General Anatomy presentation slides on arteries

Genral anatomy

1. Hello! This is Group 5b! Sit tight, get ready for the anatomical ride of your life!

2. GROSS HUMAN ANATOMY Veins of the forearm and arteries of the arm.

3. INTRODUCTION. 01 03 02 Superficial veins This is divided into cephalic and basilic veins. Deep veins Radial, ulna and interosseous veins. Arteries of the arm The axilla, brachial, radial and ulna arteries.

4. Superficial veins Actually, the veinous system of the upper limb helps to drain deoxygenated blood from the arm, forearm and hand. It is subdivided into the deep and superficial veins. I will be focusing on the superficial veins while my colleague will focus on the deep veins. Let’s go! 01

5. Superficial Veins The main superficial veins of the fore-arm are: Cephalic veins Basilic veins Median cubital vein Median vein of the forearm Dorsal Veinous Arch Note: these veins are located in the subcutaneous tissue of the forearm.

6. Cephalic Vein. It rises from the dorsal veinous network of the hand, and ascends the aterio -lateral aspect of the upper limb, passing anteriorly to the elbow. It winds around lateral border of the distal part of the forearm. It continues upward in front of the elbow and along the lateral border of the bicep brachii. It pierces the deep fascia at the lower border of the pectoral muscle. It runs between the deltopectoral groove between the pectoral major and deltoid muscle to the infraclavicular fossa. Note: the cephalic and basilic veins are connected at the elbow by the median cubital vein. The load of the cephalic vein is reduced by the basilic vein through the median cubital vein and partially from perforating veins.

7. Basilic Vein It originates from the dorsal venous network of the hand and descends into the medial aspect of the upper limb. Along the back of the medial border, it winds around the medial border near the elbow. It then continues upwards in front of the elbow (medial epicondyle) along the medial biceps brachii up to the middle of the arm where it pierces the deep fascia. It runs along the medial side of the brachial artery up to the lower border of teres major. Here, it combines with the BRACHIAL VEIN from the deep venous system to the axillary vein.

8. This is a various system arch lying in subcutaneous tissue proximal to the metacarpopharyngeal joints. We have the following afferent veins around the dorsal venous arch: 3 dorsal metacarpal veins 1 dorsal digital vein located at the medial side of the finger. 2 dorsal digital veins of the thumb. The dorsal venous arch drains from digital and metacarpal veins to the lateral side of the cephalic vein and the medial side of the basilic vein. Dorsal Venous Arch. Dorsal venous vein

9. Median Cubital Vein It is a large communicating vein which shunts the blood from the cephalic vein to the basilic vein. This vein begins from the cephalic vein at 2.5cm below the bend of the elbow. It ends at the basilic vein at 2.5cm above the medial epicondyle. It is connected to the deep vein through perforators. These perforators fix the vein and this makes it an ideal site for intravenous injections. So, the median cubital vein is used to draw blood.

10. Median Veins of the Forearm It begins from the venous network in the palm and ends up in one of the veins in front of the elbow. It is divided into: the median cephalic vein and the median basilic vein.

11. Hope you’re enjoying the class? We move to the next aspect of this lesson as I hand over to my amiable colleague. Happy Learning!

12. Deep Veins The Deep Veins are divided into two: Anterior deep veins and Posterior deep veins. Let’s take a look at it. 02

13. The Deep Vein is divided into two parts: The Anterior; which includes t he radial and ulnar vein   The posterior; which includes t he interosseous vein   I will be focusing on the anterior aspect of the deep vein while my colleague will take the posterior aspect. So, let’s dig in.

14. THE RADIAL VEIN (v enae radiales) . T he  radial veins  are  paired veins   found in the lateral  forearm , extending from the  hand  to the  cubital fossa . They accompany the  radial artery  through the back of the hand and the lateral aspect of the  forearm and join the  ulnar veins  to form the  brachial vein. T here are two radial veins accompanying the radial artery on either side. Function: They drain blood from the deep structure, lateral forearm and elbow joint . They end near the elbow joint by anastomosing with the ulnar vein and forming the  brachial vein . The radial veins are smaller than the ulnar veins and receive the dorsal metacarpal veins. The radial veins emerge via  the deep palmar venous arch  and attach to the  ulnar veins  to empty within the paired  brachial veins .

15. Fig. 1

16. Functions of the Radial Veins. They drain blood from the deep structure, lateral forearm and elbow joint . They end near the elbow joint by anastomosing with the ulnar vein and forming the  brachial vein . The radial veins are smaller than the ulnar veins and receive the dorsal metacarpal veins. The radial veins emerge via the deep palmar venous arch and attach to the ulnar veins to empty within the paired brachial veins. Companion Vein: The superficial radial vein is often considered a companion vein to the radial artery. While the radial artery carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the forearm and hand, the superficial radial vein helps in returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart . Clinical Significance: The superficial radial vein may be utilized for medical procedures such as venipuncture or for establishing intravenous access. Venipuncture is the collection of blood from a vein. It is most often done for laboratory testing.

17. Ulnar Vein (venae ulnares) The  ulnar vein  is one of the two major deep veins of the  forearm , along with the  radial vein . It runs on either side of the  ulnar artery  and they anastomose freely with each other. It forms in the hand from the deep palmar venous arch. It receives tributaries from the deep volar venous arches and communicates with the superficial veins at the wrist; near the elbow, it receives the  palmar  and  dorsal interosseous veins  and sends a large communicating branch (profunda vein) to the vena mediana cubiti. It terminates in the  cubital fossa  where it joins the radial vein to form the  brachial vein . The ulnar veins are larger than the radial vein. They arise in the hand and terminate by uniting with the  radial veins  to form the  brachial veins .

18. Functions Of The Ulnar Vein The  ulnar veins  are  venae comitantes  of the  ulnar artery . They drain the  superficial venous palmar arch .  They mostly drain the medial aspect of the  forearm .  They receive the venae comitantes of the  anterior  and  posterior interosseous  arteries near the elbow, as well as a large branch from the  median cubital vein . The ulnar veins are larger than the  radial veins . The ulnar veins drain oxygen-depleted blood from the forearm. The ulnar vein receives blood from smaller veins in the hand and forearm and gradually merges with other veins to form larger vessels. It is essential for maintaining proper circulation and ensuring the removal of waste products from the forearm and hand.

19. I hope you’re having a great time learning anatomy? I hand over to my scholastic colleague. Thanks.

20. Interosseous vein is a vein that runs deep in the forearm, along with the deep interosseous artery. It lies deep to the brachial fascia. Brachial fascia is the deep fascia of the arm and sends septum between them. The interosseous vein drains deoxygenated blood from the hand to the heart and the lungs for reoxygenation. Deep Veins – Posterior Part. THE INTERCESSOUS VEIN

21. Interosseous vein cont’d. The interosseous vein terminates by forming an anastomosis (a surgical connection between two structures) at the upper margin of the interosseous membrane that empties into the ulnar vein. It contributes to the formation of brachial vein. It receives blood from the smaller veins in the forearm. They also have injuries, thrombosis(blood lot formation) and other pathological conditions.

22. 03 Arteries of the Arm! So, we are finally at the last lap of this class! Sit tight, it’s pretty interesting! Let’s go! Axillary Artery Brachial artery Radial and Ulna arteries.

23. Axillary Artery.

24. Axillary Artery Cont’d The axillary artery begins at the lateral border of the 1st rib as the continuation of the subclavian artery and ends at the inferior border of the teres major. It passes posterior to the pectoralis minor into the arm and becomes the brachial artery when it passes the inferior border of the teres major, at which point it usually will reach the humerus. For descriptive purposes, the axillary artery is divided into three parts by the pectoralis minor (the part number also indicates the number of its branches): The first part of the axillary artery is located between the lateral border of the 1st rib and the medial border of the pectoralis minor. It is enclosed in the axillary sheath and has one branch—the superior thoracic artery. The second part of the axillary artery lies posterior to pectoralis minor and has two branches—the thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic arteries— which pass medial and lateral to the muscle, respectively. The third part of the axillary artery extends from the lateral border of pectoralis minor to the inferior border of teres major; it has three branches. The subscapular artery is the largest branch of the axillary artery. Opposite the origin of this artery, the anterior circumflex humeral and posterior circumflex humeral arteries arise, sometimes through a common trunk.

25. Brachial Artery. The  brachial artery  is the main artery of the arm and is a continuation of the axillary artery. The brachial artery is located within the anterior compartment of the arm and constitutes the main arterial supply of the arm. It begins at the inferior border of the teres major and ends in the cubital fossa opposite the neck of the radius where, under cover of the bicipital aponeurosis, it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries.

26. Brachial Artery Cont’d It is suitable for various clinical examinations such as pulse and blood pressure measuring, but also prone to injuries that primarily happen to the bone, such as fractures.   The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve i n proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. The brachial artery courses along the ventral (front) surface of the arm and gives rise to multiple smaller branching arteries before reaching the cubital fossa at the elbow. These branching arteries include the deep brachial artery, the superior ulnar collateral artery, and the inferior ulnar collateral artery. Once the brachial artery reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow, it divides into its terminal branches: the radial and ulnar arteries of the forearm.  

27. Brachial Artery Cont’d The main named branches of the brachial artery arising from its medial aspect are: the profunda brachii artery the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries. The collateral arteries help form the peri-articular arterial anastomoses of the elbow region. Other arteries involved are recurrent branches, sometimes double, from the radial, ulnar, and interosseous arteries, which run superiorly anterior and posterior to the elbow joint. These arteries anastomose with descending articular branches of the deep artery of the arm and the ulnar collateral arteries.

28. Brachial Artery Cont’d PROFUNDA BRACHII ARTERY: this is the largest branch of the brachial artery and has the most superior origin. The profunda brachii accompanies the radial nerve along the radial groove as it passes posteriorly around the shaft of the humerus. The profunda brachii terminates by dividing into middle and radial collateral arteries, which participate in the peri-articular arterial anastomoses around the elbow. HUMERAL NUTRIENT ARTERY: it mainly arises from the brachial artery around the middle of the arm and enters the nutrient canal on the anteromedial surface of the humerus. The artery runs distally in the canal toward the elbow. Other smaller humeral nutrient arteries also occur. SUPERIOR ULNAR COLLATERAL ARTERY: the superior ulnar collateral artery arises from the medial aspect of the brachial artery near the middle of the arm and accompanies the ulnar nerve posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Here, it anastomoses with the posterior ulnar recurrent and inferior ulnar collateral arteries, participating in the peri-articular arterial anastomoses of the elbow. INFERIOR ULNAR COLLATERAL ARTERY: the inferior ulnar collateral artery arises from the brachial artery approximately 5 cm proximal to the elbow crease. It then passes inferomedially anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and joins the peri-articular arterial anastomoses of the elbow region by anastomosing with the anterior ulnar recurrent artery. (Branches of the brachial artery)

29. Ulnar Artery The ulna artery is the main blood vessel supplying blood to the medial side of the forearm, It arises from the bifurcation (division/branching) of the brachial artery at the cubital fossa of the elbow and descends medially down the forearm and forms the superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch. The ulnar artery supplies blood to the forearm and hand. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. It is accompanied by a similarly named vein along its course, the ulna vein, The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely (slantly/ diagonally) downward, reaches the ulnar (medial) side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the medial border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. It travels across the elbow anteriorly, deep under muscle along the side of your forearm. It also branches to form a network of blood supply vessels in the hand.

30. Ulnar Artery Cont’d

31. The ulna artery at the forearm branches into the anterior ulnar recurrent artery , Posterior ulnar recurrent artery and the Common interosseous. The common interosseous is very short, around 1 cm, and further divides into the anterior, posterior, and recurrent interosseous arteries and it gives off the palmar carpal branch close to the wrist which is the ulnar contribution to the palmar carpal arch and it also gives a dorsal carpal branch which is the ulnar contribution to dorsal carpal arch. At the hand, the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery passes through the hypothenar muscles to anastomose with the deep palmar arch which is formed predominantly by the radial artery and the terminal branch of the ulnar artery is then forms the superficial palmar arch. Relations In its upper half, it is deeply seated, being covered by the Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, and Flexor digitorum superficialis; it lies upon the Brachialis and Flexor digitorum profundus . The median nerve is in relation with the medial side of the artery for about 2.5 cm. and then crosses the vessel, being separated from it by the ulnar head of the Pronator teres, In the lower half of the forearm it lies upon the Flexor digitorum profundus , being covered by the integument and the superficial and deep fascia, and placed between the Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum superficialis. Branches of the Ulnar Artery

32. Radial Artery The radial artery is one of the major arteries in the upper limb, also arising as the second artery formed from the bifurcation of the brachial artery delivering oxygenated blood to the forearm, hand, and phalanges. It runs along the lateral side of the forearm, supplying the forearm muscles, wrist, and hand. The radial artery arises from the bifurcation (division) of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa at the elbow joint. It runs along the anterior (ventral) aspect of the forearm, coursing between the flexor carpi radialis and brachioradialis muscles. At the wrist, it travels along the lateral side of the forearm, passing through the anatomical snuffbox, a triangular depression in the wrist formed by the extensor tendons. .

33. The radial artery gives off several branches, including muscular branches to the muscles of the forearm and the superficial palmar branch. One of the most important features of the radial artery is its anastomosis with the ulnar artery at the palm. This anastomosis forms the superficial and deep palmar arches, ensuring a continuous blood supply to the hand and digits. This collateral circulation is critical for hand function in case one of the arteries is compromised. The radial artery is easily palpable at the wrist, just lateral to the flexor carpi radialis tendon and proximal to the base of the thumb. Healthcare professionals routinely assess the radial pulse to gauge the heart rate and rhythm, a fundamental part of physical examinations. Radial Artery Cont’d

34. Clinical Significance of the Arteries Understanding the anatomy of the artery is vital for healthcare professionals, as it is often used for various clinical assessments and procedures like: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Sampling Blood Pressure Measurement Radial Artery Catheterization Angiography Pulse Assessment Palpation of the radial artery can also aid in assessing the presence of arterial occlusions, aneurysms, or other vascular abnormalities. Arterial diseases or occlusions in the arm arteries can lead to various conditions such as: Ischemia Reduced blood flow Tissue damage. Understanding the arm's arterial anatomy is essential for surgical procedures, such as arterial grafting and angioplasty, to restore blood flow in case of arterial blockages.

35. Yay! We have come to the end of the class!

36. Thanks! Does anyone have any questions? GROUP 5B!