General anatomy and physiology bones.pptx

General anatomy and physiology bones.pptx

1. General anatomy and physiology Skeletal system

2. Skeleton The Skeleton of Humans is composed of a special  CONNECTIVE TISSUE   CALLED   BONE . B ones and their associated tissues - cartilage, tendons, and ligaments - make up   THE SKELETON SYSTEM . T he human skeleton system consists of 206 bones.   The types of tissue present are  bone tissue, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue, which forms the ligaments that connect bone to bone.

3. Functions of the skeleton Support the body Physical protection of the internal organs Site of production of red blood cells Store inorganic salts (calcium) Weight bearing Site for muscle attachment

4. Classification of bones Long bones : have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Short bones : are cubelike , with rough equal length and width Flat bones : are platelike structures with broad surfaces. Irregular bones : have a variety of shapes and most are connected to several other bones

5. Classification of bones

6. Structure of bones

7. Structure of bones

8. Bone development and growth Bone growth begins long before birth.  The basic shape of a long bone, is first formed as  cartilage . Cartilage is a tough but flexible connective tissue, does not contain blood vessels. Cartilage is dense and fibrous, can support weight, but is still extremely flexible. Many bones in a newborn baby are composed almost entirely of  cartilage .   Latter the cartilage cells will be replaced by cells that form the bones.  The cartilage is replaced during  ossification , or the process of bone formation. Ossification begins to take place up to seven months before birth as mineral (calcium and phosphorus) deposits are laid down near the center of the bone (center of ossification) in each bone. Bone tissue forms as osteocytes secret mineral deposits that replace the cartilage. Or a bone matrix gradually replaces the original cartilage. The long bones develop and grow through out childhood at centers of ossification in their epiphysis (ends).

9. Bone development and growth

10. Bone development and growth Growth occurs in the  epiphyseal disc or plate  (growth plates) at the junction of the diaphysis with each epiphysis (at each end of the bone). An epiphyseal disc is still cartilage, and the bone grows in length as more cartilage is produced on the epiphysis side. On the diaphysis side,  osteoblast  (cells that produce bone matrix, (a blast cell is a "producing" cell, and " osteo " means bone) to replace cartilage. Between the ages of 16 and 25 years, all of the cartilage of the epiphyseal disc is replaced by bone.  This is called closure of the epiphyseal disc, and the bone lengthening process stops. In adults, cartilage is found in those parts of the body where flexibility is needed. (tip of the nose, external ear, larynx, and joints). Cartilage is also found where the ribs are attached to the sternum

11. Bone development and growth

12. Skeletal organization

13. Axial skeleton The Skull consists of 8 CRANIAL BONES and 13 FACIAL BONES.  The Ears consists 6 BONES, Floating in the throat 1 bone the hyoid.   The vertebral (spinal) column consists of 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 fused vertebrae into 1 sacrum, and 4 to 5 small fused vertebrae into 1 coccyx.  The rib (thoracic) cage consists of the 12 pairs of ribs- 24 bones and the sternum. 

14. Divisions of the skeleton (SKUL)

15. Vertebral column

16. Apendicular skeleton THE PECTORAL GIRDLE CONSISTS OF 4 BONES, 2. UPPER LIMBS CONSISTS OF 60 BONES. THE HANDS AND WRIST CONSISTS OF 54 SEPARATE BONES. 3. THE PELVIC GIRDLE CONSISTS OF 2 BONES 4. THE LOWER LIMB CONSISTS OF 60 BONES. THE FEET AND ANKLES CONSISTS OF 52 SEPARATE BONES.

17. Fractures and their repair A  fracture  means that a bone has been cracked or broken.  A bone fracture may be a simple crack, or the bone may actually break into two or more pieces. There are different types of fractures classified as to the extent of damage

18. Types of fractures

19. Fractures and their repair A fractured bone must be repaired if the bone is to resume normal function. Fragments of dead or damage bone must first be removed.  This is accomplished by  OSTEOCLAST   (A bone-destroying cell; reabsorbs bone matrix as part of growth or repair of bones), which dissolve and reabsorb the calcium salts of bone matrix. Then new bone must be produced. The INNER LAYER of the PERIOSTEUM contains OSTEOBLASTS that are activated when bone is damaged.  The Osteoblasts produce bone matrix to knit the broken ends of bone together.

20. Fractures and their repair Most bones have a good blood supply, the repair process is usually relatively rapid, a simple fracture often heals within 6 weeks. Other factors that influence the repair include the age of the person, general state of health, nutrition (a diet with sufficient calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and protein)

21. Bone and ageing As bones grow longer, they also grow thicker and denser.  in young adults the density of bone usually remains constant as bone tissue is broken down and replaced at a steady rate. During middle age, bone replacement gradually becomes less efficient, and bones may become less dense. The loss of bone density is called osteoporosis , and can cause bones to become light, brittle, and easily broken. Although both men and women lose bone as the age, women are at a greater risk for osteoporosis for two reasons: Women's bones are usually smaller and lighter than men's bones. The production of female sex hormones declines rapidly during Menopause

22. Joints

23. Joints Functional junction between bones Bind parts of the skeletal system Make possible bone growth Enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

24. Functional classification joints According to the degree of movement Immovable ( Synarthrosis ) Slightly movable ( Amphiarthrosis ) Freely movable ( D iarthrosis )

25. Structural classification Fibrous joint: lie between bones that closely contact one another 3 types Syndesmosis ( tibiofibular joint) Suture occur only between the flat bones of the skull Gomphosis (teeth)

26. Structural classification 2. Cartilagenous joint 2 types - Synchondrosis : bands of hyaline cartilage unite the bones with time - S ymphysis : a limited amount of movement occurs at such a joint

27. Structural classification 3. Synovial joints: much more complex

28. Synovial joint classification type illustration function example Ball-and-Socket-Joint Distal bone can move around a center in an indefinite number of axes. Main movements are flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, axial rotation and circumduction hips, shoulders Ellipsoid Joint Distal bone has an ovoid articular surface and is received into an elliptical cavity, wich makes it impossible for the bones to do axial rotation. So main movements here are flexion-extension, adduction-abduction and circumduction . wrist Hinge Joint Here the distal bone can move only in one plane, flexion and extension (forward and backward). knee, elbow, fingers

29. Synovial joint classification type illustration function example Flat Joint The main movements are flexion-extension and rotation. wrist Saddle Joint The saddle joint consists of two opposing surfaces that are reciprocally concave-convex, which allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction , but no axial rotation. thumb Pivot Joint A pivot joint´s movement is limited to rotation. Atlas and Axis, proximal radioulnar articulation

30. Anatomical classification of joints The joints may be classified anatomically into the following groups: Articulations of hand Elbow joints Wrist joints Axillary articulations Sternoclavicular joints Vertebral articulations Temporomandibular joints Sacroiliac joints Hip joints Knee joints Articulations of foot

31. Abduction Adduction Circumduction Pronation / supination Dorsiflexion / plantarflexion Inversion/ eversion Radial deviation/ ulnar daviation

32. flexion