GE1-SESSION3-UNPACKING-THE-SELF-09223.pptx

Lecture on Unpacking the Self

1. UNPACKING THE SELF Session 3 02 September 2023 GE 1

2. Learning objectives Explore the different aspects of self and identity. Demonstrate critical, reflective thought in integrating the various aspects of self and identity Identify the different forces and institutions that impact the development of various aspects of self and identity Examine one’s self against the different aspects of self discussed in class.

3. WHAT THEORY/CONCEPT OF SELF RESONATES WITH YOU THE MOST? Looking back from our previous discussion,

4. THE PHYSICAL SELF 4

5. THE PHYSICAL SELF: THE SELF AS IMPACTED BY THE BODY https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/universidad-de-manila/art-appreciation/the-self-as-impacted-by-the-body/31283418 5 Self – Understanding Self-understanding, which consists of the substance and content of self-conceptions , is the individual's cognitive representation of the self. There are many different aspects of the self that are involved in the development of self-understanding in adolescence, which ranges from simple to complex. Growing Up A boy will grow up to be a Man A girl will grow up to be a Woman They experience changes in their bodies along with changing interests. The changes happen quickly, and before parents know it, their babies have changed into rebellious teenagers. The physical self is the tangible aspect of the person that can be directly observed and examined. It refers to the physical dimensions of the body. The defining characteristics of a person's body are their physical characteristics.

6. Erik Erikson held that a person's physical development is crucial in determining whether they are competent and able to handle the challenges of modern life. William James believed that the body was the primary source of sensation and that it was essential for the development and upkeep of personality. When they are 10 to 12 years old, puberty starts, and they enter the adolescent stage. From ages 18 to 22 is the human life span’s transitional period (Santrock,2016). Adolescence is divided into three periods: 1. Early Adolescence (11-14 years old) 2. Middle Adolescence (15-17 years old) 3. Late Adolescence (18-21 years old)

7. FACTORS THAT AFFECT PERCEPTION OF PHYSICAL SELF Personal Factor Introspection and Self Reflection: Introspection, as defined by Hewstone et al. (2015), is the process of observing and assessing one’s internal state (mental and emotional) after acting in a particular way. Self-Perception Theory: Bem's self-perception theory, published in 1972, explains this because it is challenging to gauge one's internal state, according to Hewstone (2015). Self- Concept : Hewstone et al. (2015) defined self-concept as a cognitive representation of self-knowledge that encompasses all of a person's beliefs about themselves. Personal Identity: This is the idea that a person has about themselves that changes over time. Social Factors Attachment Mechanism and Social Evaluation : Bowlby (1969) that people discover their worth and lovability when they observe how their mothers or other primary caregivers treat them and attend to their needs. Keeping oneself in check and growing as a person in interpersonal relationships. The Theory of the Looking Glass: According to Charles Horton Cooley, social interactions and other people’ perceptions shape how we see ourselves in the world. Comparison with society : Hewstone et al. (2015) cited Leon Fostinger's work, which in 1954 offered a different approach to understanding oneself by contrasting one's characteristics, skills, or viewpoints with those of others. Theory of Social Identity (Collective Identity): Tajfel and Turner’s work from 1979 offers a framework for understanding how group membership helps people understand themselves.

8. THE PHYSICAL SELF The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self Esteem: The Importance of Beauty 9

9. A social system that is defined by the shared meanings that its members attribute to individuals and events is known as a culture ( Hewstone , 2015) Young adolescents are pressured to conform to society's standards of beauty in order to avoid being called ugly or, in the local dialect, " pangit .“ NO ONE is ugly in this day and age of plastic surgery or " retoke ,“ water- and oil-proof makeup, hair color and highlights, colored contacts, and photo editing software. According to Merriam-Webster, beauty is the capacity to be physically alluring or the characteristics in a person or thing that satisfy the senses or the mind. Beauty is defined by social media, fashion models, and the appearance and behavior of the person's favorite celebrity. Adolescents can have either a positive or negative conception of their bodies, which includes their perceptions and feelings about themselves based on how the adolescent compares to cultural ideals of a desirable body image.

10. THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF BEAUTY Eurocentrism There is a tendency to view mixed-race Filipinos as the default attractive standard, as shown by the fact that Filipinos frequently win international beauty pageants. The " Tisoy " and " Tisay " beauty standards are heavily marketed in the media. The term "colorism" refers to a component of eurocentrism that is "the prejudicial treatment of same-race people based solely on the color of their skin.“ Having fair skin gives the appearance of being beautiful, healthy, and wealthy. Mixed-race Filipinos are regarded as more attractive. Dark-skinned Filipinos frequently have unfavorable self-images. Foreign standards have a significant impact on Filipino youth. Self-Esteem and the Ideal Body Image Self - Esteem As one's overall assessment of oneself, which may be favorable or unfavorable. Is a way to evaluate someone's worth based on a subjective or objective standard. It is a self-evaluation dimension on a global scale. The value that person places on himself in the eyes of others.

11. If someone has a negative body image and low self-esteem because they don't like what they see, it will affect how they perceive themselves and how they think they don't fit the cultural definition of beauty. A person with low self-esteem might not think of themselves as being attractive. A person may turn to extremely harmful behaviors in an effort to maintain the status quo. Some actions might include a lot of exercise and dieting, using laxatives, getting plastic surgery, or taking steroids 12

12. Beauty is important, but how someone defines beauty and the standards they set to meet it still determine whether they are considered beautiful. To judge beauty by someone else's standards is a grave error. Every person is different and beautiful in their own way. Understanding that healthy, attractive bodies come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and that a person's physical appearance has little bearing on his/her worth as a person, are essential components of having a positive body image.

13. THE SEXUAL SELF 14

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15. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The  hypothalamus  is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning; it produces important sexual hormones  that are then secreted by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin, prolactic , vasopressin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); others include testosterone in males and estrogen and progesterone in females. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Sexual  motivation , often referred to as  libido , is a person's overall sexual  drive or desire for sexual activity. Sexual motivation can be stimulated by both internal and external cues and relies heavily on imagination and visual stimulation. Freud’s 3 rd STAGE OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Phallic stage Sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the genitals and masturbation (in both sexes) becomes a new source of pleasure.  Freud’s 5 th STAGE OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Genital Stage Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self pleasure like during the phallic stage. 

16. WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON: THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE https://cuttothechaste.net/my-male-chastity-cycle-theory/

17. WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON: THE PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Physiological-changes-in-the-current-model-of-the-female-sexual-response-cycle-BP-14_fig1_236099314

18. THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Although four conventional criteria are used for sexuality-natal sex, sexual identity, gender role, and sexual orientation, issues of sexual diversity primarily center around the later. Diversity in sexual orientation is conventionally conceptualized as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and transgender. HETEROSEXUAL HOMOSEXUAL BISEXUAL TRANSGENDER sexually or romantically attracted exclusively to people of the other sex. sexually or romantically attracted to people of one's own sex sexually or romantically attracted to both men and women, or to more than one sex or gender. a person whose  gender identity  differs from the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth

19. THE MATERIAL/ ECONOMIC SELF 20

20. THE MATERIAL SELF It consists of things that belong to us or that we belong to. Things like our family, clothes, our body, and money are some of what make up our material selves.

21. “I SHOP THEREFORE I AM.”

22. Why do I shop?

23. consumerism The promotion of the consumer's interests In economics, "consumerism" may refer to economic policies which emphasize consumption. A social and economic order and ideology encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts.

24. Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist and collagist.

25. Much of her work consists of black-and-white photographs overlaid with declarative captions—in white-on-red Futura Bold Oblique or Helvetica Ultra Condensed.

26. A person is defined by what they own (through shopping). Shopping is an expressive and constitutive existential act (Kruger)

27. The views in buying behaviour Biological view Psychological view Sociological view

28. Biological view Studies have shown that there are numerous physical differences between male and female brains. Women have a thicker corpus callosum , which is the bridge of nerve tissue that connects the left and right side of the brain. It allows women to use both sides of their brains to solve problems quicker, while men predominantly use the left side of their brains.

29. In general, the  left hemisphere  is in charge of performing  logic computations and processing facts . The  right hemisphere  is dominant in processing  visual imagery and interpreting context .

30. In the context of shopping, this different brain structure leads to men tending to be mission- and task-oriented shoppers while women are more likely to be discovery-oriented shoppers who readily adjust their initial goals if this would result in a more satisfying outcome.

31. Psychological view We are pleasure seeking organisms. -Sigmund Freud

32. Learning Theories: Operant Conditioning – BF Skinner Theories of Motivation Need Theory - Henry Murray Incentive: Extrinsic vs Intrinsic

33. Women visited more websites and contrasted different options more thoroughly than men . - Seock and Bailey They also found that while female respondents were more likely to find online sales and discounts, the shopping process of their male counterparts was more efficient and quicker.

34. Men’s motives for shopping appear to be more utilitarian, whereas women’s shopping motives tend to be hedonic. - According to Mpinganjira , 2014

35. Women tend to be more comprehensive  and take both subjective (customer reviews) and objective information into consideration, while  men tend to favour objective information  (make, model, speed etc.) over subjective information.

36. Sociological view “Conspicuous consumption, along with conspicuous leisure, is performed to demonstrate wealth or mark social status.” (Thomas Veblen, 1899)

37. activity Imagine you are in a shopping mall. Your mom gave you money to buy what you want/need. List down the things you are going to buy. Explain each of the choices made in relation to self.

38. Do you live within your means, or do you live beyond your means?

39. THE SPIRITUAL SELF 41

40. SPIRITUAL SELF One description of spirituality is the self's search for "ultimate meaning" through an independent comprehension of the sacred. Spiritual identity appears when the symbolic religious and spiritual of a culture is found by individuals in the setting of their own life. There can be different types of spiritual self because it is determined on one's life and experiences. Another definition of spiritual identity is "a persistent sense of self that addresses ultimate questions about the nature, purpose, and meaning of life, resulting in behaviours that are consonant with the individual’s core values." Another description of Mind, body, soul, and spirit is a holism of one inner self being of one whole. It all combines together as one whole instead of different parts.

41. Individual’s one thought, one feeling, one breathing are all completed and occurs as one whole. Another description of Mind, body, soul, and spirit is a holism of one inner self being of one whole. It all combines together as one whole instead of different parts. Individual’s one thought, one feeling, one breathing are all completed and occurs as one whole. T he simplest way to describe the spiritual self is that unseen part of who we are that provides our physical self with insight, intuition, and other ways of knowing and being beyond what our five senses experience in the physical world.  Our five senses and our emotions may be access points or portals into experiencing the spiritual self.

42. Rituals Rituals help awaken our spiritual self and help us to connect with our inner core, other people, nature, and everything in our world. They help us to remember, to honor, and to change, and they can involve actions, symbols, and ceremonies. Rituals are a part of historical, religious, spiritual, and cultural traditions. Traditional rituals are handed down from one generation to another, while self-generated rituals are begun by an individual or group and have no cultural history or tradition. The basic elements of rituals include actions, meaningful patterns, intention, awareness, and purpose. Rituals can be sacred or secular. Examples of sacred rituals might include saying grace at mealtime, religious worship, spiritual ceremony within any tradition, prayer, and meditation. Examples of secular rituals might include parades, family picnics, kissing under the mistletoe, or taking a daily walk for the purpose of exercise (Burkhardt & Nagai-Jacobson, 2002).

43. ceremonies Aim to encourage individual and social self-development and improvement, whether that be through the discovery of new truths, healing techniques, mastery of subtle energies, or study of esoteric knowledge. Since the New Age lacks a formal clergy and so many New Agers tend to practice their religion alone, drawing a distinction between rituals and everyday devotional practices presents a problem. The distinction between formal or institution rites and ceremonies and those done a daily basis - or in an informal, domestic setting - does not really exist for New Agers. Thus whereas seeking shamanic healing might represent a rare activity for most New Agers, a person suffering from a psychological illness might incorporate shamanism into their daily religious devotions as a form of self-therapy

44. religion a system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols designed to facilitate closeness to the sacred or transcendent. is any cultural system of worship, including designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, places, ethics, or organizations, that relate humanity to the supernatural or transcendental. Religions relate humanity to what anthropologist Clifford Geertz has referred to as a cosmic "order of existence". Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from the "divine", "sacred things", "faith", a "supernatural being or supernatural beings" or "some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for the rest of life“.

45. magic a power that allows people (such as witches and wizards) to do impossible things by saying special words or performing special actions. Tricks that seem to be impossible and that are done by a performer to entertain people

46. witchcraft Broadly means the practice of, and belief in, magical skills and abilities that are able to be exercised by individuals and certain social groups. Witchcraft is a complex concept that varies culturally and societally; therefore, it is difficult to define with precision and cross-cultural assumptions about the meaning or significance of the term should be applied with caution. Witchcraft often occupies a religious, divinatory or medicinal role, and is often present within societies and groups whose cultural framework includes a magical world view.

47. Energy Level Frequency DNA LOW ENERGY HIGHER ENERGY Debt Depression Trust Faith Boring Suffering Competence Peace Apathy Stress Hope Open To Love Abuse Community Rejection Accept Focus Peer Etc. Etc.

48. THE POLITICAL SELF 50

49. POLITICAL SELF Refers to a representation of oneself about him/herself Political position based on the interest and perspective of one social organizations Ma. Serena Diokno (1997) Political self and identity are developed through socialization, through the ways of people learn the knowledge, norms, values, motives, and roles appropriate to their positions in a group or community. Through social interaction, people learn the status, duties, rights and power necessary to interact successfully with other people in the group and community. The political self is influenced and modified by the opinions, comments and suggestions of other people. Kendall (1998) Defines politics as a social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by people in the groups “man in nature is a political animal” It serves as a mechanism by which individuals develop power and understand proper functioning of a democratic.

50. Developing a filipino identity Values, Traits, Community and Institutional Factors Collective action, shared vision, means of sustainable future and the link to generation has been crucial in the construction of identity and sense of belonging in the democratic standpoint. On the other hand, in the socio psychological perspective, citizenship or being a Filipino serves as a cognitive and motivational basis for ones beliefs and behavior. Thus, enhancing the practice of citizenship and democracy is crucial to the awareness and understanding of self and community. The level of individual, community and institution are primary factors that come into playing the building an identity. At the same time, it is essential to consider the following concerns in building an identity: Instrumental - An individual act in accordance with rules and identities consistent with supportive of democratic processes. Morals - Values and beliefs embody and reinforce democratic principles. Transformative - Includes process of self-reflection and redefinition of individuals, institutions and communities.

51. THE DIGITAL SELF 53

52. Digital Self According to Hicks (2010) it is a mask that we put on to engage the technological world .

53. Twenty-nine years ago, when Belk (1988) presented the concept of the extended self, there were already personal computers.

55. 1. Attachment and Singularization. The emergence of dematerialized and nonmaterial possessions raises the question of whether consumers can become as attached to immaterial possessions as they can to material possessions (which include digital devices) and whether we can gain status and an enhanced sense of self from virtual possessions. Dematerialization

56. Lehdonvirta (2012) argues that phenomenologically digital goods are very real to their owners

57. The motivations for acquiring these objects, often with real money, are similar to those for acquiring material consumer goods: gaining status and prestige as seen by other players (Wang, Zhao, and Bamossy 2009), solving real or imagined problems ( Lehdonvirta 2010), expressing identity (Bryant and Akerman 2009), increasing attractiveness to others, and marking group identity (Martin 2008).

58. Reembodiment Bolter (1996) characterizes as the “breakout of the visual” online, leading to “new constructions and definitions of the self.”

59. In a more visual Internet environment of social media, virtual worlds, online games, blogs, web pages, photo- and video-sharing sites, Internet dating sites, and so forth, we are disembodied and reembodied as avatars, photos, and videos.

60. we are not just placed into an alternate avatar body; we have some choice in selecting, modifying, and accessorizing this representation of self

61. SHARING the reason for so much sharing and self-disclosure online is the so-called disinhibition effect

62. SHARING The lack of face-to-face gaze-meeting, together with feelings of anonymity and invisibility, seems to free us up to self-disclose but also to sometimes “flame” others (“toxic disinhibition”). The resulting disinhibition leads many to conclude that they are able to express their “true self” better online than they ever could in face-to-face contexts

63. In the digital world, the self is now extended into avatars, broadly construed, with which we identify strongly and which can affect our offline behavior and sense of self. the self is much more actively managed, jointly constructed, interactive, openly disinhibited, confessional, multiply manifest, and influenced by what we and our avatars do online.

64. THANK YOU