General Pharmacology

General Terms and definitions of Pharmacology
and Scope of Pharmacology

1. Pharmacology
General Terminologies and Scope
Mr. Jaineel Dharod(JD)
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology
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2. Pharmacology
‘Pharmakon’ ‘Logy’
Drug Study
2

3. Pharmacology
Study of Drug
Pharmaceutics
Pharmacognosy
Pharma chemistry
Quality Analysis
Dosage form Design
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4. 4 Quiz
Time

5. 5
RECEPTORS
The Correct Answer is

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Drug Receptor
Mechanism
Lock Key
Mechanism

7. 7•ThisReceptorsarePresentinEverycells
•Theycometocellmembranewhenany
abnormalityoccurs(HELP/S.O.S)
•DrugcomesinBloodstreamandacts
wheretherearereceptors,resteliminates
•WhenCellbecomesnormal,Receptors
DownRegulate

8. 8

9. Future of Pharmacology9
1.Pharmacology
2.Pharmacokinetics
3.Pharmacodynamics
4.Pharmacogenomics
5.Pharmacogenetics
6.Pharmacovigilance
7.Pharmacotherapeutics
8.Toxicology
9.Clinical Pharmacy
10.Pharmacoepidemiology

10. 2. Pharmacokinetics10
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
ELIMINATION
What Body does to a Drug

11. 3. Pharmacodynamics11
Receptors
Ion Channels
Enzymes
Immunity
What Drug does to body

12. 4/5 Pharmaco-Genomics/Genetics
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13. 4/5 Pharmaco-Genomics/Genetics
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Pharmacogenomics
A Branch of
Pharmacology, that
deals with complete
genome of organism.
Pharmacogenetics
A Branch of
Pharmacology, that
deals with individual
genes of organism

14. 6. Pharmacovigilance14
Study of Adverse Drug Reactions
7. Pharmacotherapeutics
Study of Drug Therapy management
8. Toxicology
Study of overdosing and toxicity

15. 9. Clinical Pharmacy
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Study of drugs/Therapy on Humans
10. Pharmacoepidemiology
Study of Drug on populations

16. Exact Definitions16
1.Pharmacology:Pharmacology isabranchofmedicineand
pharmaceuticalscienceswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofdrugor
medicationaction,whichexertsabiochemicalorphysiologicaleffecton
thecell,tissue,organ,ororganism.
2.Pharmacokinetics:Itisabranchofpharmacologydedicatedtodetermine
thefateofsubstancesadministeredtoalivingorganism.Pharmacokinetics
isthestudyofhowanorganismaffectsadrug.
3.Pharmacodynamics:Pharmacodynamics (PD)isthestudyofthe
biochemicalandphysiologiceffectsofdrugs.Pharmacodynamics (PD)is
thestudyofhowthedrugaffectstheorganism.
4.Pharmacogenomics:Pharmacogenomics isthestudyoftheroleofthe
genomeindrugresponse.Itsname(pharmaco-+genomics)reflectsits
combiningofpharmacologyandgenomics.Pharmacogenomics analyzes
howthegeneticmakeupofanindividualaffectshis/herresponsetodrugs.

17. Exact Definitions17
5.Pharmacogenetics:ABranchofPharmacology,thatdealswithindividual
genesoforganismanditsaffectinpharmacologicalTherapy.
6.Pharmacovigilance:Pharmacovigilance(PV),alsoknownasdrugsafety,is
thepharmacologicalsciencerelatingtothecollection,detection,
assessment,monitoring,andpreventionofadverseeffectswith
pharmaceuticalproducts.
7.Pharmacotherapeutics:Itisabranchconcernedwiththestudyofthe
therapeuticusesandeffectsofdrugs(Therapy).
8.Toxicology:Itinvolvesthestudyofthetoxiceffectsofchemicalsubstances
onlivingorganismsandthepracticeofdiagnosingandtreatingexposures
totoxinsandtoxicants.

18. Exact Definitions18
9.ClinicalPharmacy:ABranchofPharmacology,thatdealswithevaluation
ofdrugeffectonhumans(ClinicalTrials)
10.Pharmacoepidemiology:Pharmacoepidemiology isthestudyoftheuses
andeffectsofdrugsinwell-definedpopulations(Demography)

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Basic
Terminologies

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1.Drug
2.Receptor
3.Affinity
4.Efficacy
5.Agonist
6.Antagonist
7.Inverse Agonist
8.Partial Agonist
9.Receptor Sensitization
10.Receptor Downregulation
11.Adverse Effects
12.In-vitro
13.In-vivo
14.Ex-vivo

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Drug
Amedicineorotherchemicalsubstancewhichhasa
physiologicaleffectwheningestedorotherwiseintroduced
intothebody.
NomenclatureofDrug:
•Chemicalname:Para-acetaaminophenol
•Genericname:Paracetamol
•Brandname:Calpol,Dolo-650,Panadol,Tylenol
•Prototypename:Uniquecodegivenduringdiscovery

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Receptor
Areceptorisaproteinmoleculethatreceiveschemical
signalsfromoutsideacell.Whensuchchemicalsignalsbind
toareceptor,theycausesomeformofcellular/tissue
response.
AllReceptorsareProteins,butnotallproteinsarereceptors
ExamplesofReceptors:alpha,beta,Thyroidreceptors,
muscarinicreceptors,nicotinicreceptors,µreceptors
MainClasses:Ionchannels,GPCRFamily,KinaseLinked,
NuclearReceptors

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Ion
Channel
Receptor
G-Protein
Coupled
Receptor
(GPCR)
C E L L M E M B R A N E C E L L M E M B R A N E
Kinase
Linked
Receptor
Nuclear
Receptor

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Affinity
Theabilityofdrugtobind
withreceptoristermedas
affinity.
Efficacy/Intrinsic
activity
Thecapabilityofdrugto
initiateortriggerthe
pharmacologicalactionin
cellsortissueistermedas
intrinsicactivityorEfficacy

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Agonist
Themolecule,whichposses
bothAffinityandEfficacy
withthereceptorisagonist.
Antagonist
Themolecule,whichhas
affinitybutNOefficacy,is
termedasAntagonist

26. AFFINITY EFFICACY
AGONIST
ANTAGONIST
INVERSE
AGONIST
PARTIAL
AGONIST

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Receptor Sensitization
Wheneveranyabnormality
takesplace,thecellsgets
sensitizedand releases
receptorsfromlysosomes,
thisreceptorsreachestocell
membrane andprotrude
outsidethemembrane.This
phenomenon iscalled
ReceptorSensitization.
Receptor Downregulation
Whenalldrugmoleculesare
consumed andcellreturnsto
normalphysiology,thereceptors
onsurfacegetsbackinside
cytoplasmandgetspackedinto
lysosomes.Thisphenomenon is
calledreceptordownregulation.

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Adverse Effects/Event
Anunexpectedmedicalproblemthathappensduringtreatmentwithadrugor
othertherapy.Adverseeffectsmaybemild,moderate,orsevere,andmaybe
causedbysomethingotherthanthedrugortherapybeinggiven.Alsocalled
adverseevent.
Bizarre Delayed
ChronicAugmented
End of
Treatment

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Insulin -Hypoglycemia
Penicillin –Skin Rash
Paracetamol -Hepatotoxicity(Chronic)
Teratogenic Effects
Relapse on withdrawal of drug
Tuberculosis MDR(Failure of Therapy)
Because of mutations in Genes
Histamine over release
Idiosyncratic reactions

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Abiologicalprocess,madetooccurinoronabiologicaltissuebutin
anartificialenvironment,outsidetheorganism,withtheminimum
alterationofnaturalconditions
Ex Vivo

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