GEE 102 GENDER AND SOCIETY REVIEWER.pdf.

GENDER AND SOCIETY

1. GEE 102: GENDER AND SOCIETY
LESSON 1. SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Sex – is the biological dimension of your gender and sexuality.
Biological Sex / Physical Sex – Pertains to the identity depending on sexual anatomy
and physiology.
Genitals – are external organs that are associated with reproductions; the process or
the ability to create offspring.
Male – observed to have penis and testicles.
Female – observed to have vagina
Hermaphroditism – from Herms, a male Greek god, and Aphrodite, a female god.
- A case that babies are difficult to classify the baby’s sex without
further examination.
Intersexuality – this term is used in modern times for hermaphroditism.
Hermaphroditism/Intersexuality – is a naturally occurring variation in humans and
animals.
Prevalence of Intersexuality – 1 in 1,500 births (discovered by American
Psychological Association, 2006)
Chromosomes – are protein structures which contains genetic materials of the body.
➢ also used to determine sex.
XY – chromosomes of male
XX – chromosomes of female
Markers – chemicals in our body responsible for sustaining bodily process.
Testosterone – is associated to sex drive and aggressions.
Females – tend to have higher levels of estrogen and progesterone, which are
associated to lactation, menstruation, and other female reproductive functions.
Humans – are meaning-making organisms.
Higher Order Thinking and Tendency to Create Social norms – allows us to attach
social and cultural meanings to things, including one’s sex.
Males – are expected to be masculine
Females – are expected to be feminine
Prenatal Procedures – is the process such as ultrasound.
Gender – a social dimension that refers to one’s sexuality.
Color Blue – is associated with boyhood.
Color Pink – is associated with girlhood.
Heteronormativity – a phenomenon of determining the normality of a behavior based
on whether it conforms or not to the expectation relative to one’s biological sex.
Girls – are often expected to be gentle, caring, and loving.
Boys – are encouraged to be strong, rough, and assertive.
Human Gender Expression – is the natural variation of girls not wanting to wear
dresses, and boys not wanting to play rough sports.
Gender Identity – Is the aspect of our gender senses of who we are.
➢ Seeing yourself as a man, woman, or neither
Males – identified as man
Females – identified as a woman
Transgenders – person’s biological sexes do not align with one’s gender identity

2. ➢ Undergo gender reassignment surgery to align their physical characteristics
to their gender identity
Factors that Transgenders do not opt for surgery:
➢ Belief systems;
➢ Culture; and
➢ Economics
Sexual Orientation – refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic and/or
sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes.
➢ is discussed in three categories
1. heterosexual (having emotional, romantic or sexual attractions to
members of the other sex)
2. gay/lesbian (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to
members of one’s own sex)
3. Bisexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to both men
and women)
➢ sexual orientation is distinct from other components of sex and gender,
including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological and genetic
characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the
psychological sense of being male or female) * and social gender role (the
cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior).
Nature and Nurture – Plays a complex role in shaping sexual orientation
(according to American Psychological Association)
Heterosexual – identified as lesbian, gay or transgender.
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LESSON 2. GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME
Archeological Artifacts – reveals that in the distant past, during the dawn of
civilization, human societies have high regard for women.
The Concept of the Divine Feminine - the sacredness of the woman due to her ability
to conceive children.
Egalitarian - men and women have equitable power and roles
Paternity – fatherhood/role of the father in conception
Women – are only capable of reproductive affairs (World of Home and related tasks
such as suckling the young, child rearing, and home management).
Patriarchy - a system based on the control and oppression of women wherein they are
perceived to be the weaker sex.
➢ from the Greek word Patriarkhes which means "the rule of the father".
➢ It is a social system where men primarily hold power in the political and the
private spheres.
In social, legal, political, and economic spheres…
➢ men are expected to lead; and
➢ women are expected to obey and are relegated to house chores, bearing children,
and child care
Patrilineal Society – often follows patriarchal society, meaning, only men can inherit
property and the family name. Women were left with no inheritance and are expected
to marry a man who can support her economically.
Patriarchy - is viewed by most sociologists as a social construct and not as a biological
phenomenon.
History suggests an egalitarian system rather than a patriarchal system.
Friedrich Engels - a German philosopher and sociologist, argues that patriarchy came
about when people started having private property instead of a communal living.
Greek
➢ Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex
and are properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear

3. children, and take care of the household. They were forbidden to learn
philosophy, politics, and science.
Egypt
➢ Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the Egyptian civilization citing that
Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they
can inherit property and engage in trade and politics.
China
➢ Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should
conduct themselves.
"Three obedience's and four virtues" and "Precepts of Women” – States that
women should obey their father, when married she is to obey her husband, and when
widowed she is to obey her son.
Subtle Forms of Oppression that Often Go Unnoticed in Patriarchy:
➢ sexism - prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex;
➢ gender pay gap - men earn more than women;
➢ underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions, etc;
➢ rape on women and the stigma making women ashamed to report the crime;
➢ very conservative expectations on women on how they behave;
➢ unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often very sexualized;
➢ women do more housework and childcare;
➢ boys were trained to be leaders while women were trained to do house chores.
Women’s Liberation Movement/Feminism – is a continuing series of social
movements that aims to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive
political structures, beliefs, and practices against women.
19
th
and early 20
th
century – first-wave feminism spread across the western countries
as women demanded for their right to vote or participate in elections and to be able to
legally own property.
Simone de Beauvoir – wrote the book “The Second Sex” in year 1949.
The Second Sex – outlines how the patriarchal society disadvantaged women by slowly
raising her into submission and hindering their productivity and happiness by relegating
them to housecleaning.
➢ is an instrumental awakening for women about their plight as the “wife-
servant” to their husbands in their famous quote “one is not born, but rather
becomes, a woman”.
Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique 2963
Kate Millete – Sexual Politics 1969
Germaine Greer – The Femail Eunuch 1970
Le Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes – it means women’s liberation movement
➢ was formed in Europe
➢ Sought the right to education, right to work, and right to vote (1940’s).
Second Wave Feminism in 1960’s through the 80’s – women drew attention to
various social and cultural inequalities such as domestic violence especially marital
rape, reproductive rights, wave inequality, and etc.
90’s – 3
rd
wave
2012 – 4
th
wave
UN Women – stated that women perform 66% of the world’s work, produce 50% of
the food, but earn Io of the income and own 1 percent of the property.
Salient Points that Feminism Demands:
➢ Women Suffrage – women were not allowed to vote before because they were
viewed as irrational and temperamental.
➢ Equality in Polics and Society – women voices were silenced, so society must
make an effort to restore their rights.
➢ Reproductive rights – woman is in control of her body, and she can decide for
herself on what she sees is best for her.

4. ➢ Domestic Violence – marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by
society as part of marriage
➢ Sexual Harassment and Sexual Violence – the center for women’s resources
in the Philippines estimates that one woman or child is raped every hour mostly
by someone they know.
➢ Other rights include the right to divorce their husbands, the right to make
decisions on her pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal employment
opportunity.
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LESSON 3 GENDER AND SE XUALITY AS A SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
Gender role or Sex Role – are “sets of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity
and femininity” according to the Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender (2019).
Diversity Roles – are socially constructed and are not something that we are “born with
Society”, through a lifelong process of normalization, encourages or reprimands
behaviors to make a child adapt to these social expectations.
Gender Studies and Research – is a subject of inquiry which utilizes a systematic
approach in identifying problems, making hypotheses and assumptions, gathering data,
and making conclusions.
Research Process – is the systematic process
Qualitative approach – focuses more on the meaning created and interpretations made
by people about their own personal or vicarious experiences.
Phenomenology – conducting intensive interviews with individuals who have
experienced a particular event and understanding their “lived experience”
Hermeneutics – understanding the meaning of texts (literary works, art works) and
what they convey about human realities
Ethnography and Ethnomethodology – immersing a community and taking note of
their experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and practices.
Quantitative Approach – focuses more on characterizing a population (total number
of individuals in a group) or a sample (a sub-group within the population).
➢ Making generalization about the population based on the behavior of a sample.
Methods of Quantitative Approach:
➢ Survey collecting information from a sample; and
➢ experiment – creating actual set-ups to observe behavior of people in an
experimental group and comparing it to the behavior of people in a control
group.
Mixed Methods – combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to derive data
from multiple sources.
Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research:
- known as the ethical principles
Principles of Gender and Sexuality Research
➢ Informed consent;
➢ Confidentiality and Anonymity;
➢ Non-Maleficence and Beneficence; and
➢ Distributive Justice
Human Ecology – recognizes the interplay among internal and external environments-
physical, socio-economic, and cultural (Bronfenbrenner 1994; Bubolz and Sontag
1983)
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LESSON 4 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
Ovaries – female gonads
Testes – male gonads
Gonads – produce germ cells and sex hormones

5. Anatomy – the study of body structure in relation to body parts
Female Sexual Anatomy – designed for the production and fertilization of ovum, as
well as carrying and delivering infant offspring.
Female External Genitalia:
➢ vulva -all the external genital structures taken together;
➢ mons veneris - pads of fatty tissue between pubic bone and skin;
➢ labia majora - outer lips surrounding all the other structures.
➢ prepuce-clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris; clitoris -glans
(head), shaft, and crura (root), the clitoris is particularly sensitive to stimulation;
➢ labia minora - inner lips surrounding the vestibule, where, sweat and oil glands
extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings are located;
➢ vestibule-area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina, which is highly
sensitive with extensive blood vessels and nerve endings;
➢ urethral opening -end of tube connecting to bladder and used for urination;
➢ vaginal opening - also called introitus; and
➢ perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus; distance is less
in females than males.
Female Internal Reproductive Structures:
➢ vagina - collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward
into body to cervix and uterus.
➢ cervix - small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix
leading to interior of uterus;
➢ uterus - womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried;
➢ fallopian tubes - carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where
fertilization occurs; and
➢ ovaries - produce estrogen and progesterone.
Menstrual Cycle – marks the beginning of puberty in females.
Menstruation – pertains to the sloughing off of the uterine lining if conception has not
occurred.
Hypothalamus – the overall cycle of menstruation which monitors hormone levels in
the bloodstream.
3 Phases of Fluctuating Blood Levels of Ovarian Hormones:
➢ Menstrual Phase – occurs if the ovum is not fertilized and does not implant
itself into the uterine lining.
➢ Proliferative Phase – occurs when the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
gland to release FSH that stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and causes
ova to mature in the ovarian follicles
➢ Secretory Phase - occurs when the pituitary gland releases.
Corpus Luteum – produces progesterone
Endometrial Glands – begin to secrete nutrients, and lining becomes more vascular
in response to increasing level of progesterone.
Problems Associated with Menstruation:
➢ Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) – 80-95% of women experience.
➢ Dysmenorrhea – painful menstruation caused by overproduction of
prostaglandins, causing the uterine muscles to contract)
➢ Amenorrhea – Disruption or absence of menstruation.
Menopause (usually around age 45-50) – a woman stops menstruating as ova are no
longer brought to maturity.
Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics Emerge After Puberty:
➢ Widening of hips and pelvis – accommodates giving birth, but also results in
downward shift in center of gravity.
➢ Enlargement of breasts – at puberty, both the glandular and fatty tissues of the
breasts develop considerably.
More Female Characteristics:
➢ generally shorter than men;
➢ greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men;

6. ➢ two X chromosomes reduces expression of many sex-linked conditions; and
➢ lower mortality rate at every age and longer projected lifespan than men.
Male Sexual Anatomy – is designed for the production and delivery of sperm for
fertilization of the female's ovum.
The Male External Genitalia Consist of the Following Structures:
➢ prepuce - foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision;
➢ penis - glans (head), shaft, and root. The glans is particularly sensitive to
stimulation. Running the length of the penis is the urethra surrounded by the
spongy body and two cylindrical chambers known as the cavernous bodies.
During arousal, these become engorged with blood, resulting in erection;
➢ corona - rim of glans where it arises from shaft;
➢ frenulum- thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis;
➢ scrotum - sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes;
➢ urethral opening - found on head of penis this is the end of tube connected to
bladder and used for urination. It is also tube to which internal structures deliver
semen by which male ejaculates; and
➢ perineum - area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus, distance is
greater in males than females.
The Male Internal Reproductive Organs:
➢ Testes - produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone, which
greatly influence male development and drive sexual motivation; also produce
sperm cells in virtually unlimited quantity over the entire course of the lifespan;
➢ vas deferens - travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm;
➢ seminal vesicles - two glands that produce alkaline fluid rich in fructose sugar,
comprising some 70% of semen volume. Alkaline nature may stimulate sperm
to start self-propulsion and sugar may provide sperm nutrients. Ducts carry fluid
and connect with vas deferens forming ejaculatory ducts
➢ ejaculatory ducts - connect vas deferens to urethra;
➢ prostate gland producing alkaline secretions that account for about 30% of
semen volume. Alkaline nature may help counteract otherwise, acidic
environment of urethra and vagina making them more hospitable for sperm.
Fluid passes through a series of ducts along wall of urethra; and
➢ urethra- tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to
the opening of the penis.
More Male Characteristics:
➢ generally taller and greater proportion of body weight composed of water;
➢ proportionately larger heart and lungs, presumably to handle greater blood fluid
volume;
➢ exposure to greater levels of testosterone resulting in heavier body and facial
hair, but also increased frequency and degree of baldness; and
➢ single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions such as colorblindness
and hemophilia.
Testosterone – is the major male hormone produced mainly by testes.
- is responsible for the growth and development of a boy during
adolescence and for the development of sperm and secondary sexual
characteristics.
Adrenal Glands – also produce some testosterone.
Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics:
➢ No monthly cycle;
➢ Elongation of Vocal Cords (lower voice);
➢ Broader Shoulders; and
➢ Deeper Chest Cavity
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LESSON 5 THE PROCESS OF REPROD UCTION
Puberty – when the reproductive system matures, secondary sexual characteristics
develop, and the bodies of males and females appear more distinctive.
Female Puberty – begins about 8-13 years old.

7. Physical Changes of Female Puberty:
➢ Breast Development
➢ Rounding of Hips and Buttocks;
➢ Growth of Hair in the Pubic Region and the Underarm; and
➢ Start of Menstruation
Menstrual Cycle – the major landmark of puberty among females
Pregnancy – occurs when sperm meets up with an egg.
- Officially starts when a fertilize egg implants in the lining of the
uterus. Happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse.
Conception – the process that begins with fertilization of an egg by the sperm and end
with implantation.
Ejaculation / Coming – releases the sperm via the penis into the vagina.
Embryo – fertilized egg
Teenage Pregnancy – has a tremendous impact on the educational, social, and
economic lives of young people.
Early Parenting – reduces the likelihood that a young woman will complete high
school and pursue the necessary post-secondary education needed to complete today’s
economy.
Kinds of Contraception:
➢ Male Condom
➢ Implantable Hormone Device
➢ Calendar Method; and
➢ Sterilization
Type of Contraceptive Method:
➢ Birth Control Pill – alters natural ovulation cycle
➢ Birth Control Injection
➢ Withdrawal – prevents the semen from going into the vagina.
➢ Intauterine Device – inserted inside the uterus by a doctor.
Obstructed Labor – When a woman is under 20, the pelvic area (the bone surrounding
the birth canal) is still growing and may not be large enough to allow the baby to easily
pass through the birth canal.
Caesarean Section – a cut is made in the abdomen and the baby is removed directly
from the uterus.
Adolescent Pregnancy – a major contributor to high maternal mortality rates.
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LESSON 6 SEXUAL HEALTH
Puberty – causes all kinds of changes in the adolescent’s body.
Sebaceous (oil) Gland – keeps the hair shiny and waterproof.
Perspiration / Sweat – comes from sweat glands that is found in your body.
Deodorants – get rid of the odor of sweat by covering the unpleasant smells.
Antiperspirants – stop or dry up perspiration.
Body Hair – are hormones in action.
Dental Hygiene – Brushing and flossing properly, along with regular dental checkups,
can help prevent tooth decay and gum disease.
Masturbation – A normal, healthy way to relieve sexual tension.
Using tampons – Not necessary with regular bathing.
Wearing an athletic supporter – Protects and supports the penis and testicles.
Breast Self-examination – Important for Sexual and Reproductive Health.
Using deodorant – Masks the normal odor associated with healthy genitals.

8. Douching – May destroy natural bacteria that keep the vagina clean.
Rubbing cornstarch on genitals – Cleans the genitals daily and keeps them odor-free.
Avoiding vaginal infections – Protects you and a partner from further infection.
Using feminine hygiene sprays – May destroy natural bacteria that keep the vagina
clean.
Frequent bathing – Cleans the genitals daily and keeps them odor-free.
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LESSON 7 RISKY BEHAVIORS OF ADOLESCENTS
Risk-taking – is defined as participation in potentially health-compromising activities
with little understanding of, or in spite of an understanding ot, the possible negative
consequences.
Department of Health, in its Adolescent and Youth Health Policy (2000), has
identified the following health risks:
➢ Substance use;
➢ premarital sex;
➢ early childbearing abortion;
➢ HIVI/AIDS;
➢ violence;
➢ accidents;
➢ malnutrition; and
➢ mental health
Guidance of Family – adolescent develops into a mature adult through this.
Sex and Media – have been identified as key influencers among adolescents engaging
in high risks behaviors.

TROUBLE SIGNS among TEENS :
➢ sexual promiscuity;
➢ regular use of drugs and alcohol;
➢ repeated violation of the law or school regulation;
➢ running away more than once in three months;
➢ skipping school more than once in three months;
➢ aggressive outbursts/impulsiveness;
➢ dark drawings or writings;
➢ deterioration in hygiene;
➢ oppositional behavior;
➢ refusal to work/non-compliance;
➢ chronic lateness falling asleep in class changes in physical appearance; and
➢ excessive daydreaming.
Culture and Tradition – plays a significant role in shaping the way young people and
adolescents behave and lead their lives.
Common Drugs Abused by Young People and their Effects:
➢ Marijuana (also known as cannabis, grass, joint, Splif, hashish, pot, weed)
➢ Mairungi (also known as Khat, Qat, and Mirraa)
➢ Alcohol
➢ Cigarettes
➢ Cocaine (also known as Crack, Coke, C, Charlie, Nose candy, Toot, Bazooka,
Big C, Cake, Lady, Stardust, Coco, Flake, Mister coffee)
➢ Heroine (also known as Hammer, Horse, H, Junk, Nod, Smack, Skag, White,
beige, White lady, White stuff, Joy powder boy, Hairy, Harry, Joy powder)
➢ Amphetamines (also known as Speed, Ice, Browns, Footballs, Hearts,
Oranges, Wake ups, Black beauties, Crystal meth, Crack meth, Cat, Jeff amp,
Dexies, Rippers Bennies, Browns, Greenies, Pep pills)
➢ Ecstasy (also known as Ecstasy, Adam, Essence, MDM, MDMA, XTC, Eve,
MDE, MDEA)
➢ Inhalants and solvents

9. Tips to Avoid Drugs:
➢ You do not need to take drugs to be liked by other people.
➢ You do not need to take drugs to feel brave or courageous.
➢ You do not need drugs to cope with sorrow or disappointments.
➢ You have, inside you, the strength and inner resources to deal with any situation
and any problem.