Ganga River System

he Ganges or Ganga (Hindustani: [ˈɡəŋɡaː]), is a trans-boundary river of South Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The 2,704 km (1,680 mi) river originates from the Gangotri Glacier of western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of India and Bangladesh, eventually emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

3. The passage where the river flows is called the river bed and the
earth on each side is called a river bank.
A river is a stream of water that flows through a channel in the
surface of the ground.
A river begins as a small stream, and gets bigger the farther it
flows.
What is river ?

4. A natural stream of water of fairly large size flowing in a definite
series of diverging and converging channels.
A river is the path that water takes as it flows downhill towards
the ocean.
Definition of river-
The start of a river is called the source and the end is called the
mouth.

5. Indiahasalargenetworkofrivers.
Whichcontributemorethan30%ofthetotalinlandfish
production..
TheriversofIndiaplayanimportantroleinthelivesofthe
Indianpeople.

6. Rhithronzone:
•upstreamareaoftheriver.
•Fasterandmoreturbulentflowingspeeds.
Potamonzone:
•downstreamareaofariver.
•slowerwaterflowingspeeds
•Temperatureisgenerallywarmerthanotherareasof
theriver.

7. power
generation
Agriculture
Factories,
Industry
Drinking
water
Transportatio
n
Use of river

8. CLASSIFICATION OF RIVERS
Broadly Classified Into 5 System
The Ganga Riverine System
The Brahmaputra Riverine System
The Indus Riverine System
The East Coast Riverine System
The West Coast Riverine System

9. BASED ON THEIR ORIGIN
1.Himalayanriversystem–
Ganga,
Indus,
Brahmaputra
2.Deccanriversystem/peninsularriversystems –
Eastcoastriversystem
Westcoastriversystem
“Snow fed”, “ rain fed”
Perennial
Fluctuations in water level is very less
Depend upon rains “Rain fed”
Seasonal

10. BASED ON AREA COVERAGE
Sl.
No.
Category Area No. Of rivers
1.Major rivers (>20000 Sq. Km15
2.Medium rivers 2000 –20000 Sq. Km45
3.Minor rivers <2000 Sq. Km102

11. o
River length as whole (including canals) = 1,95,210 km
o
Combined length of all major rivers= 45,000 km
o
Resource potential= 29000 km
o
Total catchment area= 3.12 million sq. km
o
113 river basins
INDIAN RIVERINE RESOURCES

12. FAUNA AND PRODUCTION

Average Fish Yield –1 Tonn/Km

Yield Of Major River = 0.64-1.64 Tonn/Km

Fish Fauna Of About 25000 Species Of Which 930 Belonging To 326 Genera
Inhabit Inland Waters.

14. Name of river,Origin PlaceState TributariesLength
(k.m)
Catchment
area (Lakh
sq. k.m)
Important
fishes
Ganga Gangotri&
Alaknanda
U.K,U.P,
Jharkhand,
Bihar, & W.B
Gomati,
Gandak,
Ghaghara,
Kosi, Yamuna,
Tons, Sons.
2525 9.71 IMC,
catfishes,
minor carp &
prawn.
Brahmaputra Chemayungdu
ngmountains
(China)
A. P.AssamDibang,Siang,
Lohit, Manas,
Manas, Dihahg
2900 1.95 Catfishes,
carps,
miscellaneous
species,
Himalayas
species.
Indus river North-West
Himalayas
J&K, H.P,
Punjab.
Jhelum,
Chenab,Ravi,
Beas & Sutlaj.
2000 2.56 Coldwater
fishes,
catfishes, &
carps.

15. East Coast river Origin PlaceState TributariesLength (k.m)Catchmen
t area
(Lakhsq.
k.m)
Important fishes
Godavari Deolali hills
Nasik
(Maharastra)
Maharastra,
Andhra
Pradesh
Manjira,
Waingunga &
Indravati.
1465 3.12Catfishes, carps,
miscellaneous
species, &
brackishwater
prawn
Mahanadi Shihawa hills (
Chhattisgarh)
Chhattisgarh,
M.P& Uddisa
Brahmagiri,
Devi, Bhargavi
river
857 1.41Exoticfishes,
catfishes
&miscellaneous
Cauvery Brahmagiri
hills
(Karnataka)
Karnataka
&Tamil Nadu
Bhavani, Noyil
& Amaravati
850 .81 Catfishes,carps,
miscellaneous &
prawn
Krishna Mahabaleshwa
r hills (Nasik)
Maharastra,
Karnataka &
Andhra
Pradesh
Bhima,
Tungabhadra
1280 2.33Carps,catfishes, &
miscellaneous
fishes

16. West Coast river
(Narmada)
Amarkantak
hills (M.P.)
M.P,
Maharastra &
Gujarat
Sher, Shakkar,
Tawa, Gnajal,
Hira, Lihar etc
1312 .94 Major carp, minor
carp, catfishes
prawn
Tapti Vindhyachal
mountain
(M.P)
M.P,
Maharastra &
Gujarat
Girna river,
Purna river,
Bori river, Aner
river etc
720 .48 Minor carp, major
carp, catfishes,
prawn

19. “ The Ganges is a lifeline to millions who
live along its course.”

20. It is a most sacred river to Hindus, and worshiped
as the goddessGangainHinduism.
The Ganges was ranked as thefifth most polluted
river of the world in 2007.

21. GangamostimportantriversysteminIndiaandoneofthelargestintheworld.
Totallengthabout8,047km.(inIndiawithtributaries).
Lengthofganga-2,525km
Travelsthroughtwocountries-IndiaandBangladesh.
OriginatesfromGangotriandAlaknandaataheight6000mabovem.s.lintheGarwalHimalayasin
Uttarkhand.
ItdraincoverstatesUttarakhand,U.P.,Bihar,Jharkhand,WestBengal&somepartofRajasthanandM.P.
Gangahasitssourceintwoheadwater(GangotriandAlaknanda)ataheightofabout6000m.abovesealevel.
ItisnamedasBhagirathihere.AtDevprayag,AlakanandajoinsBhagirathiandbecomesGanga.
InAllahabaditisjoinedbytheYamuna,thelargesttributaryofGanga,risingfromYamunotriglacier.

23. The Ganges River passes through many cities including Rishikesh, Hardiwar, Farrukhabad, Kanpur,
Jajmau, Allahabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Buxar, Ballia, Patna, Munger, and Bhagalpur.
Many major and minor tributaries are Ramganga, Yamuna, Tons (Tamsa) , Varuna, Gomati, Ghaghara (
Karnali), Sone, Gandak, Mahanada, Koshi, etc.
Left bank tributaries -Ramganga, Gandak, Kosi, Gharghara, Gomati.
Right bank tributaries –Son.
Kosi, a tributary, is flood prone. So it is known as “Sorrow of Bihar”.
It bifurcates into Bhagirathi and Hooghly in WB and Padma-Meghnain Bangladesh.
Catchment area 9.71 lakh km 2.

25. The mouth of River Ganga forms theworld’s largest delta,
known asSunderbans, and was declared a World Heritage
Site by UNESCO in 1997. It covers more than105,000
square kilometers(41,000 square miles)
byNASA
Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans
saltwater crocodilein the Sundarban

26. Geography view of sundarbans

27. Habitat
Upperreach(TehritoKannauj)
Middlereach(KanpurtoPatna)
Lowerreach(SultanpurtoKotwah)
ZonesofGangariver
(a)Sluggishzone(Kanpur,Allahabad,Varanasi)
(b)Aggresivezone(BaliatoBuxar)
(c)Recoveryzone(BhagalpurtoRajamahal)

28. also known as the Jumna or Jamna, is the second
largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) and
the longest tributary in India.

29. The Ganga river system supports a large number of commercially important fish species
including major carp.
Major carp-Labeorohita, L. calbasu, Catlacatla, Cirrhinusmrigala.
Minor carp:-L. fimriatus, L. bata, L. dero, Cirrhinusrebaetc.
Catfishes:-Wallagoattu, Mytusaor, Clariasbatrachus, Bagariusbagarius, Rita rita, Ompak
pabdaetc.
Feather back:-Notopteruschitala, N. notopterus.
Clupeids-Hilsailisha, Gadusiachapra, Satipinnaphasa.
Prawns-MacrobrachiummalcolmsoniiM. gangaticum.
The dominant fish species in Ganga river system is Cirrhinusmrigala
Fisheries of Ganga river system

31. wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Clariasbatrachus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Bagariusbagarius(Hamilton, 1822)
Rita rita(Hamilton, 1822)

32. ChandanamaGlass fish
Puntiusspp.
M. choparai(Truly freshwater prawn)
Macrobrachiumrosenbergii
Tenualosailisha

33. FISHING GEARS OF GANGA

Hookandlineisthemaingearintheuppermoststretch.

DownstreamuptoHaridwarfishingisnotpermitted.

Useoffishinggearsisoperativeinthemiddleandlow&reaches.

Thevariouslydesignedgearsareusedtosuitlocalconditionssuchasdepthofwater,water
velocityandtypeoffishtobecaught.

Dragnets(majorandminor),Gillnets,pursenet,scoopnet,castnets,setbarriers,traps,
longlinesarenormallyusedinfreshwaterstretches

Inestuariessystem,Trawlnets,sinenets,pursenets,driftnets,liftnets,castnets,bagnets,
setgillnets,setbarriernetsandtrapsareused

34. Fishing gears of Ganga

35. POLLUTION AND TOXICITY

36. POLLUTION AND TOXICITY

38. Various Causes of Water Pollution
1.Industrial waste
2.Sewage and wastewater
3.Mining activities
4.Accidental oil leakage
5.The burning of fossil fuels
6.Chemical fertilizers and pesticides
7.Leakage from sewer lines
8.Global warming
9.Radioactive waste
10.Urban development
11.Leakage from the landfills
12.Animal waste
13.Underground storage leakage

43. “In the United States, wastewater treatment facilities process about 34 billion
gallons of wastewater per day.”
“In the United States, wastewater treatment facilities process about 34
billion gallons of wastewater per day.”

44. “Some 80 percent
of the world’s
wastewater is
dumped—largely
untreated—back
into the
environment,
polluting rivers,
lakes, and
oceans.”
BY, Melissa Denchak

45. “Unsafe water kills more people each year than war and all other forms
of violence combined.”

46. Oil pollution

47. “Moreover, nearly half of the estimated 1 million tons of oil that makes its way into marine
environments each year comes not from tanker spills but from land-based sources such as factories,
farms, and cities.”

51. more than 15 million people, New Delhi and its surrounding cities produce an estimated 17,000
tons of trash daily, according to Indian officials and environmentalists.

52. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGE AND FISHERIES:
Enhanced water temperature………
Geographic shift of species
Habitat loss or gain
Fish breeding alteration or changes
Decrease in fish and related biota species richness, alteration
compositions
Exotic species invasion.
Impact on fish physiology
Increased growth of plankton
Low oxygen
Increased toxicity of pollutants

53. EXCESSIVE RAINFALL AND DROUGHT
Geographic shift of species
Habitat loss and gain
Fish breeding failure
Decrease in fish and related biota species distribution.
ALTERATION IN RAINFALL AND WATER AVAILABILITY
Geographicshiftofspecies.
Speciesrichnessdecreases
Breedingfailure
Habitatloss

55. ALIEN AND EXOTICS
Extinction of native species
Disease outbreak
Food chain alteration
Hybridization
Habitat change
Change in biodiversity
Loss of trait

58. CONCLUSION

Thefisheryofcarpsaredecliningandcatfisheswere
overtakingthepreexistingfisherywithinmajor
systems.

InIndia,naturalflowofallmajorrivershavebeen
regulatedforfulfillingwaterdemandofagricultureand
powersector,withoutgivinganyattentiontofisheries
sector.Asaresult,rivershavelosttheircharacterand
fisherieshavesufferedhugelosses.

59. REFERENCE
•Handbookofaquaculture–Dr.S.ayyappan,Secondedition,2011(Chapterno–1.Pageno.1to
31,302,169).
•AtextbookoffishbiologyandfisheriesDr.S.S.KhannaCorrectededition(Chapterno–34,39.
pageno.351to355,403to407).
•FishandfisheriesofIndia–V.G.Jhingran,Secondedition,1985(Chapterno–7.Pageno.249,
492).
•Google