GENDER AND SOCIETY- UNIT 1.pdf

GENDER AND SOCIETY

1. GENDER
AND
SOCIETY

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT I : Gender Concepts/ Terms
UNIT II: Sociology Of Gender
UNIT III: LGBT And Intersexuality
UNIT IV: Biomedical Perspective In Gender And Sexuality

3. UNIT 1: GENDER CONCEPTS/TERMS
I.Sex vs. Gender
II.Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity
III.Gender Equality vs. Women's Rights
IV.Transgender vs. Transsexual

4. SEX
AND
GENDER

5. WHAT IS
SEX?

6. SEX
Refers to biological and physiological characteristics.
•The good, the bad, and the complicated.
•According to popular culture, sex is something done
for pleasure.
•In a more Freudian sense, it is what drives people to
do certain things.
•defines sex through its biological and not cultural
definition.
•Sex in the biological sense is a category for living
beings specifically related to their reproductive
function.
“Male and Female are used in birth certificates to denote
the sex of children”

7. TWO SEXES
Male Sex produces sperm cells to fertilize
the egg cells.
The female Sex produces egg cells to
produce.

8. CHROMOSOMES?

9. CHROMOSOMES?
Structures found in the center (nucleus) of cells that carry
long pieces of DNA.
Chromosome XX
equates to female
Chromosome XY
equates to male

10. HORMONES
•Estrogen – a group of hormones that promote the
development and maintenance of female characteristics of
the body such as breasts and pubic hair.
•Testosterone–stimulatesthedevelopmentofmale
secondarysexualcharacteristicsproducedmainlyinthe
testes.
•Progesterone – stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.

11. GENITALIA
Theorganusedforreproductionandsecondarysex
characteristicsarelargelyinfluencedbyone’sXandY
chromosomes.Thesechromosomesdeterminewhether
someone’sbodywillexpressitselfasa“female”ora
“male”.
MALE FEMALE

12. Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculinity – if all
males presented are in powerful
and dominant roles, one can
presume that power and
dominance are associated with
maleness.
Femininity – if all
females are seen to take
care of people, one
associates females with
these rules, thus to be
female is to care.

13. What is
GENDER?

14. •Refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls, and
boys that are socially constructed.
•A social construct that determines one’s roles, expected
values, behavior, and interaction in relationships
involving men and women.
•It is short for gender relation between the sexes, or how
the male and female relate to one another.
•It affects what access men and women have to decision-
making, knowledge, and resources.
•Different things to sex, but one’s gender is usually
associated with one’s sex.
‘Man’,’ masculine’, ’woman’, and ‘feminine’ denote
gender.

15. SEX GENDER
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(generally define humans as female or male)
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTED
(set of roles and responsibilities associated with being
girl and boy or women and men, and in some cultures
a third or other gender.)
UNIVERSAL, A-HISTORICAL
(No variation from culture to culture or time to
time.)
Gender roles vary greatly in different societies,
cultures and historical periods as well as they
depend also on socio-economic factors, age,
education, ethnicity and religion.
Cannot be changed, except with the medical
treatment.
Although deeply rooted, gender roles can be
changed over time, since social values and norms are
not static.
Born with. Not born with.
Example: Only women can give birth. Only women
can breastfeed.
Example: The expectation of men to be economic
providers of the family and for women to be
caregivers is a gender norm in many cultural contexts

16. SEX GENDER
Physiological Social
Related to reproduction Cultural
Congenital Learned behaviour
Unchanging Changes overtime
Varies within a culture

17. Does sex correspond to
gender?

18. Does sex correspond to gender?
Scientists, psychologists, and sociologists believe
that sex does not determine one’s gender.
Femininityorthebehaviorthat
oneassociateswithfemalesmaynot
actuallybetiedtoawoman’ssex.
Masculinity is not tied to one’s
gonads. The whole idea of being a woman,
therefore, is based on gender and society’s
belief in how a woman should act, instead
of biological functions that are
inescapable.

19. “GENDER
STEREOTYPES”

20. Sex Stereotypes
a generalized view of traits that should be
possessed by men and women, specifically
physical and emotional roles. They are unrelated
to the roles women and men actually perform.

21. Sexual stereotypes
involve assumptions regarding a person’s sexuality
that reinforce dominant views. Like the
assumption that all persons are only attracted to
the sex opposite theirs.

22. Sex-role stereotypes
•the roles that men and women are assigned
based on their sex and what behaviors they
must possess to fulfill these roles.
•They prescribe certain traits, behaviors, and
responsibilities to individuals based on their
assigned sex at birth

23. Compounded stereotypes
•Assumptionsaboutaspecificgroupbelongingtoa
gender.Examplesareyoungwomen,oldmen,singlemen,
womenfactoryworkers,andthelike.
•Compounded stereotypes can also be influenced by other
factors such as age, sexual orientation, religion,
socioeconomic status, disability, or any other aspect of
one's identity.

24. What is
SOGIE?

25. SOGIE
Stands for Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity Expression.
❑Sexual Orientation
•Homosexuality
•Heterosexuality
•bisexuality
❑Gender Identity
Gender Identity refers to a
person's deeply felt sense of
their own gender, which may
or may not correspond with
the sex they were assigned at
birth.
❑Expression.
•refers to how individuals
express their gender identity
outwardly through their
appearance, behavior, and
mannerisms.
•It includes factors such as
clothing, hairstyles, speech
patterns, body language, and
other forms of self-expression.

26. Sexual orientation
❑Involves the person to whom one is
attracted.
❑One identifies himself or herself in relation
to this attraction.
❑Includes both romantic and sexual feelings.
Terms Standing for
SOGIE
Gender Expression
❑expresses his or her sexuality through the
actions or manner of presenting oneself.
Gender Identity
❑Personal experience of gender or social
relationidentifies himself or herself in
relation to this attraction.
❑Identify himself or herself as masculine or
feminine.

27. LGBTQA?

28. LESBIAN
Pertains to women who are
attracted to other women.

29. GAY
Men who are attracted to other men.

30. BISEXUAL
Denotes people who are attracted to both
genders.

31. Transgender
Refers to someone whose
assigned sex at birth does not
represent his or her gender
identity.

32. Queer
Denoting or relating to a sexual or gender identity that
does not correspond to established ideas of sexuality and
gender, especially heterosexual norms.

33. Asexual
Describe someone who does not experience
sexual attraction toward individuals of any gender.

34. Gender Equality
and
Gender Equity

35. EQUALITY EQUITY
❑The state or condition that affords women and
men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially
valued goods, opportunities, and resources,
❑Allowing both sexes the same opportunities and
potential to contribute to, and benefit from, all
spheres of society (economic, political, social, and
cultural).
❑Justice and fairness in the treatment of women
and men in order to eventually achieve gender
equality,
❑ often requesting differential treatment of
women and men (or specific measures) in order
to compensate for the historical and social
disadvantages.
❑prevent women and men from sharing a level
playing field.
Example: A family has limited funds, and both
daughter and son need new pair of shoes for the
new school year, but only one can get new shoes
this year. If the family decides (and who in the family
decides?) which child will get the new shoes based
on the child’s NEED, and not on the child’s sex, this is
an example of gender equality.
Example: Provision of leadership training for
women or establishing quotas for women in
decision-making positions to achieve gender
equality.

36. Gender Equality
vs.
Women’s Rights

37. WOMEN’S RIGHT GENDER EQUALITY
❑Entitlements that women have on the basis that
they are human.
❑Normatively based on several international human
rights documents (e.g. The Convention on the
Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW)).
❑Arranged around the concept of duty bearer &
rights holder.
❑Gender equality and non-discrimination
on the basis of sex are fundamental
human rights. It implies equal enjoyment
of rights by men and women.

38. Transgender
vs.
Transsexual

39. TRANSGENDER TRANSEXUAL
❑Refers to those trans people who live
permanently in their preferred gender,
without necessarily needing to undergo
any medical intervention/s.
❑Refers to people who identify entirely with
the gender role opposite to the sex
assigned at birth and seek to live
permanently in the preferred gender role.
❑ Transsexual people might intend to
undergo, are undergoing, or have
undergone gender reassignment
treatment (which may or may not involve
hormone therapy or surgery).

40. Gender GAP
and
Patterns of Gender
Inequalities

41. Gender Gap
❑Difference in any area between women and
men in terms of their levels of participation.
❑Access to resources, rights, power, and
influence, Remuneration, and benefits.

42. Patterns of Gender
Inequalities

43. Inequalities in political power
and Representation:
Women are often underrepresented in formal decision-
making structures, including governments, community
councils, and policy-making institutions.

44. Inequalities in economic
participation and opportunities:
❑Women are receiving lower wages for similar work.
❑Have less access than men to productive assets such
as education, skills, property, and credit.

45. Educational attainment:
❑Women have lower literacy rates,
❑The lower level of enrolment in primary, secondary, and
tertiary education.

46. Sexual and domestic
violence:
❑Women tend to be more often victims in the form of
domestic violence by a woman‟s intimate partner.
❑sexual exploitation through trafficking and the sex
trade.
❑ in wars by an enemy army as a weapon of attempted
„ethnic cleansing‟.

47. Differences in legal status and
entitlements:
There are many instances in which equal rights to personal
status, security, land, inheritance, and employment
opportunities are denied to women by law or practice.