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1. CHAPTER II. LESSON 2– CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS Prepared by: PROF . PABLO S. GARCIA Instructor GEC 2 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

2. Juan de Plasencia : Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalos de Filipinas Prepared by: PROF. PABLO S.GARCIA

3. Background of the Author

4. Fray Juan de Plasencia

5. Fray Juan was born to the illustrious family of the Portocarreros in Plasencia in the region of Extremadura, Spain in the early 16th century. His father, Don Pedro Portocarrero , was a captain of a Spanish schooner,  who died in Naples, Italy in 1574 . He was a Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order He is the author of what is believed to be the first book printed in the Philippines, the Doctrina Christiana Juan de Plasencia died in Liliw , Laguna in 1590

6. He is believed to have arrived to the Philippines in 1578 , after a stopover in Mexico. As soon as he arrived, he joined forces with another missionary, Fray Diego de Oropesa , and they both started preaching around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas , Quezon, in Quezon Province, where he founded several towns.

7. During the following years they are also credited with the foundation of a large number of towns in the provinces of Bulacan , Laguna and Rizal, such as Tayabas , Caliraya , Lucban , Mahjayjay , Nagcarlan , Lilio ( Liliw ), Pila , Santa Cruz, Lumban , Pangil , Siniloan , Morong , Antipolo , Taytay , and Meycauayan . As a friar, Juan de Plasencia lived up to his pledge, leading a lifestyle devoid of any luxury and in constant contact with the people he was trying to convert to Christianity .

8. BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENTS

9. It was written on the year 1589 during the Spanish Colonial Period. After receiving the Lordship’s letter, Plasencia wished to reply immediately; but he postponed his answer in order that he might first thoroughly inform himself in regard to Pope’s request, and to avoid discussing the conflicting reports of the Indians.

10. Therefore, he collected Indians from different districts old men, and those of most capacity; and from them he have obtained the simple truth, after weeding out much foolishness, in regard to their government, administration of justice, inheritance, slaves, and dowries. Customs of the Tagalogs is a part of longer monographs written by the chroniclers of the Spanish expeditions to the Philippines during the early 16th and 17th centuries. They appeared initially in Blair and Robertson’s 55 volumes, The Philippine Islands (1903) and in the Philippine Journal of Sciences (1958).

11. CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

12. Barangay – a community ruled by a dato Balangay – a “sailboat” where the term barangay came from. The barangay was a unit of government and consisted of from 30 to 100 families. The term barangay was derived from a Malay word balangay meaning “ sailboat .” Each barangay was a self-sustaining independent community ruled by a chieftain, called datu , Government and Social Stratification

13. The Datu had a wide range of powers, for he exercised all the functions of government. He was the executive, the legislator, and the judge. In time of war, he was the supreme commander. He obtained his position by inheritance . The 1st son inherits his father’s position; if the 1st son dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father; in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain. In case a datu died without any legitimate successor, the people of the barangay choose their new datu - he had to be the strongest, the richest or the wisest , man in the barangay. Datu - chieftain of the barangay

14. Aside from the Chiefs, there were three social classes in the barangay: The nobles and the freemen, known as maharlika , the commoners known as the aliping namamahay , and the dependents or aliping saguigulir . Commoners - called “ aliping namamahay ” Slaves –dependents called “ aliping sa guiguilir ” Nobles - the freeborn called “ maharlica ”

15. Nobles and free  Do not pay tax or tribute to the datu , but must accompany him in war , at their own expense  Some would pay annually to the datu a hundred of gantas of rice  After marriage, they could not move from one barangay to another without paying a certain fine in gold Nobles - the freeborn called “ maharlica ” Maharlica

16. A liping namamahay A liping saguiguili r The slaves acquired their low status by : 1) inh eritance , 2) captivity in war , 3 ) non-payment of debts, 4) purchase, and, 5) penalty for crimes committed However , they could be emancipated through: 1) marriage, 2) purchase, and 3 ) voluntary action of the master

17.  Slaves  They serve their master on his house and on his cultivated lands  May be sold by their master  Can ransom himself and become a namamahay through payment of at least five taels of gold  Commoners  Can marry  Serve their master, whether he be a dato or not, with half of their cultivated lands  They accompany their master whenever he went beyond the island, and rowed for him  They live in their own houses, and are lords of their property and gold  Their children can inherit their parents’ properties  Their children can enjoy the rank of their fathers, and they cannot be made slaves ( sa guiguilir ) nor can either parents or children be sold A liping namamahay - lived in their own houses and owned their property A liping sagigili r - they own no property and could be sold by their master anytime

18. Laws and Judicial System The early Filipinos had both oral and written laws. The oral laws were their customs ( ugali ) which had been handed down orally from generation to generation. According to legend, the first law-giver was Lubluban , a granddaughter of the first man and woman in the world. The oral laws were their customs ( ugali ) The oral laws were their customs ( ugali )

19. A Datu promulgating a new law An umalohokan announcing the new law Written laws were promulgated by the datu and announced to the people by a crier known as umalohokan . Anybody violating the law was promptly arrested and brought before the chieftain to be judged according to the merit of the case.

20. Sentence and punishment  Investigations made and sentences passed by the dato must take place in the presence of those of his barangay.  An arbiter can be invited from another barangay if any of the litigants felt aggrieved .  There is a death penalty imposed for those who insult the child or wife of a dato  They condemned no one to slavery, unless he merited the death penalty  All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which, if not paid with promptness, exposed the culprit to serve, until the payment should be made

21. Marriage Customs and Practices Aside from this dowry, the groom had to work ( paninilbihan ) in the house of the girl for a certain period of time. Bigay - kaya (a piece of land or gold) Panghihimuyat (a gift for the brides parents) Bigay-suso (for bride’s wet nurse ) It is customary among our ancestors to marry within their rank. Before marriage, the groom gave a dowry to the bride: Paninilbihan Giving of Dowry Wedding Ceremony

22. If two persons married, of whom one was a maharlica and the other a slave ( namamahay or sa guiguilir ) the children were divided. Odd birth order (1st,3rd,5th) – belong to the father. Even birth order (2nd, 4th, 6th )– belong to the mother. Only child - half free, half slave. Maharlicas could not, after marriage, move from one village to another without paying a certain fee in gold (ranging from one to three taels and a banquet to the entire barangay) as arranged among them . Special Cases:

23. Dowry and Inheritance  The legitimate children inherited equally, except in the case where the father and mother showed a slight partiality by such gifts as two or three gold taels , or perhaps a jewel.  Adopted children inherit the double of what was paid for their adoption  Dowries are given by the men to women’s parents  If the wife has no parents or grandparents, she enjoys her dowry  Unmarried women can own no property, in land or dowry, for the result of their labors accrues to their parents

24. In the case of a divorce before birth of children, if the wife left the husband and marry another man, all her dowry fell to the husband.  If the woman left but did not marry, the dowry was returned.  When the husband left his wife, he lost half of the dowry and the other half was returned to him.  If he possessed children at the time of his divorce, the whole dowry and the fine went to the children.  Upon the death of the wife in a year’s time they had no children, the parents returned one-half of the dowry to the husband.  Upon the death of the husband, one-half of the dowry was returned to the relatives of the husband

25. The grounds for divorce are: 1. adultery on the part of the wife 2 . desertion on the part of the husband 3 . loss of affection; 4 . cruelty 5 . insanity 6 . childlessness Early Filipinos practiced divorce

26. Feast or Pandot which usually lasts for four days . WORSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS A Catalonan offering a maganito The simbahan , which means a temple or place of adoration, is being constructed for the purpose of sheltering the assembled people during a feast

27. Their Gods and Goddesses Bathala - "all powerful" or "maker of all things." Dian Masalanta - patron of lovers and of generation

28. Lacapati and Idianale – patrons of the cultivated lands and of husbandry Tigmamanuguin

29. They worship the sun… …the moon and the stars Tala – morning star that they worship

30. They also worship the Crocodile or Buaya Their idols called Lic -ha

31. Distinctions made among the priests of the devil 1. Catalonan - an honourable office held ordinarily by people of rank, 2. Mangagauay - witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick.

32. 3. Manyisalat – they had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives 4. Mancocolam - whose duty it was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month.

33. 5. Hocloban - a witch , of greater efficacy than the mangagauay that by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose . 6. S ilagan - whose office it was , that if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver and eat, causing his death.

34. 7. Magtatangal - his purpose was to show himself at night to many persons, without his head or entrails. 8. Osuang - equivalent to a “sorcerer” they say that they have seen her fly, and that she murdered men and ate their flesh.

35. 9. Mangagayoma - They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood which would infuse the heart with love . 10. Sonat - equivalent to “preacher ”, his office is to help one die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul.

36. 11. Pangatahojan - a soothsayer, who predicts the future. 12. Bayoguin - a man whose nature inclined toward that of a woman .

37. Burial custom -Preparing a dead chief or Datu for burial

38. Maca - where only Bathala dwelt Casanaan - a “ place of anguish” Their Concept of Heaven and Hell

39. Sitan - god of the underworld They also believe in ghosts , which they called vibit

40. and phantoms , which they called Tigbalaang and… … Kapre

41. They had another deception called Patianac .

42. They also believed in anting-anting (amulet) and gayuma (love potion)

43. CONTENT ANALYSIS The original work itself is a product of observations and judgments. Therefore, it is probable that Juan de Plasencia’s work might contain partiality in presenting his observations and judgments . Pre-conquest society were not swept by the advent of the Spanish regime . It has continued to serve as a basis for historical reconstructions of Tagalog society .

44. Many of the 16 th century beliefs and practices are still present today. If affirms that during the pre-Hispanic period, Filipinos already have government as well as a set of beliefs and practices. Some of our perceptions on Filipino beliefs and practices are somehow different from Juan de Plasencia’s point of view

45. RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT IN THE MODERN TIME Always look back to our past because it is who we are it is us before colonialism, we shouldn't set aside our own culture that we had before the Spaniards came

46. End of Presentation, Thank you very much.

47. Evelyn J. Grey, Ph.D. and Ryan D. Biong , M.A. Ed. “Readings in Philippine History.” Malones Printing Press and Publishing House. Door 32, Zerrudo Commercial Complez , E. Lopez St., Jaro , Iloilo, Philippines. Copyright 2017 . Jose Victor Torres. “BATIS: Sources in Philippine History.” C and E Publishing, Inc. 839 EDSA, South Triangle, Quezon City, 2018. John Lee P. Candelaria and Veronica C. Alporha . Readings in Philippine History. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr., St., Sampaloc , Manila. 2018 4. https ://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana https://www.pinterest.ph/rpmuriera/philippine-mythology/ https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/170222060895778051/ References: