General studies.ppt

General studies. project

1. General studies Human Rights

2. Human rights  are  moral  principles or  norms , [1]  which describe certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as  legal rights  in  municipal  and  international law . [2]  They are commonly understood as inalienable [3]  fundamental  rights  "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being," [4]  and which are "inherent in all human beings" [5] regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status. [3]  They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being  universal , [1]  and they are  egalitarian  in the sense of being the same for everyone. [3]  They are regarded as requiring empathy and the  rule of law [6]  and imposing an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others, [1][3]  and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of  due process  based on specific circumstances; [3]  for example, human rights may include freedom from  unlawful imprisonment ,  torture , and  execution Meaning of Human Rights

3. Human Rights The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within  international law , global, and regional institutions. [3]  Actions by  states  and  non-governmental organisations  form a basis of  public policy  worldwide. The idea of human rights [8]  suggests that "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights." The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable  scepticism  and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. The precise meaning of the term  right  is controversial and is the subject of continued philosophical debate; [9]  while there is consensus that human rights encompasses a wide variety of rights [5]  such as the  right to a fair trial , protection against  enslavement , prohibition of  genocide ,  free speech , [10]  or a  right to education , there is disagreement about which of these particular rights should be included within the general framework of human rights; [1]  some thinkers suggest that human rights should be a minimum requirement to avoid the worst-case abuses, while others see it as a higher standard

4. Human rights are the most fundamental and important of rights. They are the rights that the government in the United States spelled out in the Bill of Rights and the Constitution, and they are the rights that the United Nations aims to protect for all people. These rights would exist even without government protection or intervention. Types of Human Rights

5. The right to life. The right to liberty and freedom. The right to the pursuit of happiness. The right to live your life free of discrimination . he right to control what happens to your own body and to make medical .decisions for yourself. The right to grow old. The right to a fair trial and due process of the law. The right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. The right to be free from torture. The right to freedom of speech. The right to freely associate with whomever you like and to join groups of which you'd like to be a part. The right to freedom of thought . Types of Human Rights

6. The right to reproductive freedom including the right to choose abortion. The right to be free from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, including the right to marry a person of the same sex The right to bear arms and to not have the government infringe unduly on that right The right to regular and affordable health insurance subsidized or supported by the government or provided by a single payer system Controversial Human Rights

7. ? Some of our rights are protected in law, but many – if not most – human rights are not adequately protected under our current system. Basic rights that many Queenslanders take for granted – the right to life, the right to vote, the right to be free from torture and everyone’s right to equality before the law – are not currently protected by legislation. While many people in Queensland enjoy a relatively high standard of living, we should not be complacent about our rights.  When human rights are not protected in law, they are always in danger of being eroded. A Human Rights Act would provide a safeguard so that our politicians can’t simply overlook human rights considerations when making laws. Whether it was making laws regarding police accountability, voting, workplace relations, privacy, freedom of speech, censorship, the rights of Indigenous people or counter-terrorism, the parliament would have to take into consideration how the proposed laws would impact on people’s human rights.  Why do we need a Human Rights Act

8. How will a Human Rights Act help me if I think my rights have been violated? A Human Rights Act will provide a range of enforceable remedies if our human rights have been breached. One of the strengths of a Human Rights Act is that it will provide Queenslanders with an avenue to seek justice if our rights have been violated. If our human rights have been breached, we should have access to appropriate remedies.  A Human Rights Act is also likely to be educational. By clearly stating Queensland’s human rights and related responsibilities, a Human Rights Act will promote a greater awareness of, and respect for, human rights within government and throughout the community. If we have a strong human rights culture in Queensland, human rights problems will be more easily prevented.

9. Negative and positive  rights  (not to be confused with  negative  and  positive   liberties ) are rights that respectively oblige either action ( positive rights ) or inaction ( negative rights ). These obligations may be of either a  legal or moral  character. The notion of positive and negative rights may also be applied to  liberty rights . To take an example involving  two parties in a court of law : Adrian has a  negative right to x  against Clay  if and only if  Clay is  prohibited  from acting upon Adrian in some way regarding  x . In contrast, Adrian has a  positive right to x  against Clay if and only if Clay is obliged to act upon Adrian in some way regarding  x . A case in point, if Adrian has a  negative right to life  against Clay, then Clay is required to refrain from killing Adrian; while if Adrian has a  positive right to life  against Clay, then Clay is required to act as necessary to preserve the life of Adrian. Rights considered  negative rights  may include  civil and political rights  such as  freedom of speech , life,  private property , freedom from  violent crime ,  freedom of religion ,  habeas corpus , a  fair trial , freedom from  slavery . Rights considered  positive rights , as initially proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist  Karel Vasak , may include other civil and political rights such as  police  protection of person and property and the  right to counsel , as well as  economic, social and cultural rights  such as  food ,  housing ,  public education ,  employment ,  national security ,  military ,  health care ,  social security ,  internet access , and a minimum  standard of living . In the  "three generations"  account of human rights, negative rights are often associated with the first generation of rights, while positive rights are associated with the second and third generations. Some philosophers (see criticisms) disagree that the negative-positive rights distinction is useful or valid. Negative and positive rights

10. Steps taken to Protect Human Rights in India Sati Practice  has been prohibited in India. The minimum age for marriage has been fixed by law. A boy below the age of 21 and a girl below the age of 18 cannot marry. The Protection of Human Rights Act, was enacted in 1993. Right to Information act was passed in 2005. Right to education has been accepted as a fundamental right in India. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act  was passed in 2009. Child Labor   (below the age of 14) is prohibited in factories, and mines.

11. Conclusion There is always a hierarchy in the subjects of human rights law. No human rights can be detracted from the individual’s human rights, and human rights laws recognize certain rights of the groups. Moreover, the diversity of the cultures and civilization, beliefs and traditions, history and aspirations re­flected in polico -legal system, give rise to ever changing meaning to ‘human rights’.

12. Pictures Gallery

13. Thank you