Gas Processing Operations processing plants

Gas processing

1. Gas Processing Operations
Processing Plants Prepared by: DSc PhD Dževad Hadžihafizović (DEng)
Sarajevo 2024

7. Gas Processing Operations
Natural Gas Dehydration

18. •INPUT:Process Multiple Crude Compositions At
Minimum Cost
•OUTPUT: Produce Slate Of Products That Provide The
Most Profit For Current Market Conditions
•CONVERSION: Utilize Processes That Upgrade Value Of
Petroleum Components
•FULL CONVERSION REFINERY
–Change Less Valuable Fractions Into Higher Value
Transportation Fuels
–Process Heavier, Cheaper Crude Oil
–Convert ~90% Of Crude Oil Into Fuels And Products
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 3

19. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 4
PETROLEUM
REFINERY
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Refinery Products
$$$
$$$
$$$
$
$
$$
$
$$
Coke
Sulfur

20. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 5
Molecular
Weight
Density
Higher
Lower

21. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 6
STABILIZER
ATMOSPHERIC
TO WER
VACUUM
TO WER
CRUDE DISTILLATION
CRUDE
LPG & GAS
SR GASOLINE
NAPHTHA
MIDDLE DISTILLATES
HVY ATMOS
GAS OIL
VACUUM
GAS OIL
(LVG O/
HVGO)
DELAYED
COKER
COKE
T
R
E
A
T
I
N
G
A
N
D
B
L
E
N
D
I
N
G
REFINERY FUEL GAS
LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
REGULAR GASOLINE
PREMIUM GASOLINE
CHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS
JET FUEL / KEROSENE
DIESELS
HEAT ING OILS
LUBE OILS
GREASES
ASPHALTS
INDUSTRIAL FUELS
REFINERY FUEL OIL
FLUIDIZED
CATALYTIC
CRACKING
(FCCU)
LIGHT ENDS
UNIT
NAPHTHA
HYDRO
TREATING
REFORMING
REFORMATE
ISOMERIZATION
CONVERSION PRODUCT FINISHING
VACUUM TOWER BOTTOMS
SULFUR
RECOVERY SULFUR
RICH
AMINE
SOUR
W AT E R
LEAN
AMINE
SWEET WATER
HYDRO-
CRACKING
(HCU)
COKER GAS OIL
DISTILLATE
HYDRO
TREATING
DISTILLATES
ALKYLATION
ALKYLATES
COKER
NAPHTHA
COKER DISTILLATE
GAS OIL
HYDRO
TREATING
(GOHT)
HYDROCRACKATE
HCU DIESEL
C AT L IG HT EN DS
CAT
NAPHTHA
CAT LIGHT CYCLE OIL (LCO)

22. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 7
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Crude
DistillationConversion
Product
Finishing
Byproduct Recovery

23. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 8
Product
Finishing
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Crude
DistillationConversion
Byproduct Recovery
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals

24. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 9
CRUDE
GASOLINE
1 BARREL 1 BARREL
JET FUEL
DIESEL
$60 / BBL (BRENT)
$87 / BBL
$90 / BBL
$92 / BBL

25. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 10
1 BARREL
CRUDE
1.1 BARREL
PRODUCT
=

27. •Crude Oil Is A Complex Mixture Of
Hydrocarbons Generated By Nature
•Light Crudes Have Lower Boiling Point
Components With More Value As Products
•Sweet Crudes Have Lower Sulfur Concentrations
–Less Expensive Materials Of Construction
–Less Sulfur Handling Requirements
•Light, Sweet Crudes Are Becoming More Scarce
And More Expensive
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 12

28. •Heavier Crudes Have Higher Boiling Point
Components With Less Value As Products
•Heavier Crudes Require More Refinery Process
Steps To Convert To Lower Boiling Point
Components Of Higher Value
•Sour Crudes Have Higher Sulfur Concentrations
–More Expensive Materials Of Construction
–More Sulfur Handling Requirements
•Heavy, Sour Crudes Are More Available And Less
Expensive Than Light, Sweet Crudes
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 13

29. •Crude AssayIs Used To Define Specific Properties That
Impact Refining
•Crude Oil Properties Include:
–Boiling Point Curve
–API Gravity
–Sulfur Content
–Nitrogen Content
–Metals (Nickel/Vanadium)
–Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR)
–PONA Analysis
(Paraffins/Olefins/Naphthenes/Aromatics)
–Viscosity Curve
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 14

30. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 15
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Vol Percent
Temperature, F
Vacuum Column Cutpoint
Crude Column Cutpoint

31. •API Gravity Is A Measure Of Crude Oil Density
•Higher API Gravity = Lower Density
•Lower API Gravity = Higher Density
•Light Crudes Are Greater Than 40° API
•Medium Crudes Are 20° To 40° API
•Heavy Crudes Are Less Than 20° API
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 16

32. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 17
Light Sweet Crude Oil
Oso (Nigerian)
47.4°API
0.046 % Sulfur
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
7.05 %
35.24 %
24.46 %
14.74 %
81.49 %Total

33. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 18
Medium Sweet Crude Oil
Brent (North Sea)
38.5°API
0.43 % Sulfur
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
3.4 %
28.8 %
14.9 %
14.7 %
Total
61.8 %

34. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 19
“Medium” Sour Crude Oil
Maya (Mexico)
22.2°API
3.3 % Sulfur
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
1.1 %
15.6 %
11.4 %
12.7 %
Total
40.8 %

35. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 20
Heavy Sour Crude Oil
Merey (Venezuela)
16.0°API
2.28 % Sulfur
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
0.61 %
8.55 %
8.64 %
15.50 %
Total
33.30 %

37. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 22
Product
Finishing
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Conversion
Byproduct Recovery
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Crude
Distillation

38. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 23
Batch Still
Late 1800’s
Continuous Bench Still
Early 1900’s

39. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 24
Pipe Continuous Still
Early 1900’s
Trumble Process

40. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 25
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Conversion
Byproduct Recovery
Preheat
And
Desalter
Atmospheric Tower
Vacuum Tower
Light Ends
Naphtha
Distillate
Gas Oil
Residual
Off Gas
Straight-Run
Naphtha
Straight-Run
Kerosene
Straight-Run
Diesel
AGO
ATB
(Atmos Resid)
LVGO
HVGO
VTB
(Vac Resid)
Removes Salts
And
Solids From Crude
Separates Lighter
Crude
Components
Separates Heavier
Crude
Components
Crude/VacCrude Unit Pipestill

41. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 26
Atmospheric
Tower
Vacuum
Tower

42. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 27
Lower Boiling
Temperature
Lower
Molecular Weight
Higher Boiling
Temperature
Higher
Molecular Weight

43. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 28

44. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 29

46. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 31
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Crude Oil
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Conversion
Byproduct Recovery
Light Ends
Naphtha
Distillate
Gas Oil
Residual
Off Gas
SR Naphtha
SR Kero
SR Diesel
Vac Btms
LVGO
HVGO
AGO
Crude
Distillation
LPG

47. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 32
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Crude
Distillation
Conversion
Byproduct Recovery
Light Ends
Naphtha
Distillate
Gas Oil
Residual
Off Gas
SR Naphtha
SR Kero
SR Diesel
Delayed
Coker
Vac Btms
FCCU
LVGO
HVGO
Hydro-
cracker
AGO
Alkylation

48. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 33
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Byproduct Recovery
Riser
Reactor
Regenerator
Air
AGO
LVGO
HVGO
Other Gas Oil
Main Fractionator
Heavy Cat Naphtha (HCN)
FCC Wet Gas
Light Cycle Oil (LCO)
Clarified Slurry Oil (CSO)
Fractionator Overhead
(Decant Oil)

49. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 34
Reactor
Regenerator
Main Fractionator

50. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 35
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Byproduct Recovery
FCC Wet Gas
Fractionator Overhead
Wet Gas Compressor
FCC Gas Plant (Unsat Gas Plant) (Cat Light Ends Unit)
FCC Dry Gas
FCC C3’s
FCC C4’s
FCC C3’s
P/P Olefins C3 Olefins Refinery Grade Propylene
FCC C4’s
B/B Olefins C4 Olefins Refinery Butylenes
Light Cat Naphtha
(LCN)
Coker LPG

51. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 36
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Byproduct Recovery
Feed
Preparation
Isobutane
FCC C4’s
FCC C3’s
FCC C5’s
Reactors
Fractionation
Propane
N-Butane
Recycle Isobutane
Alkylate

52. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 37

53. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 38
DuPont STRATCO
Alkylates

54. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 39
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Byproduct Recovery
HDS/HDN
Reactors
AGO
Coker GO
HVGO/LVGO
Hydrogen
Hydrocrkg
Reactors
Separators
Recycle Compressor
Fractionation
Fuel Gas
HCU LPG
Lt Naphtha
Hvy Naphtha
Hydrocracker Naphtha =
Hydrocrackate
Lt Distillate
HCU Diesel
Unconverted Oil
Full Conversion

55. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 40
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Byproduct Recovery
HDS/HDN
Reactors
AGO
Coker GO
HVGO/LVGO
Hydrogen
Hydrocrkg
Reactors
Separators
Recycle Compressor
Fractionation
Fuel Gas
HCU LPG
Lt Naphtha
Hvy Naphtha
Lt Distillate
HCU Diesel
Partial Conversion
FCC Feed
Hydrocracker Naphtha =
Hydrocrackate

56. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 41

57. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 42
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Product
Finishing
Byproduct Recovery
Heater
Vacuum Btms
Coke
Drums
Petroleum Coke
Main Fractionator
Coker
Gas
Plant
Fuel Gas
Coker LPG
Coker Naphtha
Coker Distillate
(Coker Diesel)
Coker Gas Oil
Recycle

58. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 43
Coke Drums
Derricks For
Cutting Water
Coke Pit
Feed Heaters

59. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 44
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Crude Oil
LPG
Chemical Feedstock
Gasoline
Jet Fuel / Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Lube / Specialty Oil
Byproducts
Crude
Distillation
Conversion
Byproduct Recovery
Light Ends
Naphtha
Distillate
Gas Oil
Residual
Off Gas
SR Naphtha
SR Kero
SR Diesel
Delayed
Coker
Vac Btms
FCCU
LVGO
HVGO
Hydro-
cracker
AGO
Alkylation
Petroleum Coke
Coker Gas Oil
Coker Distillate
Coker Naphtha
Coker LPG
Clarified Slurry Oil
Light Cycle Oil
Hvy Cat Naphtha
Lt Cat Naphtha
FCC C4’s
FCC C3’sFCC Feed
HCU Diesel
Hvy Hydrocrackate
Lt Hydrocrackate
HCU LPG
Isobutane
Propane
N-Butane
Alkylate

61. •Light Ends –Fuel Gas
•Naphtha–Gasoline
•Distillates–Kerosene, Jet Fuel, Diesel
•Gas Oils–Pre-/Post-Hydrotreating Before
Converting to Gasoline (FCCU) Or Diesel
(Hydrocracking)
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 46

62. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 47
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Byproduct Recovery
Delayed
Coker
FCCU
Hydro-
cracker
Alkylation
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
HCU LPG
FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Alkylate
Lt/HvyHydrocrackate
Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HCU Diesel
Light Cycle Oil
Coker Distillate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke
Absorber –
Deethanizer
LPG
Lt Naphtha
Sponge
Absorber
Lean Oil
Rich Oil
Amine
Absorber
Lean Amine Fuel Gas
Rich Amine
Debutanizer
Lt SR Naphtha
Depropanizer
Propane
Deisobutanizer
Isobutane
N-Butane
Saturate Gas Plant
To Sales
To Alkylation
To Gasoline Blending
Or Sales
To Refinery Heaters
To Amine
Regeneration
From Amine
Regeneration
From Multiple
Refinery Sources

63. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 48
Atmospheric
Crude Tower
Straight Run
Hydrocracker
Light Hydrocrackate
Heavy Hydrocrackate
FCCU
Light Cat
Heavy Cat
Naphtha
Critical Gasoline
Specifications:
Octane
Sulfur
Reid Vapor PressureDelayed
Coker
Coker
Conversion
Crude
Distillation
Hydrotreaters
WildProduct
Finishing

64. Octane Sulfur RVP
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 49
SR Naphtha Low High High
Alkylate
Very High None Low
Lt Hydrocrackate
Medium Very Low High
Hvy Hydrocrackate
Medium Very Low Low
Lt Cat Naphtha
High Medium Medium
Hvy Cat Naphtha
High High Low
Coker Naphtha
Medium Very High High
Wild Naphtha
Very Low Very High Very High

65. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 50
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Byproduct Recovery
Delayed
Coker
FCCU
Hydro-
cracker
Alkylation
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
HCU LPG
FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Alkylate
Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HCU Diesel
Light Cycle Oil
Coker Distillate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke
Naphtha
Hydrotreater
(NHT)
SR Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
Wild Naphtha
Hydrogen
Stabilizer
LPG
Naphtha
Splitter
Isomerization
(Penex)
Hydrogen Fuel Gas
Isomerate
Reformer
Proprietary Reformer Trademarks
Platformer (UOP) Rheniformer (Chevron) Powerformer (ExxonMobil)
Hydrogen
(Net Gas)
LPG
Reformate
Stabilize–Reduce RVP
Hydrotreat–Remove Sulfur and Olefins
Split – Separate Light And Heavy SR
Reform –Boost Heavy SR Octane
Isomerize – Boost Light SR Octane
SR/Coker/Wild

66. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 51
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Byproduct Recovery
Delayed
Coker
FCCU
Hydro-
cracker
Alkylation
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
HCU LPG
FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Alkylate
Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HCU Diesel
Light Cycle Oil
Coker Distillate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke
Naphtha
Hydrotreater
(NHT)
SR Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
Wild Naphtha
Hydrogen
Stabilizer
LPG
Naphtha
Splitter
Merox /
Merichem
Treater
Caustic Soda Light SR
Reformer
Proprietary Reformer Trademarks
Platformer (UOP) Rheniformer (Chevron) Powerformer (ExxonMobil)
Hydrogen
(Net Gas)
LPG
Reformate
Stabilize–Reduce RVP
Hydrotreat–Remove Sulfur and Olefins
Split – Separate Light And Heavy SR
Reform –Boost Heavy SR Octane
Isomerize – Boost Light SR Octane
SR/Coker/Wild

67. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 52
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Delayed
Coker
FCCU
Hydro-
cracker
Alkylation
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
HCU LPG
FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Alkylate
Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HCU Diesel
Light Cycle Oil
Coker Distillate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke
Naphtha
Hydrotreater
(NHT)
SR Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
Wild Naphtha
Hydrogen
Stabilizer
LPG
Naphtha
Splitter
Isomerization
(Penex)
Hydrogen Fuel Gas
Isomerate
Reformer
Hydrogen
(Net Gas)
LPG
Reformate
Lt Hydrocrackate
Guard
Bed
Hvy Hydrocrackate
Stabilize–Reduce RVP
Hydrotreat–Remove Sulfur and Olefins
Split – Separate Light And Heavy SR
Reform –Boost Heavy SR Octane
Isomerize – Boost Light SR Octane
SR/Coker/Wild

68. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 53
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Byproduct Recovery
Delayed
Coker
FCCU
Hydro-
cracker
Alkylation
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
HCU LPG
FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Alkylate
Lt/Hvy Hydrocrackate
Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HCU Diesel
Light Cycle Oil
Coker Distillate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke
SHU
Reactor
Lt Cat Naphtha
Hvy Cat Naphtha
Lt Coker Naphtha
Hydrogen
Naphtha Splitter
Fuel Gas
Lt LS Gasoline
HDS
Reactor
Hydrogen
Recycle Compressor
Stabilizer
Fuel Gas
Hvy LS Gasoline
Remove Diolefins (Gum-Formers)
Remove Mercaptans (Sulfur)
Split to Maximize Light Cat Naphtha Octane
Hydrotreat But Minimize Olefin Saturation
Stabilize To Decrease Gasoline RVP
Lt Cat/Hvy Cat/Lt Coker

69. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 54
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Byproduct Recovery
Delayed
Coker
FCCU
Hydro-
cracker
Alkylation
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
HCU LPG
FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Alkylate
Lt/HvyHydrocrackate
Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HCU Diesel
Light Cycle Oil
Coker Distillate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke
HDS
Reactors
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
Coker Distillate
Lt Cycle Oil
Hydrogen
Recycle Compressor
Fractionation
Fuel Gas
Wild Naphtha
Kerosene
ULSD
Distillate Hydrotreater (DHT)

70. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 55
LightEnds
Naphtha
Middle Distillates
Gas Oils
Residuals
Byproduct Recovery
Delayed
Coker
FCCU
Hydro-
cracker
Alkylation
Crude Unit Off Gas
Alky Propane/n-Butane
HCU LPG
FCC C3’s
SR Naphtha
Alkylate
Lt/HvyHydrocrackate
Lt/Hvy Cat Naphtha
Coker Naphtha
SR Kerosene
SR Diesel
HCU Diesel
Light Cycle Oil
Coker Distillate
Clarified Slurry Oil
Petroleum Coke
HDS/HDN
Reactors
AGO
LVGO
HVGO
Coker Gas Oil
Hydrogen
Recycle Compressor
Fractionation
Fuel Gas
Wild Naphtha
FCC Feed
Gas Oil Hydrotreater (GOHT)
Hydrotreating Gas Oil Before FCCU Avoids Hydrotreating Separate FCCU Products

71. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 56

73. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 58
Amine
Regeneration
Unit
Rich Amine
Lean Amine
Acid Gas
Sour Water
Stripper
Sour Water
Acid Gas
SRU (Claus) Unit
Air
Molten Sulfur
Tail Gas
Treatment
(Scot) Unit
Thermal
Oxidizer
Vent

74. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 59
Sulfur Sulfur Sulfur Sulfur
Tail
Gas

75. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 60
US Patent No. 3,963,443
(06/15/76)

76. Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 61
REACTION
PREHEATING
TAIL
GAS
FROM
SRU
PROCESS
GAS
QUENCH
COOLING
H2S
ABSORPTION
TREATED
TAIL
GAS
TO
ATMOS
REACTION
(SO2
CONVERSION
TO H2S)
SOLVENT
REGENERATION
ACID
GAS
TO
SRU
LEAN
SOLVENT
RICH
SOLVENT
INCINERATION/
WASTE
HEAT
RECOVERY
BFW
HP
STEAM
COND
HP
STEAM

77. •Petroleum Refinery Converts Crude Oil To
Fuels and Chemical Feedstocks
•Molecules In Crude Oil Are Converted To High
Value Products Through Refinery Conversion
And Product Finishing Steps
•Removing Sulfur From Refinery Products Is
Critical in Meeting Environmental
Requirements (Tier 3 = 10 ppmw)
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 62

78. •Handbook Of Petroleum Refining Processes,
Robert A. Meyers, ed.
•Petroleum Refining Technology and
Economics, James H. Gary, et al.
Ford, Bacon & Davis, LLC 2