GE1_Module1_PHILOSOPHY.pdf self from various perspective

GE1_Module1_PHILOSOPHY.pdf self from various perspective

1. CHAPTER I:
THE SELF
FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

by: Donna May B. Gavina, RPm

2. Module Learning Objectives:
Discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of
the self from the various disciplinal perspectives;
1.
2. Examine the different influences, factors and forces that shape
the self;
3. Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across
the different disciplines and perspectives;
4. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the
development of one’s self and identity by developing a theory of the
self.

3. What is the SELF?
Philosophy
Sociology
Psychology
Anthropology
Chapter Overview:

4. A. PHILOSOPHY
CHAPTER I:
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS
PERSPECTIVES

5. What is Philosophy?
Philo = love

Sophos = wisdom

- Greek:
philosophia = love of wisdom

6. Search of wisdom or truth is called philosophy, and the man
who engages himself in this search is called a philosopher.
Who am I? What is the meaning of life?
What is truth? What is beautiful?
What is right and wrong?
What is Philosophy?

7. I. Ancient Greek Philosophers
Socrates
470-399 BC
Plato
428-348 BC
Aristotle
384-322 BC

8. Socrates
- Father of Western Philosophy
- Wisest man in the ancient Greece
- known for "SOCRATIC METHOD"
- To attain the knowledge of knowing one’s self, one may have dialogue between
the soul and itself, or between a teacher and a student.
- Discovery about the self may foster through questioning.
"I know that I do not know."
“An unexamined life is not worth living.”
"Know Thyself."

9. Socrates
Every man is DUALISTIC.
BODY + SOUL
(physical realm) (ideal realm)
- imperfect - perfect
- changeable - permanent

10. Plato
a) appetitive soul - basic biological needs
b) spirited soul - basic human emotions like love, anger, ambitions, etc.
c) mind - (the thinking soul) rational; the reason and intellect
- A person becomes just and virtuous when these 3 components are in harmony.

TRIPARTITE SOUL
appetitive
mindspirited
The soul is immortal.

11. St. Augustine of Hippo

- He adapted the metaphysics of christian belief to explain his philosophy.
- His sense of self is his relation to God, both in his recognition of God's love and his
response to it—achieved through self-presentation, then self-realization.
- Although body and soul were separate, it was not possible to conceive of a soul
without its body.

"One could not achieve inner peace
without finding God’s love."
"The soul represents the “true” person.

12. Aristotle

Body and soul is composite and inseparable.
The soul is the "form" of the body, which animates
the human person.
Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom,
Man is a rational animal.

13. Rene Descartes
- Father of Modern Philosophy
- Best known for "Meditation of First
Philosophy"
- He based his discussion and knowledge of
human existence through rational inquiry and
real world experimentation.

"Cogito, ergo sum"

14. John Locke
For him the self is comparable to an TABULA RASA which will be provided
with sense data, through the encountered experiences of an individual.
The process of reflection and analysis undergone by these sense data
will lead to what is known as sense perception.

The self is consciousness.

15. David Hume
- The self for him is an EMPTY idea.
- Ideas regarding the self is based on bundle of
impressions that are temporary, thus, for him,
there is no persisting self.

There is no self.

16. Immanuel Kant

- Known for his philosophy: Transcendental Unity of Apperception.
- The self is also outside the body and goes beyond the limit of what we are
experiencing.
- Even if ideas are temporary, there is still what we call “space and time”
that will remain and will be part of one’s self.

17. Sigmund Freud

- He regarded the self as the “I”.
- the “I” is a product of multiple interactions,
systems, and schemes.
- Proposed 2 models:
a) Topographical Model - I vs. Conscious
b) Structural Model - id, ego, superego

19. Gibert Ryle

- The thinking I since it is just “a ghost in the machine”.
- The mind is never separate from the body.
- The kind of mind an individual possessed depends on
how it is expressed through words and action.
“I act therefore I am”
“You are what you do”

20. Paul and Patricia Churchland

- known for Neurophilosophy
"All a person has is the brain, and so if the brain is gone,
there is no self".
- To understand the self, one must consider studying the
neurological aspect of the self,
“Eliminative Materialism”.
To do this, one may opt to undergo MRI or CT Scan.
The self is the brain.

21. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
- The body and mind are intertwined and can not be separated from each
other. Consciousness is a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring
conscious ideas and physical behavior.
- The philosophy of Merleau-Ponty is based on Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt
Kofka’s Gestalt Psychology, and Neurobiology as well.
The self is embodied subjectivity.

22. The self as defined by the different philosophers as
connected primarily into one’s consciousness or at
least with the faculty of rational choice. For the
ancient and medieval philosopher, reality is in
fact dualistic, although in the medieval period,
philosophers had introduced understanding the
self through empirical evidences, it is through the
contemporary philosophers that the investigation
of the self became truly scientific.
SUMMARY: