Garden cities by ebenezer howard

This presentation will provides you how the garden cities by Ebenezer were planned and designed how important the environment is and also the ideas of Ebenezer Howard.

1. GARDEN CITIES -SIR EBENEZER HOWARD PRESENTED BY - 318106101020-T.SAI KRISHNA 318106101029- H.DURGA BHAVANI

2. SIR EBENEZER HOWARD (29 th January 1850-1st May 1928) Sir Ebenezer Howard born as the son of a shopkeeper in the city of London on 29 January 1850. After schooling, he took on a number of clerical posts. In 1871,he emigrated to the frontier country of America to become a Farmer. He subsequently spent four years living in Chicago , witnessing it’s rebuilding following the great fire. It was during this time ,he began to contemplate ways to improve cities. He was the English founder of the GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT , is known for his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path To Real Reform (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature.

3. GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT :THE ORIGIN Howard was heavily influenced by the utopian visions of Edward Bellamy and his publication Looking Backward (1888). The ideas put forth in To-morrow were a synthesis of his personal experiences and the works of others. The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement , that realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain at the beginning of the 20 th century. The first garden cities proposed were Letchworth and Welwyn in 1903 and 1920 respectively. Core Garden City Principles Strong community Ordered development Environmental quality

4. GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW:THE BOOK This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town(such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty , fresh air and low rents). He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram which addressed the question ‘Where will the people go?’, the choices being ‘Town’, ‘Country’ or ‘Town-Country’. It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in advance , and surrounded by a permanent belt of agriculture land.

5. These Garden cities were used as the model for many suburbs. Howard believed that such Garden Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature. The towns would be largely independent, managed by the citizens who had an economic interest in them, and financed by ground rents on the Georgist model. The land on which they were to be built was to be owned by a group of trustees and leased to the citizens .

6. THE CURE- Sir Ebenezer Howard It is important to understand the contest to which Howard’s work was a reaction. London (and other cities ) in the 19 th century were in the throws of industrialization , and the cities were exerting massive forces on the labour markets of the time. Massive immigration from the countryside to the cities was taking place with London. This situation was unsustainable and political commentators of all parties sought “how best to provide the proper antidote against the greatest danger of modern existence”( st .James Gazette, 1892). To how THE CURE was simple- to reintegrate people with the countryside.

7. In trying to understand and represent the attraction of the city he compared each city to a magnet with individuals represented as needles drawn to the city. He set about comparing the ‘town and the country magnets’ but decided that neither were suitable atrractors for his utopian vision. Instead he believed that “ Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together” – hence giving his solution “the two magnets must be made one” “Town and Country must be united, and out his joyous union, will spring a new hope, a new life , a new civilization.

8. THE THREE MAGNETS-THE PEOPLE TOWN POSITIVE ASPECTS Social opportunity. Isolation of crowds. Places of amusement. Chances of employment. High money wages. Well-lit streets. COUNTRY POSITIVE ASPECTS Beauty of nature. Land lying idle. Wood , meadow, forest. Fresh air. Low rents. Abundance of water. Bright sunshine. The three magnets diagram (below) makes three points: -TOWN life has good and bad characteristics -COUNTRY life has good and bad characteristics -TOWN-COUNTRY life can have all the good things about life in towns and life in the country-without any of the bad things. NEGATIVE ASPECTS Lack of society. Hands out of work. Trespassers beware. Low wages. Lack of drainage. Lack of amusement. No public spirit. Need for reform. NEGATIVE ASPECTS Closing out of nature. High rents & prices. Foul air and murky sky. Slums & gin palaces. Costly drainage.

9. TOWN-COUNTRY COMBINATION OF BOTH ASPECTS Beauty of nature- peace all-over the places. Social opportunity- cumulative growth. Fields and parks of easy access- equal chances. Low rents- high wages. Low rates- plenty to do. Low prices- no sweating. Field for enterprise-flow of capital. Pure air and water- good drainage. Bright homes & gardens- no smoke, no slums. Freedom- Co-operation.

10. The Original Garden City Concept by Ebenezer Howard,1902

11. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE Assumed data- A total of 6000 acre estate . 1000 acres, purely for the central garden city as a home for 30000 people. Surrounding the central city 5000 acres of land is retained for agriculture and home for 2000 people ,with cow pastures, farmlands and welfare services. GARDEN CITY DATAS Central city : Area:12000 acres. Population: 58000 people. Agglomeration Cities: Area:9000 acres Population:32000 people. Distance between central main city and the agglomeration:~10km.

12. CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern . Divided into six equal wards , by six main Boulevards that radiated from the central park/garden. Civic institutions ( Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc .) are placed around the central garden. The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as arcade for indoor shops and winter gardens . The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric ringed tree lined avenues. Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km. A 420 feet wide ,3 mile long , Grand avenue which run in the center of concentric rings, houses the schools and churches and acts as a continuous public park. All the industries , factories and warehouses were placed at the peripheral ring of the city. The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer to the industrial ring , so that the pressure of excess transport on the city is connected to the rest of the nation.

13. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE The first Garden City evolved out of Howard’s principles is Letchworth Garden City designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903. The second one to evolve was Welwyn Garden City designed by Louis de Soissons and Frederic Osborn in 1920. Another example was Radburn City designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928.

14. LETCHWORTH Letchworth , officially Letchworth Garden City, is a town in Hertfordshire ,England , with a population of 33,600. It was designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker. Letchworth is 35 miles from London. An Analysis Land of 3822 acres. Reserved Green belt-1300 acres. Designed for a maximum of 35000 population. In 30 years it was developed with 15000 population &150 shops , industries. Letchworth Garden City- Arrangement from top

15. LECTHWORTH-A NEW VISION

16. WELWYN Welwyn Garden City is a town within the Borough of Welwyn Hatfield in Hertfordshire, England. It is located approximately 19 miles from Kings Cross and 24 miles from London. On 29 April 1920 a company, Welwyn Garden City Limited , was formed to plan and build the garden city, chaired by Sir Theodore Chambers. Louis de Soissons was appointed as architect and town planner and Frederic Osborn as secretary. An Analysis Land of 2378 acres . Designed for a maximum of 40000 population. In 15 years it is developed with 10000 population & 50 shops, industries. Arrangement of Welwyn Garden City from top

17. Streets are designed so as to give the concept of a Neighbourhood unit. Separation of the pedestrian walk ways from the main roads gives a sense of natural beauty. Open and green spaces are given on a large scale. Personalization of Homes in Welwyn with varying roofline , texture and composition for each house.

18. RADBURN , NEW JERSEY Radburn was planned by architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928. It is America’s first garden community , serving as a world wide example of the harmonious blending of private space and open area. Radburn provided a prototype for the new towns to meet the requirements for contemporary good living. Radburn was designed to occupy one square mile of land and house some 25000 residents. However , the great depression limited the development to only 149 acres . Radburn created a unique alternative to the conventional suburban development through the use of cul-de-sacs, interior parklands , and cluster housing. Although Radburn is smaller than planned , it still plays a very important role in the history of urban planning. The Regional planning Association of America (RPAA) used Radburn as a garden city experiment.

19. RADBURN CONSISTS OF- Residential acres 149 acres of interior parks, Walkways, 2 swimming pools, 4 tennis courts, 2 playgrounds , Archery plaza and a school, 2 outdoor basketball courts A community center , which houses administrative offices, library, gymnasium , club room and service and maintenance areas

20. Housing blocks Parks and Greenbelts Plaza building the Shopping center

21. CONCLUSION Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept shows us a place where genuine urban activities are carried at human scale . The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many uses including the presence of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation , pollution minimization , and growth management. Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and community dimensions. The garden city idea however , showed how both industrial estates and collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes.

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