Generation of Computers

It is also called as Evolution of Computers according to Technology advancement and also it can be referred as advancement of computers

1. Generation of Computers Muhammad Suffiyan Rafi (BSCS(2k18-22)

2. Generations of Computer 1.Introduction 2. 1 st Generation (Vacuum Tube) 3. 2 nd Generation (Transistor) 4. 3 rd Generation (Integrated Circuits (ICs)) 5. 4 th Generation (Very Large Scale Integrations (VLSI)) 6. 5 th Generations (Artificial Intelligence (AI)) 7. Merits & Demerits 8. Conclusion

3. The Generation of computer is also known as Evolution of computers as the technology advances and some of the technology being rejected after some of the draw backs then some addition of new components. As we are moving to advancement our technology also goes beyond as we are advanced in every field of life computer and its related technologies are or need and passion for the welfare of our society Here we will discuss about the evolution of Computers according to technology and some advanced features Introduction

4. Computer generations by technology

5. 1 st Generation(1946-59) Vacuum Tube

6. 1st Generation(1946-59) Vacuum Tube The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for main memory, and they were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive to operate, and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. The maximum internal storage capacity was 20,000 characters. First-generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. It would take operators days or even weeks to set up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

7. It was in this generation that the Von Neumann architecture was introduced, which displays the design architecture of an electronic digital computer. Later, the UNIVAC and ENIAC computers, invented by J. Presper Eckert, became examples of first-generation computer technology. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951 . ENIAC, EDVAC, IBM-701, and IBM-650 are the common first generation Computers.

8. Advantages/Merits First generations of computer used vacuum tubes in their hardware circuit. They used magnetic drums for memory. They used low level programming languages like assembly and machine. They used to solve any operation and problem in milliseconds. They were the first machine used to solve complex problem with great speed and accuracy. They used binary language which is based on 0s and 1s. The first generation of computer was the foundation for the development of more advanced and next generation computer system. They were manufactured and designed for commercial purpose.

9. Disadvantages/Demerits These systems used to produce more heat and power and hence they required air conditioner. They are huge in size. They are costly compared to other devices. They are very slow to operate. They only used low level language. They are not portable as they are huge in size therefore unable to move from one place to another. As they produce lots of heat therefore air conditioner are required for cooling. They had small data storage capacity. They consume lots of power and electricity. They can handle single instruction at single time .

10. They are not that much reliable. Constant maintenance is needed. Due to their size they needed large space for installation and accommodation. The used magnetic drum for memory which are low storage medium.

11. 2 nd Generation(1956-63) transistor

12. 2nd Generation(1956-63) transistor Computers developed between 1959-1965 the second generation computers. These computers were more reliable and in place of vacuum tubes, used transistors. This made them far more compact than the first generation computers. The input for these computers were higher level languages like COBOL, FORTRAN etc. In these computers, primary memory was stored on the magnetic cores and magnetic tape and they used magnetic disks as secondary storage devices . Examples of the second generation computers include IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108 . As a result, they worked on AC and therefore were faster than their predecessors.

13. Advantages/merits Smaller in size as compared to the first generation computer. Second-generation computers were more reliable. Used less energy and were not heated as much as a first-generation computer. Wider commercial use. Better portability as compared to the first-generation computers. Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds. Used faster peripherals like tape drives, magnetic disks, etc… Used assembly language as well as machine language. Accuracy improved.

14. Disadvantages/demerits A cooling system was required. Constant maintenance is required. Commercial production was difficult. Only used for specific purposes. Costly and not versatile. Punch cards were used for input.

15. 3rd generation(1965-71) Resistors

16. Computers developed during the period of 1965 – 1971 , are the third generation of computers. These computers differed from the first and the second generations simply by the fact that a new circuit element like IC’s (Integrated Circuits) was used. An integrated circuit is a small device that can contain thousands and thousands of devices like transistors, resistances and other circuit elements that make up a computer. Jack Kilby is credited with the invention of the Integrated Circuit or the IC chips. With the invention of IC’s, it became possible to fit thousands of circuit elements into a small region and hence the size of the computers eventually became smaller and smaller. 3 rd generation(1965-71) Resistors

17. Another salient feature of these computers was that they were much more reliable and consumed far less power. The input languages for such computers were COBOL, FORTRAN-II up to FORTRAN-IV, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, BASIC, etc. These languages were much better and could represent more information. Consequently more and more complex calculations are possible Examples of the third generation computers include IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), and IBM-370/168.

18. Advantages/merits Smaller in size as compared to previous generations. More reliable. Used less energy. Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers. (First Generation, Second Generation Computer) Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds. Used fan for head discharge to prevent damage. Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare. Totally general purpose. Could be used for a high-level language. High storage capacity than the previous generation’s computer.

19. Versatile to an extent. Less expensive. More accurate than previous. Used mouse and keyboard for input.

20. Disadvantages/demerits Air conditioning was required. The highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

21. 4 th Generation (1971-80) VLSI TECHNOLOGY

22. 4th Generation (1971-80) VLSI TECHNOLOGY Fourth Generation of computers was between 1971 – 1980. These computers used the VLSI technology or the Very Large Scale Integrated ( VLSI ) circuits technology. Therefore they were also known as the microprocessors. Intel was the first company to develop a microprocessor. The first “personal computer” or PC developed by IBM, belonged to this generation. VLSI circuits had almost about 5000 transistors on a very small chip and were capable of performing many high-level tasks and computations. These computers were thus very compact and thereby required a small amount of electricity to run . Examples are STAR 1000, CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer), DEC 10, PDP 11, CRAY-1. This generation of computers had the first “supercomputers” that could perform many calculations accurately. They were also used in networking and also used higher and more complicated languages as their inputs. The computer languages like languages like C, C+, C++, DBASE etc. were the input for these computers.

23. Advantages/merits They were developed for totally general purpose use (general-purpose computers). Smaller in size and much more reliable than other generations of computers. The heat generation was negligible. No cooling system is required in many cases of the fourth-generation computer. Portable and cheaper than the older versions. Fourth-generation computers were much faster than the older generations. Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users. PCs became more affordable and widespread during this period. Less repair time and maintenance cost. They were developed for commercial production as well. All types of High-level languages can be used in this type of computers

24. Disadvantages/demerits Very advanced technology was required to fabricate the ICs (Integrated Circuits). A high-quality and reliable system or technology can only make the ICs. Cooler is required (Fan) The latest technology is required for the manufacturing of Microprocessors.

25. 5 th Generation(1980 ….)Artificial Intelligence

26. 5 th Generation(1980….)Artificial Intelligence This is the present generation of computers and is the most advanced one. The generation began somewhere around 1981 and is the present generation of computers. The methods of input include the modern high-level languages like Python, R, C#, Java etc. These are extremely reliable and employ the ULSI or the Ultra Large Scale Integration technology. These computers are at the frontiers of the modern scientific calculations and are used to develop the Artificial Intelligence or AI components that will have the ability to think for themselves . Examples include: Intel P 4, i 3 – i10, AMD Athlon, etc.

27. Advantages/merits It has made our life very easy in nowadays. We can store and secure data easily. We can analyze and also visualize the data. Weather prediction. Sports prediction Best communication services. Bioinformatics field. It has also made crippled people life easy like neuron chairs etc. Robotics is also common. Tracking devices and embedded computers etc…..

28. disadvantages/demerits It is much expensive. It can also used to steal the data easily. Much servers and devices are required for your work. It can hijack your privacy easily. Deep-fake technologies(Photoshop, reface app and fake scanners etc…).

29. Conclusion From all of these we concluded that as we move to advancement the technology advances as well and when we got advantages from one side we also got some disadvantages due to the systematic problems. Many ways computer and its relevant technologies made our life easy and convenient but it also becomes harmful because of some drawbacks and some of our misuse. It’s on us either we use it or mis use it…