water so it is clear that river water is polluted.
Mosquito nuisance and microorganism inhabitancies increases due to this haphazard
discharge, so health hazards can also take place which is sometimes fatal also.
a separate backwash duty pump using treated Grey Water. The filtered water is free from suspended
solids and odour and is disinfected by an appropriate amount of chlorine which is continuously dosed
by a dosing pump. Additionally ozonation or/and ultra violet sterilizer can also be provide for
disinfection depending on application and clients requirement. All equipment are provided as
working & stand by. The treated Grey Water is sent to treated water tank.
A CASE STUDY OF RAJUPURA VILLAGE
Location :
o Village :- Rajupura (old) (Near S.V.I.T, Vasad)
o Dist. :- Anand
o Latitude :- 22.473 N (22’28’’25’’)
o Longitude :- 73.085 E (73’5’’6’’)
Ref. :- Google Earth Pro
Figure 3.1 Site Location
Population :
o No of houses :- 180
o Population :- 900
Problems
Drainage :
Drainage system is Provided in old village but lateral line is not provided so half of the
population is not using the drainage system efficiently. For black water they are using individual
house septic tanks and grey water is discharged directly into open i.e. on roads. These discharged
water then meets the river water so it is clear that river water is polluted.
Mosquito nuisance and microorganism inhabitancies increases due to this haphazard
discharge, so health hazards can also take place which is sometimes fatal also.
96
Open Outlets
Collection of grey water samples
We went to Rajupura village for collecting samples on 9
th
to 13
th
of October. Combined
sample of cloth washing, utensils washing, bath and house cleaning were collected by us for
analysing the different parameters.
Open Outlets
Collection of grey water samples
We went to Rajupura village for collecting samples on 9
th
to 13
th
of October. Combined
sample of cloth washing, utensils washing, bath and house cleaning were collected by us for
analysing the different parameters.
97
Overall Test Results
Unit Sample
1
Sample
2
Sample
3
Sample
4
Sample
5
Average
PH - 8.15 8.7 8.90 8.24 6.02 8.00
Turbidity NTU 350 292 315 290 363 322
Conductivity mho/cm 1.10 1.46 1.14 1.71 1.34 1.35
DO mg/l 17.3 22.1 31.2 19.2 13.5 20.66
BOD mg/l 251 251 299 288 283 274.4
Hardness mg/l of
caco3
180.0 234.0 232.0 163.0 86.0 179
TS mg/l 800 1200 600 1200 1600 1080
TDS mg/l 800 800 600 1000 1200 880
Quantity Of Grey Water Produced In Rajupura Village
Total use of fresh water as per Indian standards is 135 lpcd. Water supply to Rajupura village is as
per Indian standards.
Quantity of grey water produced in Rajupura village is approximately 60% of the fresh water
supplied. So
Grey water produced in Rajupura village = 135*900*0.60
=72900 litres per day
Overall Test Results
Unit Sample
1
Sample
2
Sample
3
Sample
4
Sample
5
Average
PH - 8.15 8.7 8.90 8.24 6.02 8.00
Turbidity NTU 350 292 315 290 363 322
Conductivity mho/cm 1.10 1.46 1.14 1.71 1.34 1.35
DO mg/l 17.3 22.1 31.2 19.2 13.5 20.66
BOD mg/l 251 251 299 288 283 274.4
Hardness mg/l of
caco3
180.0 234.0 232.0 163.0 86.0 179
TS mg/l 800 1200 600 1200 1600 1080
TDS mg/l 800 800 600 1000 1200 880
Quantity Of Grey Water Produced In Rajupura Village
Total use of fresh water as per Indian standards is 135 lpcd. Water supply to Rajupura village is as
per Indian standards.
Quantity of grey water produced in Rajupura village is approximately 60% of the fresh water
supplied. So
Grey water produced in Rajupura village = 135*900*0.60
=72900 litres per day
98
Waste Water Disposal Standards As Per Indian Standards IS 2490-
1974 Waste Water Disposal Standards For River
FILTRATION
Filtration is used in addition to regular coagulation and sedimentation for removal of solids
from surface water or wastewater. This prepares the water for use as potable, boiler, or cooling make-
up. Wastewater filtration helps users meet more stringent effluent discharge permit requirements.
Filtration, usually considered a simple mechanical process, actually involves the mechanisms of
adsorption (physical and chemical), straining, sedimentation, interception, diffusion, and inertial
compaction.
Filtration does not remove dissolved solids, but may be used together with a softening process, which
does reduce the concentration of dissolved solids. For example, anthracite filtration is used to remove
residual precipitated hardness salts remaining after clarification in precipitation softening.
In most water clarification or softening processes where coagulation and precipitation occur, at least
a portion of the clarified water is filtered. Clarifier effluents of 2-10 NTU may be improved to 0.1-
1.0 NTU by conventional sand filtration. Filtration ensures acceptable suspended solids
concentrations in the finished water even when upsets occur in the clarification processes.
TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION
Conventional gravity and pressure rapid filters operate downflow. The filter medium is usually a 15-
30 in. deep bed of sand or anthracite. Single or multiple grades of sand or anthracite may be used.
A large particle bed supports the filter media to prevent fine sand or anthracite from escaping into
the underdrain system. The support bed also serves to distribute backwash water. Typical support
beds consist of 1 8-1 in. gravel or anthracite in graded layers to a depth of 12-16 in.
TYPES OF MEDIA
Quartz sand, silica sand, anthracite coal, garnet, magnetite, and other materials may be used as
filtration media. Silica sand and anthracite are the most commonly used types. When silica is not
suitable (e.g., in filters following a hot process softener where the treated water is intended for boiler
feed), anthracite is usually used.
Sr No. Parameter Inland surface water
standards
1 PH 5.5-9
2 BOD 30
3 TS 100
4 TDS 2100
Waste Water Disposal Standards As Per Indian Standards IS 2490-
1974 Waste Water Disposal Standards For River
FILTRATION
Filtration is used in addition to regular coagulation and sedimentation for removal of solids
from surface water or wastewater. This prepares the water for use as potable, boiler, or cooling make-
up. Wastewater filtration helps users meet more stringent effluent discharge permit requirements.
Filtration, usually considered a simple mechanical process, actually involves the mechanisms of
adsorption (physical and chemical), straining, sedimentation, interception, diffusion, and inertial
compaction.
Filtration does not remove dissolved solids, but may be used together with a softening process, which
does reduce the concentration of dissolved solids. For example, anthracite filtration is used to remove
residual precipitated hardness salts remaining after clarification in precipitation softening.
In most water clarification or softening processes where coagulation and precipitation occur, at least
a portion of the clarified water is filtered. Clarifier effluents of 2-10 NTU may be improved to 0.1-
1.0 NTU by conventional sand filtration. Filtration ensures acceptable suspended solids
concentrations in the finished water even when upsets occur in the clarification processes.
TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION
Conventional gravity and pressure rapid filters operate downflow. The filter medium is usually a 15-
30 in. deep bed of sand or anthracite. Single or multiple grades of sand or anthracite may be used.
A large particle bed supports the filter media to prevent fine sand or anthracite from escaping into
the underdrain system. The support bed also serves to distribute backwash water. Typical support
beds consist of 1 8-1 in. gravel or anthracite in graded layers to a depth of 12-16 in.
TYPES OF MEDIA
Quartz sand, silica sand, anthracite coal, garnet, magnetite, and other materials may be used as
filtration media. Silica sand and anthracite are the most commonly used types. When silica is not
suitable (e.g., in filters following a hot process softener where the treated water is intended for boiler
feed), anthracite is usually used.
Sr No. Parameter Inland surface water
standards
1 PH 5.5-9
2 BOD 30
3 TS 100
4 TDS 2100
99
The size and shape of the filter media affect the efficiency of the solids removal. Sharp, angular
media form large voids and remove less fine material than rounded media of equivalent size. The
media must be coarse enough to allow solids to penetrate the bed for 2-4 in. Although most
suspended solids are trapped at the surface or in the first 1-2 in. of bed depth, some penetration is
essential to prevent a rapid increase in pressure drop.
Sand and anthracite for filters are rated by effective particle size and uniformity. The effective size
is such that approximately 10% of the total grains by weight are smaller and 90% are larger.
Therefore, the effective size is the minimum size of most of the particles. Uniformity is measured by
comparison of effective size to the size at which 60% of the grains by weight are smaller and 40%
are larger. This latter size, divided by the effective size, is called the uniformity coefficient-the
smaller the uniformity coefficient, the more uniform the media particle sizes.
Finer sands result in shallower zones for the retention of suspended matter. The most desirable media
size depends on the suspended solids characteristics as well as the effluent quality requirements and
the specific filter design. In general, rapid sand filters use sand with an effective size of 0.35-0.60
mm (0.014-0.024 in.) and a maximum uniformity coefficient of
1.7. Coarse media, often 0.6-1.0 mm (0.024-0.04 in.), are used for closely controlled coagulation and
sedimentation.
MIXED MEDIA FILTER BEDS
The terms "multilayer," "in-depth," and "mixed media" apply to a type of filter bed which is graded
by size and density. Coarse, less dense particles are at the top of the filter bed, and fine, more dense
particles are at the bottom. Downflow filtration allows deep, uniform penetration by particulate
matter and permits high filtration rates and long service runs. Because small particles at the bottom
are also more dense (less space between particles), they remain at the bottom. Even after high-rate
backwashing, the layers remain in their proper location in the mixed media filter bed.
lists four media that are used in multilayer filtration. Several other mixed media combinations have
also been tested and used effectively. The use of too many different media layers can cause severe
backwashing difficulties. For example, if all four materials listed in were used in the same filter,
a wash rate high enough to expand the magnetite layer might wash the anthracite from the filter.
High wash water requirements would also result.
Media used in multilayer filtration.
Media Effective size, mm (in.) Specific gravity
Anthracite 0.7-1.7 (0.03-0.07) 1.4
Sand 0.3-0.7 (0.01-0.03) 2.6
Garnet 0.4-0.6 (0.016-0.024) 3.8
Magnetite 0.3-0.5 (0.01-0.02) 4.9
The size and shape of the filter media affect the efficiency of the solids removal. Sharp, angular
media form large voids and remove less fine material than rounded media of equivalent size. The
media must be coarse enough to allow solids to penetrate the bed for 2-4 in. Although most
suspended solids are trapped at the surface or in the first 1-2 in. of bed depth, some penetration is
essential to prevent a rapid increase in pressure drop.
Sand and anthracite for filters are rated by effective particle size and uniformity. The effective size
is such that approximately 10% of the total grains by weight are smaller and 90% are larger.
Therefore, the effective size is the minimum size of most of the particles. Uniformity is measured by
comparison of effective size to the size at which 60% of the grains by weight are smaller and 40%
are larger. This latter size, divided by the effective size, is called the uniformity coefficient-the
smaller the uniformity coefficient, the more uniform the media particle sizes.
Finer sands result in shallower zones for the retention of suspended matter. The most desirable media
size depends on the suspended solids characteristics as well as the effluent quality requirements and
the specific filter design. In general, rapid sand filters use sand with an effective size of 0.35-0.60
mm (0.014-0.024 in.) and a maximum uniformity coefficient of
1.7. Coarse media, often 0.6-1.0 mm (0.024-0.04 in.), are used for closely controlled coagulation and
sedimentation.
MIXED MEDIA FILTER BEDS
The terms "multilayer," "in-depth," and "mixed media" apply to a type of filter bed which is graded
by size and density. Coarse, less dense particles are at the top of the filter bed, and fine, more dense
particles are at the bottom. Downflow filtration allows deep, uniform penetration by particulate
matter and permits high filtration rates and long service runs. Because small particles at the bottom
are also more dense (less space between particles), they remain at the bottom. Even after high-rate
backwashing, the layers remain in their proper location in the mixed media filter bed.
lists four media that are used in multilayer filtration. Several other mixed media combinations have
also been tested and used effectively. The use of too many different media layers can cause severe
backwashing difficulties. For example, if all four materials listed in were used in the same filter,
a wash rate high enough to expand the magnetite layer might wash the anthracite from the filter.
High wash water requirements would also result.
Media used in multilayer filtration.
Media Effective size, mm (in.) Specific gravity
Anthracite 0.7-1.7 (0.03-0.07) 1.4
Sand 0.3-0.7 (0.01-0.03) 2.6
Garnet 0.4-0.6 (0.016-0.024) 3.8
Magnetite 0.3-0.5 (0.01-0.02) 4.9
100
Anthracite/sand filter beds normally provide all of the advantages of single-media filtration but
require less backwash water than sand or anthracite alone. Similar claims have been made for
anthracite/sand/garnet mixed units. The major advantages of dual-media filtration are higher rates
and longer runs. Anthracite/sand/garnet beds have operated at normal rates of approximately 5
gpm/ft² and peak rates as high as 8 gpm/ft² without loss of effluent quality.
CAPPING OF SAND FILTERS
Rapid sand filters can be converted for mixed media operation to increase capacity by 100%. The
cost of this conversion is much lower than that of installing additional rapid sand filters.
Capping involves the replacement of a portion of the sand with anthracite. In this conversion, a 2-
6 in. layer of 0.4-0.6 mm (0.016-0.024 in.) sand is removed from the surface of a bed and replaced
with 4-8 in. of 0.9 mm (0.035 in.) anthracite. If an increase in capacity is desired, a larger amount
of sand is replaced. Pilot tests should be run to ensure that a reduction in the depth of the finer sand
does not reduce the quality of the effluent.
GRAVITY FILTERS
Apart from the filter media, the essential components of a gravity filter include the following:
The filter shell, which is either concrete or steel and can be square, rectangular, or circular.
Rectangular reinforced concrete units are most widely used.
The support bed, which prevents loss of fine sand or anthracite through the underdrain system.
The support bed, usually 1-2 ft deep, also distributes backwash water.
An underdrain system, which ensures uniform collection of filtered water and uniform
distribution of backwash water. The system may consist of a header and laterals, with
perforations or strainers spaced suitably. False tank bottoms with appropriately spaced strainers
are also used for underdrain systems.
Wash water troughs, large enough to collect backwash water without flooding. The troughs are
spaced so that the horizontal travel of backwash water does not exceed 3-3 ft. In conventional
sand bed units, wash troughs are placed approximately 2 ft above the filter surface. Sufficient
freeboard must be provided to prevent loss of a portion of the filter media during operation at
maximum backwash rates.
Control devices that maximize filter operation efficiency. Flow rate controllers, operated by
venturi tubes in the effluent line, automatically maintain uniform delivery of filtered water.
Backwash flow rate controllers are also used. Flow rate and head loss gauges are essential for
efficient operation.
Anthracite/sand filter beds normally provide all of the advantages of single-media filtration but
require less backwash water than sand or anthracite alone. Similar claims have been made for
anthracite/sand/garnet mixed units. The major advantages of dual-media filtration are higher rates
and longer runs. Anthracite/sand/garnet beds have operated at normal rates of approximately 5
gpm/ft² and peak rates as high as 8 gpm/ft² without loss of effluent quality.
CAPPING OF SAND FILTERS
Rapid sand filters can be converted for mixed media operation to increase capacity by 100%. The
cost of this conversion is much lower than that of installing additional rapid sand filters.
Capping involves the replacement of a portion of the sand with anthracite. In this conversion, a 2-
6 in. layer of 0.4-0.6 mm (0.016-0.024 in.) sand is removed from the surface of a bed and replaced
with 4-8 in. of 0.9 mm (0.035 in.) anthracite. If an increase in capacity is desired, a larger amount
of sand is replaced. Pilot tests should be run to ensure that a reduction in the depth of the finer sand
does not reduce the quality of the effluent.
GRAVITY FILTERS
Apart from the filter media, the essential components of a gravity filter include the following:
The filter shell, which is either concrete or steel and can be square, rectangular, or circular.
Rectangular reinforced concrete units are most widely used.
The support bed, which prevents loss of fine sand or anthracite through the underdrain system.
The support bed, usually 1-2 ft deep, also distributes backwash water.
An underdrain system, which ensures uniform collection of filtered water and uniform
distribution of backwash water. The system may consist of a header and laterals, with
perforations or strainers spaced suitably. False tank bottoms with appropriately spaced strainers
are also used for underdrain systems.
Wash water troughs, large enough to collect backwash water without flooding. The troughs are
spaced so that the horizontal travel of backwash water does not exceed 3-3 ft. In conventional
sand bed units, wash troughs are placed approximately 2 ft above the filter surface. Sufficient
freeboard must be provided to prevent loss of a portion of the filter media during operation at
maximum backwash rates.
Control devices that maximize filter operation efficiency. Flow rate controllers, operated by
venturi tubes in the effluent line, automatically maintain uniform delivery of filtered water.
Backwash flow rate controllers are also used. Flow rate and head loss gauges are essential for
efficient operation.
101
Gravity Filter
PRESSURE FILTERS
Pressure filters are typically used with hot process softeners to permit high-temperature operation
and to prevent heat loss. The use of pressure filters eliminates the need for repumping of filtered
water. Pressure filters are similar to gravity filters in that they include filter media, supporting bed,
underdrain system, and control device; however, the filter shell has no wash water troughs.
Pressure Filters
Pressure filters, designed vertically or horizon-tally, have cylindrical steel shells and dished heads.
Gravity Filter
PRESSURE FILTERS
Pressure filters are typically used with hot process softeners to permit high-temperature operation
and to prevent heat loss. The use of pressure filters eliminates the need for repumping of filtered
water. Pressure filters are similar to gravity filters in that they include filter media, supporting bed,
underdrain system, and control device; however, the filter shell has no wash water troughs.
Pressure Filters
Pressure filters, designed vertically or horizon-tally, have cylindrical steel shells and dished heads.
102
range in diameter from 1 to 10 ft with capacities as great as 300 gpm at filtration rates of 3 gpm/ft².
Horizontal pressure filters, usually 8 ft in diameter, are 10-25 ft long with capacities from 200 to 600
gpm. These filters are separated into compartments to allow individual backwashing. Backwash
water may be returned to the clarifier or softener for recovery.
Pressure filters are usually operated at a service flow rate of 3 gpm/ft². Dual or multimedia filters are
designed for 6-8 gpm/ft². At ambient temperature, the recommended filter backwash rate is 6-8
gpm/ft² for anthracite and 13-15 gpm/ft² for sand. Anthracite filters associated with hot process
softeners require a backwash rate of 12-15 gpm/ft² because the water is less dense at elevated
operating temperatures. Cold water should not be used to backwash a hot process filter. This would
cause expansion and contraction of the system metallurgy, which would lead to metal fatigue. Also,
the oxygen-laden cold water would accelerate corrosion.
UPFLOW FILTERS
Upflow units contain a single filter medium–usually graded sand. The finest sand is at the top of the
bed with the coarsest sand below. Gravel is retained by grids in a fixed position at the bottom of the
unit. The function of the gravel is to ensure proper water distribution during the service cycle.
Another grid above the graded sand prevents fluidization of the media. Air injection during cleaning
(not considered backwash because the direction of flow is the same as when in-service) assists in the
removal of solids and the reclassification of the filter media. During operation, the larger, coarse
solids are removed at the bottom of the bed, while smaller solids particles are allowed to penetrate
further into the media. Typical service flow rates are 5-10 gpm/ft².
Upflow Filter
AUTOMATIC GRAVITY FILTERS
Several manufacturers have developed gravity filters that are backwashed automatically at a preset
head loss. Head loss (water level above the media) actuates a backwash siphon and draws wash water
from storage up through the bed and out through the siphon pipe to waste. A low level in the
backwash storage section breaks the siphon, and the filter returns to service.
Automatic gravity filters are available in diameters of up to 15 ft. When equipped with a high-rate,
multilayer media, a single large-diameter unit can filter as much as 1,000 gpm.
range in diameter from 1 to 10 ft with capacities as great as 300 gpm at filtration rates of 3 gpm/ft².
Horizontal pressure filters, usually 8 ft in diameter, are 10-25 ft long with capacities from 200 to 600
gpm. These filters are separated into compartments to allow individual backwashing. Backwash
water may be returned to the clarifier or softener for recovery.
Pressure filters are usually operated at a service flow rate of 3 gpm/ft². Dual or multimedia filters are
designed for 6-8 gpm/ft². At ambient temperature, the recommended filter backwash rate is 6-8
gpm/ft² for anthracite and 13-15 gpm/ft² for sand. Anthracite filters associated with hot process
softeners require a backwash rate of 12-15 gpm/ft² because the water is less dense at elevated
operating temperatures. Cold water should not be used to backwash a hot process filter. This would
cause expansion and contraction of the system metallurgy, which would lead to metal fatigue. Also,
the oxygen-laden cold water would accelerate corrosion.
UPFLOW FILTERS
Upflow units contain a single filter medium–usually graded sand. The finest sand is at the top of the
bed with the coarsest sand below. Gravel is retained by grids in a fixed position at the bottom of the
unit. The function of the gravel is to ensure proper water distribution during the service cycle.
Another grid above the graded sand prevents fluidization of the media. Air injection during cleaning
(not considered backwash because the direction of flow is the same as when in-service) assists in the
removal of solids and the reclassification of the filter media. During operation, the larger, coarse
solids are removed at the bottom of the bed, while smaller solids particles are allowed to penetrate
further into the media. Typical service flow rates are 5-10 gpm/ft².
Upflow Filter
AUTOMATIC GRAVITY FILTERS
Several manufacturers have developed gravity filters that are backwashed automatically at a preset
head loss. Head loss (water level above the media) actuates a backwash siphon and draws wash water
from storage up through the bed and out through the siphon pipe to waste. A low level in the
backwash storage section breaks the siphon, and the filter returns to service.
Automatic gravity filters are available in diameters of up to 15 ft. When equipped with a high-rate,
multilayer media, a single large-diameter unit can filter as much as 1,000 gpm.
103
Automatic Gravity Filters
CONTINUOUS CLEANING FILTERS
Continuous cleaning filter systems eliminate off-line backwash periods by backwashing sections of
the filter or portions of the filter media continuously, on-line. Various designs have been introduced.
Continuous Cleaning Filters
Automatic Gravity Filters
CONTINUOUS CLEANING FILTERS
Continuous cleaning filter systems eliminate off-line backwash periods by backwashing sections of
the filter or portions of the filter media continuously, on-line. Various designs have been introduced.
Continuous Cleaning Filters
104
FILTER WASHING-GRAVITY FILTERS
Periodic washing of filters is necessary for the removal of accumulated solids. Inadequate cleaning
permits the formation of permanent clumps, gradually decreasing filter capacity. If fouling is severe,
the media must be cleaned chemically or replaced.
For cleaning of rapid downflow filters, clean water is forced back up and through the media. In
conventional gravity units, the backwash water lifts solids from the bed into wash troughs and carries
them to waste. Either of two backwash techniques can be used, depending on the design of the media
support structure and the accessory equipment available:
High-rate backwash, which expands the media by at least 10%. Backwash rates of 12- 15
gpm/ft² or higher are common for sand, and rates for anthracite may range from 8 to 12
gpm/ft².
Low-rate backwash, with no visible bed expansion, combined with air scouring.
Where only water is used for backwash, the backwash may be preceded by surface washing. In
surface washing, strong jets of high-pressure water from fixed or revolving nozzles assist in breaking
the filter surface crust. After the surface wash (when there is provision for surface washing), the unit
is backwashed for approximately 5-10 min. Following backwash, a small amount of rinse water is
filtered to waste, and the filter is returned to service.
High-rate backwash can cause the formation of mud balls inside the filter bed. A high backwash rate
and resulting bed expansion can produce random currents in which certain zones of the expanded
bed move upward or downward. Encrusted solids from the surface can be carried down to form mud
balls. Efficient surface washing helps prevent this condition.
Air scouring with low-rate backwashing can break up the surface crust without producing random
currents, if the underdrain system is de-signed to distribute air uniformly. Solids removed from the
media collect in the layer of water between the media surface and wash channels. After the air is
stopped, this dirty water is nor-mally flushed out by increased backwash water flow rate or by surface
draining. Wash water consumption is approximately the same whether water-only or air/water
backwashing is employed.
IN-LINE CLARIFICATION
In-line clarification is the removal of suspended solids through the addition of in-line coagulant
followed by rapid filtration. This process is also referred to as in-line filtration, or contact filtration.
The process removes suspended solids without the use of sedimentation basins. Coagulation may be
achieved in in-line clarification by either of two methods:
an inorganic aluminum or iron salt used alone or with a high molecular weight polymeric
coagulant
a strongly cationic organic polyelectrolyte
FILTER WASHING-GRAVITY FILTERS
Periodic washing of filters is necessary for the removal of accumulated solids. Inadequate cleaning
permits the formation of permanent clumps, gradually decreasing filter capacity. If fouling is severe,
the media must be cleaned chemically or replaced.
For cleaning of rapid downflow filters, clean water is forced back up and through the media. In
conventional gravity units, the backwash water lifts solids from the bed into wash troughs and carries
them to waste. Either of two backwash techniques can be used, depending on the design of the media
support structure and the accessory equipment available:
High-rate backwash, which expands the media by at least 10%. Backwash rates of 12- 15
gpm/ft² or higher are common for sand, and rates for anthracite may range from 8 to 12
gpm/ft².
Low-rate backwash, with no visible bed expansion, combined with air scouring.
Where only water is used for backwash, the backwash may be preceded by surface washing. In
surface washing, strong jets of high-pressure water from fixed or revolving nozzles assist in breaking
the filter surface crust. After the surface wash (when there is provision for surface washing), the unit
is backwashed for approximately 5-10 min. Following backwash, a small amount of rinse water is
filtered to waste, and the filter is returned to service.
High-rate backwash can cause the formation of mud balls inside the filter bed. A high backwash rate
and resulting bed expansion can produce random currents in which certain zones of the expanded
bed move upward or downward. Encrusted solids from the surface can be carried down to form mud
balls. Efficient surface washing helps prevent this condition.
Air scouring with low-rate backwashing can break up the surface crust without producing random
currents, if the underdrain system is de-signed to distribute air uniformly. Solids removed from the
media collect in the layer of water between the media surface and wash channels. After the air is
stopped, this dirty water is nor-mally flushed out by increased backwash water flow rate or by surface
draining. Wash water consumption is approximately the same whether water-only or air/water
backwashing is employed.
IN-LINE CLARIFICATION
In-line clarification is the removal of suspended solids through the addition of in-line coagulant
followed by rapid filtration. This process is also referred to as in-line filtration, or contact filtration.
The process removes suspended solids without the use of sedimentation basins. Coagulation may be
achieved in in-line clarification by either of two methods:
an inorganic aluminum or iron salt used alone or with a high molecular weight polymeric
coagulant
a strongly cationic organic polyelectrolyte
105
Because metal hydroxides form precipitates, only dual-media filters should be used with inorganic
coagulant programs. Floc particles must be handled in filters with coarse-to-fine graded media to
prevent rapid blinding of the filter and eliminate backwashing difficulties. Where a high molecular
weight polymeric coagulant is used, feed rates of less than 0.1 ppm maximize solids removal by
increasing floc size and promoting particle absorption within the filter. This filtration technique
readily yields effluent turbidities of less than 0.5 NTU.
In-Line Clarification
The second method of coagulant pretreatment involves the use of a single chemical, a strongly
charged cationic polyelectrolyte. This treatment forms no precipitation floc particles, and usually
no floc formation is visible in the filter influent. Solids are removed within the bed by adsorption
and by flocculation of colloidal matter directly onto the surface of the sand or anthracite media. The
process may be visualized as seeding of the filter bed surfaces with positive cationic charges to
produce a strong pull on the negatively charged particles. Because gelatinous hydroxide precipitates
are not present in this process, single- media or upflow filters are suitable for poly-electrolyte
clarification.
In-line clarification provides an excellent way to improve the efficiency of solids removal from
turbid surface waters. Effluent turbidity levels of less than 1 NTU are common with this method.
PRECOAT FILTRATION
Precoat filtration is used to remove very small particulate matter, oil particles, and even bacteria
from water. This method is practical only for relatively small quantities of water which contain low
concentrations of contaminants.
Precoat filtration may be used following conventional clarification processes to produce water of
very low suspended solids content for specific application requirements. For example, precoat filters
are often used to remove oil from contaminated condensate.
Because metal hydroxides form precipitates, only dual-media filters should be used with inorganic
coagulant programs. Floc particles must be handled in filters with coarse-to-fine graded media to
prevent rapid blinding of the filter and eliminate backwashing difficulties. Where a high molecular
weight polymeric coagulant is used, feed rates of less than 0.1 ppm maximize solids removal by
increasing floc size and promoting particle absorption within the filter. This filtration technique
readily yields effluent turbidities of less than 0.5 NTU.
In-Line Clarification
The second method of coagulant pretreatment involves the use of a single chemical, a strongly
charged cationic polyelectrolyte. This treatment forms no precipitation floc particles, and usually
no floc formation is visible in the filter influent. Solids are removed within the bed by adsorption
and by flocculation of colloidal matter directly onto the surface of the sand or anthracite media. The
process may be visualized as seeding of the filter bed surfaces with positive cationic charges to
produce a strong pull on the negatively charged particles. Because gelatinous hydroxide precipitates
are not present in this process, single- media or upflow filters are suitable for poly-electrolyte
clarification.
In-line clarification provides an excellent way to improve the efficiency of solids removal from
turbid surface waters. Effluent turbidity levels of less than 1 NTU are common with this method.
PRECOAT FILTRATION
Precoat filtration is used to remove very small particulate matter, oil particles, and even bacteria
from water. This method is practical only for relatively small quantities of water which contain low
concentrations of contaminants.
Precoat filtration may be used following conventional clarification processes to produce water of
very low suspended solids content for specific application requirements. For example, precoat filters
are often used to remove oil from contaminated condensate.
106
In precoat filtration, the precoat media, typically diatomaceous earth, acts as the filter media and
forms a cake on a permeable base or septum. The base must prevent passage of the precoat media
without restricting the flow of filtered water and must be capable of withstanding high pressure
differentials. Filter cloths, porous stone tubes, porous paper, wire screens, and wire-wound tubes are
used as base materials.
The supporting base material is first precoated with a slurry of precoat media. Additional slurry
(body feed) is usually added during the filter run. When the accumulation of matter removed by
filtration generates a high pressure drop across the filter, the filter coating is sloughed off by
backwashing. The filter bed is then precoated and returned to service. Chemical coagulants are not
usually needed but have been used where an ultrapure effluent is required.
Collection system
For collection of grey water , there is no need to design a drainage system because the R.L.
towards the river is decreasing. R.L of the different area of the village are as shown in the
fig.
R.L. Of the Village -Ref. Google earth
In precoat filtration, the precoat media, typically diatomaceous earth, acts as the filter media and
forms a cake on a permeable base or septum. The base must prevent passage of the precoat media
without restricting the flow of filtered water and must be capable of withstanding high pressure
differentials. Filter cloths, porous stone tubes, porous paper, wire screens, and wire-wound tubes are
used as base materials.
The supporting base material is first precoated with a slurry of precoat media. Additional slurry
(body feed) is usually added during the filter run. When the accumulation of matter removed by
filtration generates a high pressure drop across the filter, the filter coating is sloughed off by
backwashing. The filter bed is then precoated and returned to service. Chemical coagulants are not
usually needed but have been used where an ultrapure effluent is required.
Collection system
For collection of grey water , there is no need to design a drainage system because the R.L.
towards the river is decreasing. R.L of the different area of the village are as shown in the
fig.
R.L. Of the Village -Ref. Google earth
107
RAINWATER HARVESTING
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The current scenario of water supply in Gandhinagar city is, such that it is not available
24*7.The water to Gandhinagar city is supplied from Sabarmati river but it is not sufficient to
fulfil the daily needs or to get water 24*7.
GMC provides water hardly for 3hrs daily and to cater daily needs & people store this water in
underground tanks.
Also a large quantity of water is required for maintaining street plantation and gardens of the
entire city.
DETAILED SCOPE OF WORK
The average rainfall received by Gandhinagar has the potential to overcome the above
mentioned problem if the rainwater is stored and used judiciously.
Rainwater harvesting canopies are proposed to developed at suitable location in the entire city
for using the rainwater efficiently when required. The canopy also consist of a filtration device
within the steel column which filters the rain water prior to being stored in the underground
tank
As preferred aesthetically the canopy can be installed in square (4m*4m to 6m*6m) as well as
round (4-6m dia) shape.
The filtration device can provide water with turbidity below 5NTU which meets WHO
standards for water
It has a weight of about 100-140kg and wind tolerance up to 120km/h
The harvesting capacity ranges from 48,000-108,000 litres per canopy annually depending
upon the rainfall received.
The canopy can also be customized with high efficiency mono-crystalline solar panels
integrated into the structure. The generated electricity can be used for many purposes.
Various locations can be selected for this purpose like
PARKS
ST BUS STAND
GOVERNMENT BUILDING CAMPUS
ISLANDS
FOOTHPATH S
CAFETERIA
PETROL-PUMPS
CASE STUDY
SWARNIM PARK, GANDHI NAGAR.
The park is spread over a stretch of about 2km long and it contains various open areas which
can be used constructively for RWH using canopies.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The current scenario of water supply in Gandhinagar city is, such that it is not available
24*7.The water to Gandhinagar city is supplied from Sabarmati river but it is not sufficient to
fulfil the daily needs or to get water 24*7.
GMC provides water hardly for 3hrs daily and to cater daily needs & people store this water in
underground tanks.
Also a large quantity of water is required for maintaining street plantation and gardens of the
entire city.
DETAILED SCOPE OF WORK
The average rainfall received by Gandhinagar has the potential to overcome the above
mentioned problem if the rainwater is stored and used judiciously.
Rainwater harvesting canopies are proposed to developed at suitable location in the entire city
for using the rainwater efficiently when required. The canopy also consist of a filtration device
within the steel column which filters the rain water prior to being stored in the underground
tank
As preferred aesthetically the canopy can be installed in square (4m*4m to 6m*6m) as well as
round (4-6m dia) shape.
The filtration device can provide water with turbidity below 5NTU which meets WHO
standards for water
It has a weight of about 100-140kg and wind tolerance up to 120km/h
The harvesting capacity ranges from 48,000-108,000 litres per canopy annually depending
upon the rainfall received.
The canopy can also be customized with high efficiency mono-crystalline solar panels
integrated into the structure. The generated electricity can be used for many purposes.
Various locations can be selected for this purpose like
PARKS
ST BUS STAND
GOVERNMENT BUILDING CAMPUS
ISLANDS
FOOTHPATH S
CAFETERIA
PETROL-PUMPS
CASE STUDY
SWARNIM PARK, GANDHI NAGAR.
The park is spread over a stretch of about 2km long and it contains various open areas which
can be used constructively for RWH using canopies.
108
The image below shows shades that have been built in the park itself.
These areas can be developed as canopies that can store rainwater as well as serve as shades.
The image below shows shades that have been built in the park itself.
These areas can be developed as canopies that can store rainwater as well as serve as shades.
109
Without the use of canopies the rainwater simply flows below the ground and gets wasted
while the various benefits of canopies can be listed as under
Multipurpose alternative to conventional shade structures that do not have a payback
Green Building Certification points through rainwater harvesting, renewable energy generation
and mitigation of heat island effect
Low site disruption and can be plugged into an existing or new site seamlessly
Captures Rainwater in its purest form
Patented integrated filtration chamber provides water quality below 5 NTU
Contains no chemicals (and is BPA-free) and uses no batteries for water filter
Low maintenance effort which can be carried out by onsite facilities management staff
Integrated Solar capacity of up to 1.25 KW with an external connection to your inverter
Integrated LED fixtures provides self-sufficient lighting through Solar technology
Higher Solar Energy yield per square foot through our highly optimized structures which use
minimal ground area and maximum elevated area for solar absorption
Life of steel and tensile structures are over 10 years
ROUGH ESTIMATE
The installation process may take half a day per canopy and costs about 1.6-1.8 lacs.
Without the use of canopies the rainwater simply flows below the ground and gets wasted
while the various benefits of canopies can be listed as under
Multipurpose alternative to conventional shade structures that do not have a payback
Green Building Certification points through rainwater harvesting, renewable energy generation
and mitigation of heat island effect
Low site disruption and can be plugged into an existing or new site seamlessly
Captures Rainwater in its purest form
Patented integrated filtration chamber provides water quality below 5 NTU
Contains no chemicals (and is BPA-free) and uses no batteries for water filter
Low maintenance effort which can be carried out by onsite facilities management staff
Integrated Solar capacity of up to 1.25 KW with an external connection to your inverter
Integrated LED fixtures provides self-sufficient lighting through Solar technology
Higher Solar Energy yield per square foot through our highly optimized structures which use
minimal ground area and maximum elevated area for solar absorption
Life of steel and tensile structures are over 10 years
ROUGH ESTIMATE
The installation process may take half a day per canopy and costs about 1.6-1.8 lacs.
110
Chapter-9: Community & Social Infrastructure
It is well known that COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE is an “investment beyond brick and
mortar”. Social Infrastructure characteristically comprises of assets that accommodate community
with amenities to grow and socialize. Examples of Social Infrastructure Assets are schools, universities,
hospitals, prisons and community housing, community centres. Social Infrastructure essentially does
not extend to the catering of social services, such as the provision of teachers at a school or custodial
services at a prison.
The following are suggested keeping in view various aspects of the society but the prime focus being
women security and old-age facilities
Special buses and monorail or any of the public transportation system i.e. women special
trains/buses etc. at every 2½ hours should be running being operated completely by women staff.
This has already been applied in the Mumbai sub-urban trains and is a highly successful project.
The women, who work on part-time basis, leave the offices by 16.00 to 16.15 to catch the sub-urban
train scheduled at 16.30 and reach the desired destination.
Women toilets/general toilets should be made at every ¾th to 1.25 km
2
.
We in general adjust to the services and the road-side infrastructure that is provided which is
still not adequate accounting to the high demand by the population. Younger generation can still adjust
with the situation, but the senior-citizens may not be able to have full body control and so this creates
problems. Adequate number of toilets would ensure that the city is clean and free from foul smell
resulting from open urination. There is a law in Delhi for which an individual is charged with a
minimum charge of Rs. 100 for urinating in public.
“100 Indian Rupee: Peeing in the streets has never been legal. It wasn’t until 2011 that
government officials erected signs reminding people that not only is the practice considered
rude, it’s also likely to get the urinator slapped with a fine.”
But if we provide with adequate street toilets and that too at regular intervals, no one would
like to carry out this activity in public.
It is suggested that public toilets be provided on the sides of the streets. There should be separate
toilets for men and women, and if possible on the opposite side of the roads, as in India, we are a bit
culturally conservative. Also mobile & portable toilets are available which can be installed if permanent
toilets cannot be built.
The need of the toilets is not just only justified as it creates an aesthetically foul impression, but
open systems results in an unclean air and atmosphere, promoting the growth of microbial bacteria.
These kind of open systems are also responsible for the spreading of the diseases.
Unclean services render the built infrastructure facilities useless, so we need regular cleaning or
self cleaning mechanisms.
Chapter-9: Community & Social Infrastructure
It is well known that COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE is an “investment beyond brick and
mortar”. Social Infrastructure characteristically comprises of assets that accommodate community
with amenities to grow and socialize. Examples of Social Infrastructure Assets are schools, universities,
hospitals, prisons and community housing, community centres. Social Infrastructure essentially does
not extend to the catering of social services, such as the provision of teachers at a school or custodial
services at a prison.
The following are suggested keeping in view various aspects of the society but the prime focus being
women security and old-age facilities
Special buses and monorail or any of the public transportation system i.e. women special
trains/buses etc. at every 2½ hours should be running being operated completely by women staff.
This has already been applied in the Mumbai sub-urban trains and is a highly successful project.
The women, who work on part-time basis, leave the offices by 16.00 to 16.15 to catch the sub-urban
train scheduled at 16.30 and reach the desired destination.
Women toilets/general toilets should be made at every ¾th to 1.25 km
2
.
We in general adjust to the services and the road-side infrastructure that is provided which is
still not adequate accounting to the high demand by the population. Younger generation can still adjust
with the situation, but the senior-citizens may not be able to have full body control and so this creates
problems. Adequate number of toilets would ensure that the city is clean and free from foul smell
resulting from open urination. There is a law in Delhi for which an individual is charged with a
minimum charge of Rs. 100 for urinating in public.
“100 Indian Rupee: Peeing in the streets has never been legal. It wasn’t until 2011 that
government officials erected signs reminding people that not only is the practice considered
rude, it’s also likely to get the urinator slapped with a fine.”
But if we provide with adequate street toilets and that too at regular intervals, no one would
like to carry out this activity in public.
It is suggested that public toilets be provided on the sides of the streets. There should be separate
toilets for men and women, and if possible on the opposite side of the roads, as in India, we are a bit
culturally conservative. Also mobile & portable toilets are available which can be installed if permanent
toilets cannot be built.
The need of the toilets is not just only justified as it creates an aesthetically foul impression, but
open systems results in an unclean air and atmosphere, promoting the growth of microbial bacteria.
These kind of open systems are also responsible for the spreading of the diseases.
Unclean services render the built infrastructure facilities useless, so we need regular cleaning or
self cleaning mechanisms.
111
As such “Social Infrastructure essentially does not extend to the catering of social services,
such as the provision of teachers at a school or custodial services at a prison”, but today self-cleaning
toilets are available and can be readily installed at the desired location, or the design should be such
that there is minimalistic human interface in the cleaning and maintenance of the public toilets. Gardens
should also be regularly cleaned, especially the places of where the tree are grown and near the sitting
arrangement areas.
Fatigue factors are higher in women and senior citizens than an average male; this should be well
taken care of.
There should be the different output goals for different people, Committees like (WIN) Women
In Infrastructure are already existing in developed nations like Australia, Canada which is completely
missing in India a nation with a very potential to compete the developing nation. These institutes like
WIN decide the outputs of women in different working conditions and women are judged separately
with different optimum output standards.
Service centric development should be deployed for both senior citizens and women.
This should be the prime focus for any service intensive industry, as it depends on the usability
by the users, the services should be planned in such a way that maximum users are able to use it and
the serviceability achieved is between optimum and maximum. Because if we provide the
infrastructural services and nobody uses it, it is a total waste of monetary resources.
Poorer farmwomen in India especially working under the shram dhan yojna(voluntary labour),
perform physically demanding tasks so we need basic water and sanitational infrastructure easily
and readily available.
This is a major problem, i.e. availability of the basic facilities to the poor in general. Women
and old-age people who cannot work in farms are also a part of the “shram dhan yojna” and do not
have adequate water and sanitaional facilities which should be provided with. It is in general observed
that in low-cost housing projects taken up by the government has poorly designed water supply and
sanitational facilities, which need to be upgraded so that atleast a healthy atmosphere is provided to
these populations.
Access Control
Access Control is one of the prime factors of any smart city development. The senior citizens and also
women would be engaged in multiple activities needing access control to various other chores that are taking
place remotely.
o Eg.: With the some smart phones being enabled with infrared sensors, one may essentially not
require a remote control for the Television set and other devices using infrared sensors.
Therefore, we need a technology from where anyone can Access most of the facilities without much
tedious procedures.
As such “Social Infrastructure essentially does not extend to the catering of social services,
such as the provision of teachers at a school or custodial services at a prison”, but today self-cleaning
toilets are available and can be readily installed at the desired location, or the design should be such
that there is minimalistic human interface in the cleaning and maintenance of the public toilets. Gardens
should also be regularly cleaned, especially the places of where the tree are grown and near the sitting
arrangement areas.
Fatigue factors are higher in women and senior citizens than an average male; this should be well
taken care of.
There should be the different output goals for different people, Committees like (WIN) Women
In Infrastructure are already existing in developed nations like Australia, Canada which is completely
missing in India a nation with a very potential to compete the developing nation. These institutes like
WIN decide the outputs of women in different working conditions and women are judged separately
with different optimum output standards.
Service centric development should be deployed for both senior citizens and women.
This should be the prime focus for any service intensive industry, as it depends on the usability
by the users, the services should be planned in such a way that maximum users are able to use it and
the serviceability achieved is between optimum and maximum. Because if we provide the
infrastructural services and nobody uses it, it is a total waste of monetary resources.
Poorer farmwomen in India especially working under the shram dhan yojna(voluntary labour),
perform physically demanding tasks so we need basic water and sanitational infrastructure easily
and readily available.
This is a major problem, i.e. availability of the basic facilities to the poor in general. Women
and old-age people who cannot work in farms are also a part of the “shram dhan yojna” and do not
have adequate water and sanitaional facilities which should be provided with. It is in general observed
that in low-cost housing projects taken up by the government has poorly designed water supply and
sanitational facilities, which need to be upgraded so that atleast a healthy atmosphere is provided to
these populations.
Access Control
Access Control is one of the prime factors of any smart city development. The senior citizens and also
women would be engaged in multiple activities needing access control to various other chores that are taking
place remotely.
o Eg.: With the some smart phones being enabled with infrared sensors, one may essentially not
require a remote control for the Television set and other devices using infrared sensors.
Therefore, we need a technology from where anyone can Access most of the facilities without much
tedious procedures.
112
Apart from the above, the below stated objectives should also be considered in some extent so that we
have a holistic development of the city as well as people, we cannot just cater the needs of one peculiar
kind of human mass, otherwise it would result in deficiencies in the remaining human masses creating
a stir and clashes amongst the population.
Emergency response infrastructure for senior citizens is ill developed.
Indian elder care industry is fragmented and offers poor quality services which needs to be
strengthened adequately to manage the elderly needs.
Rapid socio-economic change, including more nuclear families, is also making elder care
management difficult, so either we want a family support for the senior citizens or the nation should
develop some kind of infrastructural facilities in which the elders are in focus and well taken care
of.
To cater the needs of the youth, a museum and an after-hour-joint is proposed. As Gandhinagar, today
is house to the institutes of national and international repute like NIFT, NID, IITG also Knowledge
Corridor being promoted, it has a tremendous potential to attract experts.
Opening a museum would also expose the population in general to the art-works, artifacts, and the
open space of the museum can be effectively used to hold the exhibitions of various technical and
design experts.
The After-Hour-Joint should serve the purpose well and this should reduce the roaming of the
youngsters on the street at complete dark hours, resulting in night mishaps and police legal actions.
The location has been proposed as shown in the map below:
Apart from the above, the below stated objectives should also be considered in some extent so that we
have a holistic development of the city as well as people, we cannot just cater the needs of one peculiar
kind of human mass, otherwise it would result in deficiencies in the remaining human masses creating
a stir and clashes amongst the population.
Emergency response infrastructure for senior citizens is ill developed.
Indian elder care industry is fragmented and offers poor quality services which needs to be
strengthened adequately to manage the elderly needs.
Rapid socio-economic change, including more nuclear families, is also making elder care
management difficult, so either we want a family support for the senior citizens or the nation should
develop some kind of infrastructural facilities in which the elders are in focus and well taken care
of.
To cater the needs of the youth, a museum and an after-hour-joint is proposed. As Gandhinagar, today
is house to the institutes of national and international repute like NIFT, NID, IITG also Knowledge
Corridor being promoted, it has a tremendous potential to attract experts.
Opening a museum would also expose the population in general to the art-works, artifacts, and the
open space of the museum can be effectively used to hold the exhibitions of various technical and
design experts.
The After-Hour-Joint should serve the purpose well and this should reduce the roaming of the
youngsters on the street at complete dark hours, resulting in night mishaps and police legal actions.
The location has been proposed as shown in the map below:
113
The advantages of the location are:
Near to GIFT CITY, target population- working youngsters
Near to PDPU, target population- young students
Near to GNLU, target population- young students
Near to IIT Gandhinagar, target population- young students
4 Kms from Info-city, Nift, DA-IICT, NID PG Campus, target population- young students
No other Nightclubs in the vicinity except City-Pulse, but City pulse doesn’t have a regular disc
to dance.
The above stated should cater to the population requirements. In addition, the riverside view and
orientation would be a secured and enjoyable spot for many.
The details of the Museum and After-Hour-Joint are:
Structure Organizing
Strict Timing Schedule
Special arrangements for women/girls transportation as in Navratri. i.e. one bus running at a
stipulated time only for Females.
Minimum 50M clearances from the internal fences to avoid external influences and
disturbances to the residents in the proximity. These clearances would also provide adequate
space for sitting arrangements to be made.
The advantages of the location are:
Near to GIFT CITY, target population- working youngsters
Near to PDPU, target population- young students
Near to GNLU, target population- young students
Near to IIT Gandhinagar, target population- young students
4 Kms from Info-city, Nift, DA-IICT, NID PG Campus, target population- young students
No other Nightclubs in the vicinity except City-Pulse, but City pulse doesn’t have a regular disc
to dance.
The above stated should cater to the population requirements. In addition, the riverside view and
orientation would be a secured and enjoyable spot for many.
The details of the Museum and After-Hour-Joint are:
Structure Organizing
Strict Timing Schedule
Special arrangements for women/girls transportation as in Navratri. i.e. one bus running at a
stipulated time only for Females.
Minimum 50M clearances from the internal fences to avoid external influences and
disturbances to the residents in the proximity. These clearances would also provide adequate
space for sitting arrangements to be made.
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