General Grant’s Memoirs, Civil War Diplomacy, Post-War Events in Mexico and Santo Domingo

How did France and Spain take advantage of the Union being distracted
during the Civil War? What mischief did they cause in Mexico and Santo
Domingo? Today this country is named the Dominican Republic.
Did Santo Domingo seek to be annexed by America because of past
threats from Haiti, its neighbor on the island of Hispaniola?
Why didn’t the European powers support the Confederacy during the
Civil War?
What was General Grant’s opinion of General Meade, who won the
Battle of Gettysburg?
What role did the Union Army play in the post-Civil War military conflict
in Mexico?

Please, we welcome interesting questions in the
comments. Let us learn and reflect together!
At the end of our talk, we will discuss the sources
used for this video.
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In his Memoirs, Ulysses S Grant answers the
question: What was the primary cause of the Civil
War?

Grant assures us: “The cause of the
Great War of the Rebellion against the
United States will have to be attributed
to slavery. For some years before the war
began, it was a trite saying among some
politicians,” including Lincoln in his
House Divided Speech, “that a state half
slave and half free cannot exist. All must
become slave or all free, or the state will
go down.” “Slavery was an institution
that required unusual guarantees for its
security wherever it existed.”
Abraham Lincoln in US House of Representatives, 1846

Grant then criticizes the Fugitive Slave Law, in force
before the Civil War, that compelled Northerners to
help apprehend and return runaway slaves..

https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/housedivided.htm

Why did Grant call this phrase in Lincoln’s famous
speech a “trite saying?” Perhaps we should not read
too much into this, as Grant was furiously writing his
Memoirs so his widow would not live her remaining
years in poverty and was near death when he
finished his Memoirs in 1885. Reconstruction had
ended some years before, was Grant unwilling to
risk antagonizing his Southern readers?

Abraham Lincoln, 1858 / The restored State Representatives Chamber in the Old State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois

Last photograph taken of Grant four days before his death, 1885 / General Grant and His Family, 1866

The Civil War was fought over slavery, as the public
declarations of the Southern state secession
conventions confirmed, as did the pre-war
Cornerstone Speech of the future Confederate Vice
President Alexander Stephens.

https://youtu.be/vBt81M6EWk0

Grant also points out
that “in the early days of
the country, before we
had railroads, telegraphs
and steamboats,” “the
States were each almost
a separate nationality.”
But by the time of the
Civil War, the country
was too interconnected,
and the disputes
concerning slavery in the
territories too bitter to
long maintain peace.Civil War Era Steam Train, 1860’s, Indiana State Library

Grant commented that “it is probably well that we had
the war when we did.” The monarchies of Europe were
warily watching our Republican experiment, and Grant
appears to argue that the technological and social effects
of the war would strengthen the country. We do know
that after the war, without the Agrarian South blocking
progress, the United States embarked on industrial
expansion and settlement of the Western territories with
the passage of the Homestead Act.

Grant at
Battle of
Vicksburg,
1902

Grant and His Generals, by Ole Peter Hansen Balling, 1865. Meade is several spots to the left of Grant.

Did Grant view the Civil War as inevitable? Many northerners thought so,
though they hoped it would never ignite. When Professor Gary Gallagher
of the Great Courses Plus was featured in an online discussion, I asked
him whether northerners feared that if the Confederacy were permitted
its independence, that armed conflict would be inevitable over the
question of whether the Western territories would join the Union or the
Confederacy. He would know this since he has likely read many of the
newspaper accounts of the day. He confirmed this was true.
But I have never seen this stated as a reason for the inevitability of the
Civil War. So, if there are any graduate students out there listening, this
would be a great question to research.

https://youtu.be/0aak9Mtt0eI

General Grant’s Opinion of General Meade

Grant included complimentary short profiles of the Union
generals in the war, the most interesting is his evaluation of
General Meade’s abilities. Although General Grant was winning
victories in the Western Theater of war, in the Eastern Theater,
mostly fought in and near Virginia, the Confederate General
Robert E Lee had impressive victories. Abraham Lincoln eagerly
accepted General Hook’s resignation three days before the Battle
of Gettysburg, ordering General Meade to take charge since Lee’s
armies were already in Pennsylvania.

George Gordon Meade Memorial in Washington, DC / Maj-Gen George Meade Gettysburg Monument

Since Meade was a competent general, with a good feel for the terrain,
he put up a competent defense against Robert E Lee, although the Union
victory was also due to luck and great effort by some key Union forces, as
is often the case in war. Abraham Lincoln, however, was livid that Meade
did not aggressively pursue Lee’s army and destroy it, permitting it to
escape back into Virginia, a complaint he expressed often against General
McClellan early in the war. But Meade’s army had eaten little in the three
days of fighting at Gettysburg, they needed time to recover.
Six months after Gettysburg, Lincoln placed General Grant in charge of all
Union armies. Grant did not demote Meade, but merely attached himself
to his armies, making Meade effectively second in command.

General Meade and His Staff during the American Civil War, 1865

Commanders of the
Army of the Potomac,
Gouverneur K. Warren,
William H. French,
George G. Meade, Henry
J. Hunt, Andrew A.
Humphreys, and George
Sykes, by Workshop of
Mathew Benjamin Brady,
September 1863, Library
of Congress

We can deduce Grant’s reasons for
keeping Meade at his current rank
and post from his Memoirs: “General
Meade was an officer of great merit,
with drawbacks to his usefulness that
were beyond his control. He had been
an officer of the engineer corps
before the war, and consequently had
never served with troops until he was
over forty-six years of age.”
Grant and Meade in the Wilderness, by James P Boyd, 1894

Grant continues, “Meade never had,
I believe, a command of less than a
brigade. He saw clearly the position
of the enemy, and the topography”
“in front of his position.” “He was
subordinate to his superiors.” “He
was brave and conscientious, and
commanded the respect of all who
knew him.” But his one fault was that
he did have a temper.
Grant and Meade in the Wilderness, by James P Boyd, 1894

Another question raised by historians is why General
Meade did not attend the surrender ceremony at
Appomattox, some say it was a slight by Grant. I am
not a Civil War specialist, but I can find no definitive
account confirming this slight, it appears that General
Meade was simply too far away to make the meeting.
Surrender could not be delayed out of courtesy to
Meade.

The surrender at Appomattox, by Thomas Nast, 1865

The surrender at Appomattox, by Louis Guillaume, 1892

Union and Confederate Civil War Diplomacy
San Jacinto seizes two-confederate agents aboard the RMS Trent, Harpers Weekly, November 1861

Throughout history, civil wars and armed conflicts are often influenced by
outside intervention. For example, France helped win the American
Revolution a century before. In the ancient world, Persian funding helped
Sparta win the Peloponnesian Wars. In modern times, the superpowers
influenced the course of the Korean and Vietnam Wars.
The illustration depicts the Trent Affair, a diplomatic crisis caused by a
Union captain who captured two Confederate envoys from a British
steamer. Though this was a popular act in the United States, it risked war
with Great Britain, a risk Lincoln did not want to take. The North released
the Confederate envoys and stated that it did not approve of the
captain’s actions.

Why did the European
powers refrain from
intervening in the American
Civil War? Ulysses Grant
makes this prescient
observation: “Seeing a nation
that extended from ocean to
ocean, embracing the better
part of a continent, growing”
“in population, wealth and
intelligence, the European
nations thought it would be
well to give us a check.”
General Sherman, General Grant, Abraham Lincoln, and Admiral Porter,
The Peacemakers, by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1868

The Union army and navy were powerful. The American Civil War was
fought only fifty years before the First World War, when American forces
tipped the balance, enabling the Allies to defeat Germany. This confirms
that during the Civil War, the European nations were already becoming
wary of the growing might of the United States.
What was the diplomatic situation during the Civil War? During this time,
the Union had capable diplomats, while the Confederacy had few
European contacts. Southern planters knew the English cotton mills were
dependent on Southern cotton and were convinced they could blackmail
England into supporting the Confederacy by refusing to sell cotton to
England in 1861, which was a severe miscalculation, harming Southern
trade and revenues.

Grant at
Battle of
Vicksburg,
1902

Farragut at Mobile Bay, by Henry Alexander Ogden, 1865 / Gun Boats Blockade Mobile Bay, Alabama, Our Flag is
There, by Alfred Rudolph Waud, 1865

A cotton plantation on the Mississippi, 1884

Cotton pickers in the field

Several factors reduced the leverage of King Cotton.
England was more dependent on Northern corn shipments
than on Southern cotton. Due to recent bumper crops,
England’s stockpiles of cotton would last through 1862.
Ultimately, the cotton embargo was ineffective, depriving
the Confederacy of desperately needed trade and revenue,
while England found alternate sources of a lower grade of
cotton from Egypt and India. Southern Cotton was not king
after all.

Britain's shortage
of cotton was
partially made up
by imports from
India and Egypt;
Punch cartoon
November 1861.

At the beginning of the Civil War the Union was publicly fighting the war
to save the Union, it had no clear policy against slavery, especially since
slavery was permitted in the five Northern border states. In July 1862, the
English Parliament debated whether the Confederacy should be
recognized. Confederate victories in the Seven Days and Second
Manassas Battles convinced some British that the Confederacy could win
the war, but the Union victory at Antietam in September 1862 dissuaded
the British and the French Emperor Napolean III from recognizing the
Confederacy. The dual defeats of Gettysburg and Vicksburg silenced all
talk about recognition. But even if France or England had recognized the
Confederacy, that would have only been the first step in coaxing one of
them to support the rebels.

.
Seven Days Battles, Peninsular Campaign: Battle of Malvern Hill, by Robert Sneden, fought July 1862
Casualties,
Seven Days Battles:
Union 16,000
Confederate 20,000

Battle of Second
Manassas or
Second Bull Run,
Currier and Ives,
fought August
1862

Battle of Antietam,
the charge of Iron
Brigade near the
Dunker Church,
1862, by Thure de
Thulstrup, painted
1887
Casualties:
Union 12,000
Confederate 10,000

First day at
Gettysburg, by
James Alexander
Walker, 1800's

England was considering recognizing the Confederacy because the Prime
Minister of England, Lord Palmerston, had been an enemy of the United
States all his life, reasoning that a weakening of America would be in
Britain’s interests. When Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in
January 1863, when Lincoln promised to free the slaves in the rebelling
states, this meant that European public opinion would strongly support
the Union cause. Britain had made the slave trade illegal since 1807,
enforced by British warships. Plus, no nation wanted to call Lincoln’s bluff,
he had threatened that the United States would declare war against any
European power that recognized the Confederacy.

Lord Palmerston, 1863,
was British prime
minister throughout the
war.
This statue of Abraham
Lincoln in Manchester,
England commemorates
the support of local
cotton workers for the
Union.

Emancipation: The
Past and the Future,
by Thomas Nast,
1863. Counter-
clockwise, shows
progress from slavery
to after
emancipation.

The capture
of a slave
ship by HMS
Buzzard to
free the
slaves, by
William John
Huggins,
1834

Both France and England gave the Confederacy belligerent
status, which simply meant that they could sell supplies
and war materials to both sides. The Confederates
successfully purchased war supplies and warships from
England early in the war, but the Union successfully
blocked these purchases from England later in the war.
England chose to honor the Union blockade because it did
not want to set precedent that would harm its efforts in
future conflicts.

Battle scene
between the
ironclads
Monitor and
Merrimac
just offshore,
a Union ship
sinking, and
other action,
by Kurz &
Allison, 1889

Monroe Doctrine, France Meddles in Mexico
James Monroe, by Samuel Morse, 1819 / Chilean Declaration of Independence, 1818, by Pedro Subercaseaux, 1945

The Monroe Doctrine is the United States foreign policy that opposes European
colonialism in the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in his
seventh State of the Union address to Congress in 1823, about forty years before
the Civil War. Most of the Spanish colonies had declared their independence, and he
did not want European powers meddling in the affairs of these newly sovereign
states. In exchange, Monroe promised America would not interfere in European
affairs, and would not disturb any existing colonies. At that time, the United States
was unable to enforce this doctrine as she did not have a strong navy, but this
doctrine was tacitly approved by the British. But, as the United States Navy grew in
strength during the Civil War, the Union flexed its diplomatic muscles more
effectively. By the end of the war, the United States had the second largest navy in
the world, next to the Royal British Navy.

Keep off! The Monroe Doctrine must be respected, by
Victor Gillam, 1896: Uncle Sam stands with rifle between
the outrageously dressed European figures and the native-
dress-wearing representatives of Nicaragua and Venezuela.

However, with the United States distracted by the massive
military demands of the Civil War, Emperor Napoleon III was
tempted to meddle in Mexico. He sent 35,000 troops to Mexico
and overthrew the government of Benito Juarez in 1863,
installing the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand as Emperor
Maximillian of Mexico, supported by pro-Catholic Mexican
conservatives.
In his Memoirs, Grant stated that when England and France
installed Maximillian as Emperor of Mexico, they disregarded the
independence of Mexico and threatened the peace of Americas.

Ferdinand
Maximilian of
Austria
appointed as
Emperor of
Mexico 1864,
by Cesare-
Dell’Acqua-
Gemälde,
1867.

The arrival of the
Emperor and
Empress of
Mexico at Vera
Cruz, 1864

Grant recalls, “After the surrender of Robert E
Lee,” “I sent Sheridan with a corps to the Rio
Grande to have him where he might aid
Juarez in expelling the French from Mexico.”
“This soon led to a request from France that
we should withdraw our troops from the Rio
Grande and to start negotiations for the
withdrawal of theirs.” Finally, France ordered
their troops to withdraw. “From that day on,
the empire began to totter. Mexico was then
able to maintain her independence without
aid from us.”
Philip Henry Sheridan, by Thomas
Buchanan Read, 1871

Grant’s decision to send Sheridan’s forces to Mexico
helped the liberal opposition to Emperor Maximillian.
Grant encouraged President Johnson to send military
aid to the liberal opposition.

Second French intervention in Mexico, 1861–1867

Grant continues, “France is the
traditional ally and friend of the United
States. I did not blame France for her
part in the scheme to erect a monarchy
upon the ruins of the Mexican Republic.
That was the scheme of one man, an
imitator without genius or merit. He had
succeeded in stealing the government of
his country,” “against the wishes and
instincts of his people. He tried to play
the part of the first Napoleon, without
the ability to sustain that role.”
Napoléon III, Emperor of the French, by
Charles-Édouard Boutibonne, 1856

Grant concludes, “Like our own war
between the States, the Franco-
Prussian War was an expensive one; but
it was worth to France all it cost her
people. It was the completion of the
downfall of Napoleon III. The beginning
was when he landed troops on this
continent.” This was the war provoked
by Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of
Germany, where he dealt France a
humiliating defeat in the 1870’s,
capturing Napoleon III.
Napoleon III at the Battle of Sedan in the Franco-
Prussian War, by Wilhelm Camphausen, 1885

Grant continues, “I never admired the
character of the first Napoleon; but I
recognize his great genius. His work, too,
has left its impress for good on the face of
Europe. The third Napoleon could have no
claim to having done a good or just act.”
Afterwards Secretary of State William
Seward proclaimed in 1868 that the
"Monroe doctrine, which eight years ago
was merely a theory, is now an
irreversible fact." Napoléon III, Emperor of the French, by
Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1857

Emperor Maximillian foolishly chose to stay in Mexico
when the French troops departed. He was a tragic figure,
he believed in liberal causes such as freedom of religion,
and supported the sale of church property in Mexico,
which eroded his support among the conservatives. But
this did not sway his liberal opponents, and his offer to
appoint the leader of the opposition as Prime Minister was
rejected. After the liberals prevailed in the military
struggle, they executed Maximillian.

Last Moments
of Emperor
Maximilian, by
Jean-Paul
Laurens, 1882

The Execution of
Emperor Maximilian,
by Édouard Manet,
1868

Grant’s Obsession With Santo Domingo
Bastion of San Jose, Colonial Fort in Santo Domingo

Later as President, Grant was obsessed with annexing
Santo Domingo, but badly bungled selling this idea to
Congress and the American voters. Remarkably, he
devoted a paragraph in his Memoirs to this
obsession. This paragraph describes one of the few
controversies from his latter Presidency that he
discusses in his Memoirs.

Grant explains to his readers that “Santo
Domingo,” which is today’s Dominican
Republic, “was freely offered to us, not only
by the administration, but by all the people,
almost without price. The island is upon our
shores, is very fertile, and is capable of
supporting fifteen millions of people.” “I took
it that the colored people would go there in
great numbers, so as to have independent
states governed by their own race. They
would still be in States of the Union, and
under the protection of the General
Government; but the citizens would be
almost wholly colored.”

When the United States was distracted by the Civil
War, Spain sought to meddle in Santo Domingo. In
1861 the Dominican army leader Pedro Santana
convinced Spain to annex the Dominican Republic as
a Spanish colony. After the end of the Civil War, Spain
decided to withdraw its forces when the United
States threatened to assert its claimed rights under
the Monroe Doctrine.

Many Americans had their eyes on Santo Domingo, viewing it as a
possible haven for freed slaves fleeing from Southern injustice. Many
racists supported sending freed slaves overseas, and some abolitionists
and black leaders favored this colonization movement. Lincoln’s
enthusiasm for establishing foreign colonies for freed slaves had cooled
by the time he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. America was the
only home nearly all the freed slaves had known, and some who had later
emigrated to Africa moved back to America. One example is WEB DuBois’
associate, Alexander Crummel, the Black Episcopal Priest who initially
emigrated to Liberia, but returned to America to escape political
instability.

Santa
Bárbara
Military
Cathedral
at the late
19th
century

Departure of colored emigrants for Liberia, The Illustrated American,
1896

https://youtu.be/J3TnQyig6Nk

Had Grant been successful in annexing Santo Domingo, this likely would have been
another of the many financial scandals that discredited his administration, as the
promoters had dubious selfish motives. Colonel Joseph Fabens, a New England
expatriate and speculator, gave a glowing report on the rich natural resources of
Santo Domingo to Secretary of State Fish on behalf of President Buenaventura Baez.
But he and General William Cazneau were looking to profit from this adventure,
having acquired large land holdings whose value would soar if the Dominican
Republic became part of the United States.
As a military officer, Grant was impressed by the excellent harbor at Samana Bay,
which was potentially an excellent coaling station for naval ships. Already America
was eyeing Panama for a possible canal connecting the oceans, and an American
presence at Samana Bay could protect the approach to this strategic region.

Financier Jay
Gould attempts
to corner the gold
market. Ulysses S.
Grant restored
prevailing gold
prices by having
the US Treasury
sell five million
dollars in gold
which he brings
forward in a bag,
Currier & Ives,
1869

Annexation
demonstration in
San Domingo
City: the Seybo
regiment in the
citadel, bearing
the US colors,
1890

After Spain had withdrawn from Santo Domingo in 1865, the country felt
threatened by Haiti, its much larger neighbor with millions of inhabitants. Santo
Domingo had a tiny population of 150,000, with an educated elite of mixed Spanish,
mulatto, and Indian ancestry. The Baez government and much of the elite favored
American annexation of the Island, and President Johnson favored annexing both
Santo Domingo and Haiti together.
Why didn’t the United States proceed with annexation of Santo Domingo? In part
because of the diplomatic bungling by President Grant, he was skilled at giving
orders as a general, but was inept in political horse-trading and compromise. He was
opposed by Senator Charles Sumner, chairman of the Committee of Foreign
Relations. This annexation was unpopular because it was too much of a stretch for
the time: many Americans did not want to annex a territory that had a tropical
republic with Spanish-speaking Roman Catholics.

The Battle of
Monte Cristi was
fougth during the
War of
Restoration
(1863–65)
between
Dominican
separatists and
Spain, who later
abandoned her
colony, 1864.

President Baez,
favorable to the
annexation by
US, receiving
the US
commissioners
to ascertain the
mood of the
country
regarding
annexation,
1871.

Representative
Charles Sumner
was nearly cained
to death by
Southern
Representative
Books on the
House floor in
1856.

American involvement in the island did not end, during the
Wilson administration American troops occupied both the
Dominican Republic and Haiti for many years. During this
occupation, America built the first extensive road system in Santo
Domingo, and invested in hundreds of schools and other
infrastructure. But we know the sordid history of the relations
between Haiti and America. If Santo Domingo had been annexed
to the United States, how would that have affected American
history? What would be different today? This alternate history is
impossible to imagine.

US troops occupy Dominican Republic in
1916 under the Wilson Administration.

Pedro Santana and Buenaventura Báez, the
caudillos who led the Dominican Republic
during its first republican period

Previously we reflected on an overview of the war in
our Civil War Through Paintings.

https://youtu.be/2hoBOSOBUP8

We also reflected on the key Battle of Gettysburg, the
successful Union Siege of Vicksburg, the Surrender at
Appomattox, and how the Civil War was more brutal
for horses than their riders, and the roles horses and
cavalry played throughout history.

https://youtu.be/U6KNO6IkVQs https://youtu.be/ibTm3l-C8VQ
https://youtu.be/U6KNO6IkVQs https://youtu.be/_Dr7qia6XkQ

We have other reflections on the Civil War, including
showing that the Confederacy seceded from the
Union and fought the Civil War to preserve slavery,
how slaves helped the Union win the war, and why
Union soldiers were willing to lay down their lives in
battle to preserve the Union.

https://youtu.be/0aak9Mtt0eI https://youtu.be/etLbkY_zgY0
https://youtu.be/vBt81M6EWk0 https://youtu.be/89ulb20cy8Q

Discussing the Sources

Ulysses S Grant’s Civil War Memoirs was best-seller when
originally published after 1885. Ron Chernow wrote an
excellent biography of Grant in 2017, including his
Presidency, which Grant does not discuss in depth in his
Memoirs. For a more complete review of our sources,
please view our Appomattox reflection.

https://youtu.be/_Dr7qia6XkQ

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https://amzn.to/3UOwrmB
https://amzn.to/4cdZLKf

To find the source of any direct
quotes in this blog, please type in
the phrase to the search box in
my blog to see the referenced
footnote.
YouTube Description has links for:
•Script PDF file
•Blog
•Amazon Bookstore
© Copyright 2024
Blog and YouTube Description
include links for Amazon books
and lectures mentioned, please
support our channel with these
affiliate commissions.
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https://www.meetup.com/Reflections/

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General Grant’s Memoirs, Civil War Diplomacy, Post-War Events in Mexico and Santo Domingo

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