GARDEN CITY(garden city concept)

GARDEN CITY(garden city concept), the perfect blend of city and nature.
the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with a social and community dimensions.

1. HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING (ARCH 255) AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING PRESENTED BY- AHAL FATIMA AASTHA SHRIVASTAVA SEJAL GUPTA

2. Howard believed that garden cities were the perfect blend of city and nature . A Garden city is a self sufficient city in which the attractive features of both rural life and city life are combined The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many uses including the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management as well as the city endowed the tradition of urban planning with a social and community dimensions. The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and c o llect i v e re t ailing s p a ces could be u s e d within a comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes. GARDEN CITY:-

3. ORIGIN:- Garden city concept played a very important role in the urban planning of the 20th century. Howard created the concept of a garden city under he influence of geographer Peter Alexievich Kropotkin and economist Alfred Marshalls idea. At the end of the 19th and 20th centuries, kroptkin predicted the impact of electricity and the development of communication technology on decentralization in urban areas, and that urban residents would enjoy both rural and urban lifestyles at the same time. Marshall has initiated the planned construction of new cities in order to slow down the increase in social costs caused by the industry concentration in cities. Howard used their ideas and proposed the establishment of a new city type in order to reduce the differences between rural and urban settlements. In his book Garden Cities of Tomorrow, published in 1898, Howard raised the issue of decentralization of major cities,i.e. the founding of green cities around the home town. He wanted this city to have the economic and cultural advantages of city life as well as ecological advantages of rural areas. He realized that the great city ruins itself with its own spatial-demographic growth. Population growth, traffic congestion and inaccessibility to the most important institutions led Howard to the idea of creating a new type of city, which in its growth would not experience “apoplexy in its center and paralysis on its periphery”

4. TIMELINE :- SIR EBENEZER HOWAR D PUBLISHED “GARDEN CITY OF TOMORROW GARDEN CITY ASSOCIATION WAS MADE. LETCHWORTH WAS DESIGNED FOR 35000 PEOPLE WELWYN WAS DESIGNED FOR 40000 PEOPLE LETCHWORTH HAD 16000 PEOPLE & 100 FACTORIES WELWYN HAD 18000 PEOPLE & 75 FACTORIES 1850 - 1928 1899 1903 1920 1947

5. Howard publishes his book that clearly and concisely describes his vision of a network of Garden Cities. Not only will this bring together the advantages of town life and country life, but will help in careful planning and development. 1898 - HOW IT ALL BEGAN :- 1903 - THE FIRST GARDEN CITY :- The Garden City Pioneer Company is established with the aim of creating the First Garden City. After reviewing a number of sites, the company purchases 3,818 acres of land near Letchworth and Howard’s vision becomes a reality. 1904 - THE MASTER PLAN:- Architects and town planners, Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker, are commissioned to begin planning the town in the center of the Letchworth estate. Their focus is on creating a development with better and more affordable housing for the poor, areas for industry to improve employment opportunities and green open spaces and parklands for recreation. 1919 - THE IDEA SPREADS:- With the success of Letchworth Garden City, another estate is purchased near Welwyn for a second Garden City with Howard keen to show that the achievements of Letchworth

6. CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT OF A GARDEN CITY :-

7. Boulevards - 120 feet from center to periphery, dividing city into six parts. Central garden with civic lnstutions around - town hall, library,theatre,museum,hospital. Shopping area separated by green belt (central park) followed by housing. Grand avenue occupied by schools and churches. Outer ring comprised of factories,ware-houses,dairies, markets,coal yards. Agriculture farm holdings beyond, ready market close by for the urban farmer City managed by citizens CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT OF A GARDEN CITY :-

8. THE ORIGINAL  GARDEN CITY  CONCEPT BY EBENEZER HOWARD, 1902

9. CONCEPTUAL SKETCH :-

10. CORE PRINCIPLES OF GARDEN CITY :- Strong community Land value capture for the benefit of the community. Strong vision, leadership and community engagement. Ordered development Strong cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighbourhoods. Environmental quality-: The benefits of incorporating more open, green, and natural spaces into cities are abundant, ranging from cleaner air and improved human health, to increased resiliency and ecological diversity. Development that enhances the natural environment, providing a comprehensive green infrastructure network and net biodiversity gains, and that uses zero-carbon and energy-positive technology to ensure climate resilience.

11. MAIN ELEMENTS OF GARDEN CITY:- CENTRAL PARK The element is supposed to be located in the centre off the city ,comprising a green space; public building such as tow hall, concert and lecture hall,theatre,library ,museum, etc.. AVENUES,BOULEVARDS AND ROADS This is the main structure element of the garden city that becomes the backbone that connect every elements into one integrated and compact city with easy commuting access. OUTER RING This is the industrial element of the city where people mainly work. It is what makes the garden city a new form of industrial city, but with beautiful countryside atmosphere. The outer ring will be connected with the circle railway that ensures its effectiveness and efficiency top create jobs as well as products for the whole city and whole communities.

12. CIRCLE RAILWAY Circle railway is another industrial element that ensures that this new city could work effectively and efficiently even more productive than the older industrial cities. GREEN SPACE: GREEN BELT,PARK& TREE LINED STREET This is the main feature of a garden city which is an evolutionary idea of its time. As illustrated in the three magnet diagram , the new garden city promises a new way of working in productive industrial city while still enjoying the beautiful scenery of the countryside.

13. CONCEPT GARDEN CITY :- THREE MAGNETS – “WHERE WILL THE PEOPLE GO??” He illustrated the idea with his famous diagram of 3 magnets. This diagram summarises the political, economic and social via three magnets. One magnet – town (amusement, high wages and rents, opportunities) Second magnet – country (nature, low rents ) Third magnet – combination of both

14. TOWN:- POSITIVE ASPECTS SOCIAL OPPORTUNITY ISOLATION OF CROWDS PLACES OF AMUSEMENT CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT HIGH MONEY WAGES WELL-LIT STREETS NEGETIVE ASPECTS CLOSING OUT OF NATURE HIGH RENTS AND PRICES FOUL AIR SLUMS AND GIN PALACES COSTLY DRAINAGE COUNTRY:- POSITIVE ASPECTS NEGETIVE ASPECTS BEAUTY OF NATURE FRESH AIR LOW RENTS ABUNDANCE OF WATER WOOD, MEADOW, FOREST LACK OF SOCIETY LACK OF DRAINAGE LOW WAGES CROWDED DWELLINGS HANDS OUT OF WORK DESERTED VILLAGES

15. TOWN - COUNTRY:- COMBINATION OF BOTH ASPECTS Beauty of nature – peace all over the places. Social opportunity – cumulative growth. Fields and parks of easy access – equal chances Low rents – high wages Low rates - plenty to do Pure air and water – good drainage Bright homes and gardens – no slums, no smoke Instead he believed that “human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together” – hence giving his solution “the two magnets must be made one.” "Town and country must be united, and out of this joyous union, will spring a new hope, a new life, a new civilization."

16. LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY:-

17. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE :- LETCHWORTH, ENGLAND, UK The first Garden City evolved out of Howard’s principles is Letchworth Garden City designed by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903. Land of 3822 acres Reserved Green belt- 1300 acres Designed for a maximum of 35000 population In 30 years – developed with Latchworth Garden City- Arrangement from top.15000 population & 150 shops, industries.

18. MATERPLANS AND MIGRATION:- Howard wasn’t a town planner or architect his diagrams were only ever meant to be illustrative and to design the layout for the project, First Garden City Ltd appointed two Arts & Crafts architects from Buxton in Derbyshire, Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker. They drew up a Masterplan which was adopted in 1904 and quickly developed an archetypal ​‘Letch worth Look’ style of housing design. The first Garden City attracted both middle class utopian idealists, enthused by the idea, and also (mainly) factories, relocating from towns and cities and bringing along their workforce masse. Indeed Letch worth Garden City, despite its leafy suburban reputation today, has always been a working town. Letch worth Garden City today retains the landscaping and green spaces that bring the countryside into the town. Howard’s original model that means rents from the town’s farms, shops, industries and offices are reinvested locally for the benefit of its citizens.

19. LETCHWORTH CITY PLAN :- The plan shows the green belt around the city. The center of the city has all its amenities and the industrial area is around the railway line. But it lacks informality, winding streets etc. and the railway line passes near the center.

20. Well connected and biodiversity rich public parks, and a mix of public and private networks of well managed, high-quality gardens, tree-lined streets and open spaces; Distinct separation of the residential, industrial and civic areas and in the use of parks to screen residential neighborhoods from roads and other undesirable things. Strong local cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighborhoods. The two model homes had a significant effect on planning and urban design in the UK. pioneering and popularising such concepts as pre-fabrication, the use of new building materials (concrete, steel, hanging tiles, etcetera) and front and back gardens. It is from this last feature of these model cottages built at Letchworth that the popular misconception stems that a Garden City is an urban environment characterised by houses with front and back garden.

21. Letchworth now became part of this belt of suburban satellites aimed at housing the London overspill. This meant that Letchworth should also grow in population. Several housing estates have thus been added. These plans follow the pre-war proposals of the company quite closely and more or less fill out the area available within the green belt. The development activities of the city have been successfully regulated by a community organization so that Howard’s legacy was retained in Letchworth. In fact, the city has developed and been operating institutional mechanisms to enforce the regulations. The Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation, on behalf of the community, receives development proposals, reviews them and makes decisions on them.

22. REASON TO PLAN LETCHWORTH:- London (and other cities) in the 19th century were in the throws of industrialization, and the cities were exerting massive forces on the labour markets of the time. Massive immigration from the countryside to the cities was taking place with London. This situation was unsustainable and political commentators of all parties sought “how best to provide the proper antidote against the greatest danger of modern existence” (St. Jame’s Gazette, 1892) To Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people with the countryside.

23. GREENBELT CONCEPT (LETCHWORTH): “Greenbelt” refers to any area of undeveloped natural land that has been set aside near urban or developed land to provide open space, offer light recreational opportunities or contain development. The green belt is important to the ecological health of any region. Green belts acts as a buffer zone and within the city too between the residential and the industrial zones.

24. MASTER PLAN:-

25. LAND USE MAP:-

26. LAND USE MAP OF LETCHWORTH :-

27. STRATEGIC BOUNDARIES:-

28. URBAN DESIGN CHARACTER AREAS:-

29. CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS:-

30. GATEWAYS , BARRIERS & CONNECTIONS:-

31. VISTAS & LANDMARKS:-

32. OPPORTUNITY SITE CONNECTIONS & URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES:-

33. POLICY AREA & OPPORTUNITY SITES:-

34. POPULATION GRAPH:- EVOLUTION OF POPULATION

35. RELIGION AND ETHNIC GROUPS:-

36. PERCENTAGE OF INCOME GENERATED:

37. LENCHWORTH GREEN CITY 1. Spirella Building :- 4 minute walk from the Local and Tourist Information Centre Created for the famous Spirella corset company. the ‘factory of beauty’ promoted good working conditions and leisure facilities for their ‘Healthy Happy Workers.’ Built in three stages between 1912 and 1920. 2. 1905&1907 Exhibition Cottages :- 3 minute walk from the Spirella Building Shortly after the birth of the Garden City. Letch worth was home to two experimental housing exhibitions. These exhibitions played a key part in shaping today’s Garden City. 3. Norton Common :- 2 minute walk from some of the 1905 & 1907 Exhibition Cottages. A beautiful 63-acre Common and park in the heart of the town, within easy walking distance of the town centre and railway station. Affectionately known as the home of Letchworth’s famous Black Squirrels, it offers acres of unspoilt grass and woodland, tennis courts, bowling green and a 1935 lido style outdoor pool. 4. The Settlement :- 2 minute walk from Norton Common Built in 1907 Architecturally, it is among the most characteristic and sensitively designed building of the early Garden City .

38. LENCHWORTH GREEN CITY :- 5. Mrs Elizabeth Howard Memorial Hall :- 5 minute walk from The Settlement . The town’s first public building, paid for by public subscription in memory of Ebenezer Howard’s first wife, Lizzie, who died in 1904, shortly after the First Garden City w as inaugurated. Refurbished in 2007.. 6. The International Garden Cities Exhibition :- 3 minute walk from Mrs Elizabeth Howard Memorial Hall . This beautiful and unique thatched building was designed in 1907 as the town’s original drawing office for architects and town planners, Parker and Unwin. Formerly known as the First Garden City Heritage Museum. a large scale refurbishment has taken place to add new displays, research facilities and information on Letchworth’s legacy and influence across the world. 7. Howgills Friends’ Meeting House :- 8 minute walk from the international Garden cities exhibition built in 1907, This is one of letch worth's most Distinguished and unique early buildings. 8. The Cloisters :- 10 minute walk from How gills Friends’ Meeting House Built between 1905 and 1907. The Cloisters was originally intended to be an open air school for poor children to grow up in healthy country surroundings.

39. LENCHWORTH GREEN CITY :- 9. Sollershott Circus :- 10 minute walk from The Cloisters Hidden in the depths of the tree lined streets of Broadway. you’ll find the first ‘gyratory traffic flow system’ built in the UK. On the original town plan drawn up in 1904, architects Parker and Unwin drew up a detailed plan of the roundabout which was established in 1909. 10. Broadway Gardens :- 5 minute walk from Sollershott Circus Originally planned to be the grand centre of Letch worth. Transformed in 2003 to celebrate the town’s centenary. Benefitting from great views of the Town Hall, the Old Grammar School and Library, with an eye catching fountain, Broadway Gardens is the perfect setting for a summer picnic. 11. Town Hall :- 1 minute walk from Broadway Gardens. This architecturally beautiful Town Hall was designed by Bennett and Bidwell in 1935 using a typical Georgian style. At present, the Town Hall is being used as administration headquarters for North Hertfordshire College. 12. Broadway Cinema :- 1 minute walk from the Town Hall This Art Deco picture house was the third to be built in Letchworth, opening in 1936. Designed by architects Bennett and Bidwell and built by Howard Hurst. The cinema has remained popular throughout its existence and is one of the few remaining independent cinemas in Hertfordshire.

40. Although its critics may see Letch worth as an example of bland suburbia, its residents do not agree: 84% of respondents to a recent survey said they were proud to live in Letch worth, and 81% would recommend living in Letch worth to others. Today, the town is facing the challenge of planning for growth and a sustainable future, while retaining and maximizing the benefits of its unique Garden City heritage (of which 99% of residents are proud). In response to North Hertfordshire District Council’s request for housing land in Letch worth, th e foundation has been exploring options including an extension into the town’s northern agricultural estate. Partly in response to consultation with residents, the Foundation is also seeking to revitalise the evening economy in the town center and is using an ambitious arts and cultural programme to facilitate this. The Foundation is also supporting a number of community-led sustainability initiatives, working with groups such as Transition Towns Letch worth to promote sustainable living in the town and consider how to overcome the challenge of retrofitting Arts and Crafts designed homes . WHAT CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IS LETCHWORTH FACING TODAY?

41. THANK YOU