General information on Arjun tree

Best quality content about Arjun and their medicinal as well as economic importance

1. BANARAS HINDu UNIVERSITY RAJiV GANDHI SOUTH CAMPUS Barkachha , Mirzapur (U.P) Presentation -General Information On Terminalia a rjuna Presented to:- Dr. Savita Dewangan Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy BHU, Varanasi Presented by :- R . Raman Maurya M.Sc. (Ag.) Agroforestry I’d no. :- 21430AGF025

2. CONTENTS Scientific Classification Description Origin and Distribution Climate and Soil Phenology Silvicultural Characters Propagation Material Propagation Method Nursery Practices Care & Management for planting Injuries, pest and diseases Economic Importance Other Services

3. Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionata Super division Spermatophyta Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Subclass Rosidae Order Myrtales Family Combretaceae Genus Terminalia Species arjuna Chromosome Number 2n= 24

4. Description Terminalia arjuna is an evergreen tree, 25-30 m tall and with an often buttressed trunk. Its superficial, shallow root system spreads radially along stream banks. The large, spreading crown produces drooping branches. Bark is grey or pinkish-green, thick, smooth and exfoliating in thin irregular sheets.

5. Leaves Leaves are simple, opposite oblong or elliptic oblong, hard, often inequilateral margin, apex obtuse base rounded.

6. Inflorescence and flower Inflorescence:- Inflorescences are short axillary spikes or small terminal panicles, long branches. Flowers:- Flowers are small, cup-shaped, sessile, white, creamy or greenish-white and strongly honey-scented.

7. Fruit Fruit are long, dark brown to reddish-brown fibrous woody, indehiscent drupe with 5-7 equal thick narrow stiff-wings and striated with numerous upwards-curved veins.

8. Origin & DISTRIBUTION Origin: Native - India, Sri Lanka etc. Exotic - Bangladesh, China, Cuba, Ghana, Malaysia, Mauritius etc. Distribution : The species is common in mixed dry deciduous tropical forests through-out the greater part of India. It is often found along the water courses, and planted anywhere as avenue tree.

9. Climate and soil Climate :- The plant naturally occurs in sub-tropical and tropical moist regions of the country. Altitude – 100 – 1200 msl Mean annual rainfall – 750 – 1900mm Mean annual temperature – 20-30 C Soil :- The tree prefers alluvial loamy or black cotton soils and having good drainage and water holding capacity. River bank soils, streams, and ravines are its natural habitat. Soil pH: It grows well on fertile soil and pH 6.5-7.0 especially, moist, alluvial loam with good water supply and drainage.

10. Phenology The tree is evergreen tree with new leaves appearing in the hot season before leaf fall. Flowering – April to may up to July. Fruit ripening – February to May Every 3 rd year is a good seed year about 775 – 800 seed are weighing 1 kg

11. Silvicultural characteristics Evergreen tree Light demander Frost resistant Drought sensitive Fire sensitive High coppicing and pollarding capacity

12. Chemical constituents Chemical Compound Properties Tannins Used in Photography, Dyeing, Clarifying of Wine and Beer. Triterpenoids Antipyretic, Diuretic, Cardio tonic, Hepatoprotective. Ellagic Acid Used to prevent cancer and treatment of Viral and Bacterial infection. Arjunolic Acid Prevention of myocardial necrosis, platelets aggregation and Coagulation of blood and lowering of BP and heart rate. Arjunenin Show Beta Glucuronidase inhibitory activity and it is antiviral and antifungal properties Luteolin Hypertension, inflammatory disorder and reduce the cancer cell growth. Phytosterol Therapeutic steroids, Anticholesterolemic properties. Saponin Decrease Blood lipids, cancer risk, Low blood glucose Flavonoids Helps to regulate circular activity and fight of free radicles that cause stress in body. Gallic Acid It is common antioxidant tea formulation and also known as Ayurvedic herb. Oligomeric Acid Used to soften Thermoplastic

13. Propagation material Propagation gives best result when seeds are used. The seeds can be collected in early summer from trees that are more than six-year-old. Ripe fruits are collected in march either by lopping the branches or from the ground. The seeds are viable for at least one year when stored in sealed tins.

14. Method of Propagation These are of two types i.e. Natural regeneration Artificial propagation Natural Regeneration: Arjun reproduce itself satisfactorily, naturally, by seed as well as coppice. Seed is dispersed by water, its regeneration is appear along water course. Dense seedling regeneration comes up in loose alluvial soil along stream bank. It can stand light shade. Young natural seedling may keep on dying back 6 to 7 year but later on a strong vigorous leading shoot may develop. Arjun coppices well up to 25cm diameter also pollard well and produce root sucker.

15. Artificial propagation: Arjun can be successfully raised by direct sowing, planting out of entire nursery seedling or stump planting . Air layering is also reported to be successful. Direct sowing: Fruit are sown in dug up lines 2.3- 4 m apart in June-July with onset of monsoon rains. It can be raised successfully in Taungya system. Seedling are sensitive to drip and frost, rains weeding are beneficial. Planting Seedling: Two to three month old nursery raised entire plant with ball of earth, with average length of root and shoot about 30cm and 12.5cm respectively, are planted out after removing all leaves.

16. Nursery Technique Seeds are sown in nursery beds in early summer, usually just after collection. Germination commences in 8–12 days, and is completed in about 20 days . Germinated seeds may be transplanted in polybags with clay, manure, and sand in equal ratio. Alternatively, the pretreated fruits are directly put in polythene bags in April, with half of the fruit above the soil. Pre-germinated seeds are preferred to save time and ensure uniform germination. The seedlings are sensitive to drought during the germination stage as well as during the growth stage

17. Care and management for planting Arjun seedling attain plant able size in 10 – 12 month. They are planted in month of July – August. Planting is done in pits of 30 x 45 cm dug well in advance field with mixture of top soil and well decomposed FYM in ratio 3:1. 10 kg FYM + 75:50:30 g per plant at basal dose. After plantation vocational weeding and watering at least for one year of planting. Protect from animal.

18. Injuries, pest and disease Injuries: Young seedling are sensitive to frost and drought. Insects: Arjun tree does not suffer fro m any serious effect of pest attack. But also effected some specific pest i.e. Larva of Apoderus tranquebaricus feed inside rolled leaves, beetles of Crossotarsus minax and Lyctus africanus bore into newly fallen or felled wood and Galina generic defoliate the plant. Apoderus tranquebaricus Crossotarsus minax Lyctus africanus Galina generic

19. Fungi: Polystrictus affinis causes white fibrous rot. Polystrictus affinis Yield About 500 kg dried bark can be obtained from 1 hectare of plantation every year from the 10th year.

20. Economic importance T. arjuna has been widely used in ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of cancer, dermatological and heart diseases and urinary disorders. The bark is useful in treatment of high blood pressure and ulcers. The cancer cell growth inhibitory constituent (luteolin) has been isolated from bark, stem and leaves of T. arjuna . Medicinal Properties

21. Timber :- The sapwood is pinkish-white and the heartwood is brown to dark-brown, very hard, coarse-texture, inter-locked grains . Fodder:- It is widely planted for livestock fodder in India where leaves are heavily lopped. The leaves contain 9-11% crude protein and 14-20% crude fiber. Fuel :- It is a excellent source of charcoal and firewood. Tannin or dyestuff:- The bark (22–24%) and fruit (7–20%) are used as tanning and dyeing material.

22. Other Services Erosion control Shade Intercropping Ornamental Reclamation Pollution control Silk production