general biology 2 powerpoint presentation

DNA PCR

1. P o l y m e r a s e C h a i n R e a c t i o n ( P C R ) - I n v e n t e d b y A m e r i c a n B i o c h e m i s t K a r y M u l l i s i n 1 9 8 3 . A t e c h n i q u e u s e d t o r a p i d l y p r o d u c e b i l l i o n s o f c o p i e s o f a s p e c i f i c s e g m e n t o f D N A f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y . D N A S a m p l e D N A P r i m e r R a w N u c l e o t i d e D N A P o l y m e r a s e S t a b l e S o l u t i o n

2. S T E P 1 Denaturation - The DNA sample is heated to 94-95°C to separate the double strands S T E P 2 A n n e a l l i n g - The temperature is lowered to 55°C allowing primers to bind to complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA S T E P 3 E x t e n s i o n - The temperature is raised to 72°C, activating DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands complementary to the templates

3. G e n e T h e r a p y - a medical approach that uses genetic material to prevent, treat and potentially cure disease by replacing, inactivating or introducing new genes into the body . W h y i t s i s d o n e : - T o f i x g e n e s t h a t d o e s ' n t w o r k p r o p e r l y - R e p l a c e g e n e s t h a t d o e s ' n t w p r k p r o p e r l y - M a k e i m m u n e s y s t e m a w a r e p f d e s e a s e c e l l s

4. The process typically involves several key steps : Consultation - Patients discuss risks, benefits, and eligibility with healthcare providers. Preparation - This may involve collecting cells (for ex vivo therapy) or conditioning the patient (for in vivo therapy). Treatment - Genetic material is delivered via vectors (often modified viruses) to correct or replace faulty genes. Follow-Up - Monitoring for efficacy and side effects occurs post-treatment

5. E N H A N C E D T R A I T S M O D I F Y I N G T E C H N I Q U E S K o be/Wagyu Be e f ( I mproved fat distribution ) C l a s s i c a l b r e e d i n g t e c h n i q u e B a n a n a ( Nutritional Enhancement: to increase levels of pro-vitamin A. ) E n h a nces the expression of specific genes responsible for carotenoid biosynthesis Grapes ( Seedless varieties and phytochemical-rich types enhance consumer appeal and ease of consumption. ) Developed through selective breeding and mutation techniques Bt Cotton ( Pest resistance ) D e veloped by inserting a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, making it less susceptible to insects. Pigs with Lean Meat ( E nhance lean muscle mass while reducing fat content. Selective breeding techniques

6. P R O S C O N S I ncreased life span Raises moral dilemmas regarding "designer babies" and the implications of altering human genetics C hild can have genes that the parents do not carry Genetically modified organisms may outcompete natural varieties, leading to reduced biodiversity Agricultural Benefits b y e nhanc i n g crop yields, quality, and resistance to pests, which can help alleviate hunger Potential for new diseases, allergic reactions, and unforeseen health impacts from GMOs C an Treat Genetic Disorder Negative Side Effects. L ess risk of genetic diseases G ap in society (only rich people could afford designer babies.

7. G r o u p 5 F r a n x i s C h e e l M a g h u y o p S a r a h C o s e p G e a P o r t r i a s E u r i e A g b a s A r j o P a c a t a n g