genderissuesinhealth-1801230 83015.pptx

Gender

1. Gender I ssues in H ealth Service Provision Group Members Kakembo Musa Ntambi 21/U/24098/HTG Vundru Dominic 21/U/ Kiberu Shafic 21/U/ Settaba Henry 21/U/ Nakyanzi Gladys 20/U/ Irumba Godfrey 21/U/

2. Terminologies Sex : Biological maleness or femaleness Gender: Socially/culturally constructed differences between men and women. Variable. Gender can be seen as the full range of personality traits, attitudes, feelings, values, behaviors and activities that society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis. Gender role: Attitudes & behaviors considered appropriate in a specific culture for people of a particular sex.

3. Gender identity : A Person’s own sense of identification as male or female. Gender equality : The absence of discrimination - on the basis of a person's sex. Gender equity: The fairness & justice in the distribution of benefits & responsibilities between female & male. Gender analysis: "Gender analysis" identifies, analyses & informs action, to address the health inequalities that arise from the different roles of female & male, or from the unequal power relationships between them & the consequences of these inequalities on their health.

4. Gender & Health Health as to WHO (1960) is not only the absence of disease or disability but encompasses a person’s state of complete physical, emotional, mental and social well-being . Gender & health inequalities ‘Women get sicker but men die quicker’( Miers , 2000) Morbidity rates are higher for women Mortality rates are higher for men Women live longer than men, an average of 5 years longer, but they tend to be often sicker than men.

5. Factors that determine gender health inequalities Biological Social Economical Psychological Men’s health compared to women May have higher rates of fatal illnesses Men have more toxic occupational exposure Men have higher rates of injuries (intentional or non intentional)

6. Differences between male & female Chromosomal differences Hormonal differences Physical differences Mental/ emotional differences Sexual differences

7. MALE FEMALE Taller, heavier & 30% more stronger 10% more body fat 50% greater muscle mass Less bone mass & wider pelvic structure. Heart 25% larger. More sensitive to sound Lungs capacity is 25- 30% greater 4% more cells & 100 g more brain tissue

8. Sexual differences MALE FEMALE Fertility of male remains almost unchanged. Female fertility decreases after age 35, ending with menopause. Begin puberty two years before

9. Mental/ emotional difference MALE FEMALE Express their hostility through physical violence. More verbally expressive. Anger more characteristic Emotions of happiness, sadness & fear more characteristic .

10. Gender issues in health Gender & Heart Disease - More Females than Males Gender & Stroke - More Females than Males Gender & blindness - More Females than Males Gender & malaria Gender & tuberculosis - More males than Females Gender & HIV/AIDS - More Females than Males Gender & Cancer Gender & Reproductive disorder

11. Gender & mental health Gender & road traffic injuries Gender & nutrition Gender & violence Gender & disaster management Gender & care giving Gender & health related research Gender & work

12. Gender & malaria Gender norms & values lead to Different patterns in: Exposure to mosquitoes for male & female. Accessing of treatment for malaria In the use of preventative measures Evidence suggests that given equal exposure, adult male & female are equally vulnerable to malaria infection, except for pregnant female

13. Gender & Cancer Lung & Oral cancers are the most common cancers among male while Cervical & Breast cancers are the most common cancers in female. In female, cancer is caused due to over exposure to hormones, early menarche & late menopause, obesity & exposure to viruses like HPV

14. Gender & Reproductive disorders Male Female Gynecomastia Amenorrhea, oligomenohorrea Priapism Cervical erosion Hydrocele Cervicitis Prostatic disorders Endometriosis Puerperal fever Polycystic ovary disease

15. Gender & Genetic diseases MALE FEMALE Kleinfelter’s syndrome Turner syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Rett syndrome Hemophilia Color blindness Adrenoleukodystrophy Micro penis Fragile X Syndrome

16. Gender & Mental Health Mental health problems are among the most important contributors to the global burden of disease & disability.

17. Gender differences in Mental Health In Childhood: conduct disorders more in boys In Adolescence: Girls have higher prevalence of depression, eating disorders, suicidal attempts & ideation Boys experience more anger, engage in high risk behavior & commit suicide In Adulthood: Depression & anxiety higher in female Substance abuse & antisocial behaviors more in male

18. Gender differences in Mental Health.. In Older age: More female living with Alzheimer’s disease Depression more common in females There is neglect & delay in treatment. Awareness of gender differences in ability to access & to pay for health services

19. Gender & nutrition Female play a critical role in achieving household food security choose which foods to purchase find ways to feed the family when supplies run low process & store food, ensuring safe & sustained consumption responsible for a substantial portion of global food production.

20. How do gender affect nutritional status? When food is in short supply, female & girls are more likely to reduce their food intake. Contribute to under- nutrition among female & girls. Female, especially those who are pregnant or lactating Teenage pregnancy Single male separated from their families

21. Gender & violence Violence against female A major public health problem Around the world, as many as one in every three female has been beaten, coerced into sex, or abused in some other way One female in four has been abused during pregnancy. Sexual abuse of children, rape, domestic violence, sexual assault & harassment, trafficking of female & girls & several harmful traditional practices.

22. Gender & violence Consequences on health: Unwanted pregnancies & restricted access to family planning information & contraceptives Unsafe abortion or injuries sustained during a legal abortion after an unwanted pregnancy STIs, including HIV Persistent gynecological problems Psychological problems: suicide

23. Gender & violence Violence in male: Very little is known In 100 domestic violence situations approximately 40 cases involve violence by female against male. For male or female, domestic violence includes pushing, slapping, hitting, throwing objects, forcing or slamming a door or striking the other person with an object, or using a weapon. Domestic abuse can also be mental or emotional.

24. Why Do We Know So Little About Domestic Abuse & Violence Against male? The incidence of domestic violence reported male appears to be so low that it is hard to get reliable estimates. Virtually nothing has been done to encourage male to report abuse. The idea that male could be victims of domestic abuse & violence is so unthinkable that many male will not even attempt to report the situation.

25. Why male suffer in silence? Feel ashamed Fear of cases Parental pressure

26. Conclusion It is an important topic to be included in health professional’s curriculum . As this issue is lacking behind & not even taken up by subject books in their curriculum. Health professionals need to be aware of the role of gender norms, values, & gender inequalities in perpetuating disease, disability & death & to promote a societal change with a view to eliminate gender as a barrier to good health.