GE2-2.ppt reading in Philippine history 2

Reading in Philippine history chapter 2

1. READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY

2. Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing
and learning history. However, historians and students of
history need to thoroughly scrutinize these sources to
avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth.
The historians should be able to conduct an external and
internal criticism of source, especially primary source
which can age in centuries.

5. It was a long-held belief that the poem Sa Aking mga
Kabata (To My Fellow Children) was written by Dr. Jose P.
Rizal. 
Rizal wrote the poem in 1869 to express the importance of
loving one’s native tongue. 
This is the poem where one finds the popular line, “Ang hindi
magmahal sa kanyang salita, mahigit sa hayop at malansang
isda.”

6. National Artist for Literature Virgilio Almario clarifies that the
poem was not by Rizal. Almario provides pieces of evidence to
prove his point…
One of these is a letter Rizal wrote his brother Paciano in 1886.
In the letter, Rizal admitted to finding it difficult to translate into
Filipino the German word  freiheit, or the Spanish
word libertad (freedom or liberty in English), which Rizal found
in the story of William Tell.
It was in Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s translation of Rizal’s article, El
Amor Patrio (Ang Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa), that Rizal saw the
word “malaya” or “kalayaan” as the Tagalog equivalent of the
word “libertad.”
According to Almario, since Rizal only discovered the Tagalog
word kalayaan when del Pilar translated El Amor Patrio in 1882,
it was unlikely that Rizal wrote Sa Aking mga Kabata, which uses
the word kalayaan, in 1869.

8. Article I
Ye shall not kill, neither shall ye steal nor shall ye hurt the aged, lest ye incur the danger of death. All
those who this order shall infringe shall be tied to a stone and drowned in a river or in boiling water.
Article II
Ye shall punctually meet your debt with your headman. He who fulfils not, for the first time shall be
lashed a hundredfold, and If the obligation is great, his hand shall be dipped threefold in boiling water.
On conviction, he shall be flogged to death.
Article III
Obey ye: no one shall have wives that are too young, nor shall they be more than what he can take
care of, nor spend much luxury. He who fulfils not, obeys not, shall be condemned to swim three
hours and, for the second time, shall be scourged with spines to death.
Article IV
Observe and obey ye: Let not the peace of the graves be disturbed; due respect must be accorded
them on passing by caves and trees where they are. He who observes not shall die by bites of ants
or shall be flogged with spines till death.
Article V
Obey ye: Exchange in food must be carried out faithfully. He who complies not shall be lashed for an
hour. He who repeats the act shall, for a day be exposed to the ants.
Article VI
Ye shall revere respectable places, trees of known value, and other sites. He shall pay a month's
work, in gold or money, whoever fails to do this; and if twice committed, he shall be declared a slave.
Article VII
They shall die who kill trees of venerable aspect; who at night shoot with arrows the aged men and the women; he who enters the house of the headman
without permission; he who kills a fish or shark or striped crocodile.
Article VIII
They shall be slaves for a given time who steal away the women of the headmen; he who possesses dogs that bite the headmen; he who burns another
man's sown field.
Article IX
They shall be slaves for a given time, who sing in their night errands, kill manual birds, tear documents belonging to the headmen; who are evil-minded
liars; who play with the dead.

9. Article X
It shall be the obligation of every mother to show her daughter secretly the things that are
lascivious, and prepare them for womanhood; men shall not be cruel to their wives, nor should
they punish them when they catch them in the act of adultery. He who disobeys shall be torn to
pieces and thrown to the caymans.
Article XI
They shall be burned, who by force or cunning have mocked at and eluded punishment, or who
have killed two young boys, or shall try to steal the women of the old men (agurangs).
Article XII
They shall be drowned, all slaves who assault their superiors or their lords and masters; all
those who abuse their luxury; those who kill their anitos by breaking them or throwing them
away.
Article XIII
They shall be exposed to the ants for half a day, who kill a black cat during the new moon or
steal things belonging to the headmen.
Article XIV
They shall be slaves for life, who having beautiful daughters shall deny them to the sons of the
headman, or shall hide them in bad faith.
Article XV
Concerning their beliefs and superstitions: they shall be scourged, who eat bad meat of
respected insects or herbs that are supposed to be good; who hurt or kill the young manual
bird and the white monkey.
Article XVI
Their fingers shall be cut off, who break wooden or clay idols in their
 
olangangs 
and places of
oblation; he who breaks
 
Tagalan's 
daggers for hog killing, or breaks drinking vases.
Article XVII
They shall be killed, who profane places where sacred objects of their
 
diwatas 
or headmen are
buried. He who gives way to the call of nature at such places shall be burned.
Article XVIII
Those who do not cause these rules to be observed, if they are headmen, shall be stoned and
crushed to death, and if they are old men, shall be placed in rivers to be eaten by sharks and
crocodiles.

10. •The antiquarian and stamp collector from the island of Negros in the Visayan
region by the name of Jose E. Marco became part of ancient Philippine
historiography when he presented several manuscripts containing significant
historical information about ancient Filipino society to James A. Robertson,
Director of Philippine National Library, in 1914.
•One of these source materials was the Pavon manuscript, Las antiguas de
leyendas de la isla de Negros (Ancient Legends of the Island of Negros) that was
allegedly written by Father Jose Maria Pavon y Araguro, a Spanish secular priest
in the Diocese of Cebu, during the mid-nineteenth century.
•This two-volume manuscript supposedly contained the only reference to one of
the oldest penal codes in pre-colonial Philippines, the so-called Code of Kalantiaw
promulgated by Datu Kalantiaw from the island of Panay in 1433.
•It proved as a hoaxed in 1968, when William Henry Scott , then a doctoral
candidate at the University of Sato Tomas, defended his research on pre-Hispanic
sources in Philippine History.

11. A renowned scholar on the
culture and history of the
Filipino people, William
Henry Scott (1921-1993) is
well known for his major
works on precolonial
Philippine society and the
history of the Cordilleras.

13. These cases prove how deceptions can propagate
without rigorous historical research.

14. Validating historical sources is important because the
use of unverified, falsified, and untruthful historical
sources can lead to equally false conclusions. Without
thorough criticisms of historical evidences, historical
deceptions and lies will be highly probable.