Generations of computer, its advantages and disadvantages.pptx

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1. Generations of computer, its advantages and disadvantages First Generation(1940s-1950s):

2. Characteristics: Technology : The circuit was built using a vacuum tube and a magnetic drum was used to create the memory. Size : Computers were huge, often taking up entire rooms. Functionality : Programming was done in machine language, which made it cumbersome and time-consuming. Key Improvements: The introduction of electronic computing marked a significant improvement in mechanical computing. Specialized input and output devices were used and often required manual data entry. Notable Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): One of the first general computers, used primarily for military mathematics .

3. Advantages: Electronic computers were introduced, greatly increasing speed and productivity compared to mechanical systems. They could do complex calculations, which made them valuable in military and scientific fields. Disadvantages: They were large and costly, often requiring entire rooms, limiting access to only large organizations. The reliance on vacuum tubes led to high heat generation, frequent malfunctions, and low reliability compared to later generations.

4. Second Generation (1955-1960s):

5. Characteristics: Technology: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, quicker, and more power-efficient. Programming: Assembly language have become extra not unusual, taking into consideration easier programming in comparison to system language. Key Developments: Enhanced records garage with magnetic core memory. Increased reliability and reduced warmness era compared to first-generation computer systems . Notable Examples: IBM 7094: Used for scientific calculations and simulations. CDC 1604: The first commercially a hit transistorized computer.

6. Advantages: Increased Reliability and Efficiency Improved Programming Languages Disadvantages: Still Expensive and Large Complexity in Design Third Generation (1960-1970s):

7. Characteristics: Technology: Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced discrete transistors, allowing many additives to be positioned on a single chip. User Interaction: Development of working systems that supported multitasking and person-friendly interfaces. Key Developments: The upward thrust of high-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN. Increased computing strength and efficiency, main to broader applications . Notable Examples: IBM System/360: A groundbreaking computer that standardized computing architectures. DEC PDP-8: Known because the first a hit minicomputer, making computing handy to smaller organizations.

8. Advantages: Enhanced Performance: The use of incorporated circuits (ICs) allowed for better processing electricity and pace, enabling more complex computations and progressed usual overall performance. User-Friendly Operating Systems: Development of operating systems that supported multitasking made computers less difficult to use, permitting a couple of applications to run concurrently and improving user enjoy.

9. Disadvantages: Cost: Although much less high priced than in advance generations, 0.33 era computer systems were nonetheless highly-priced, that can limit get right of entry to for smaller businesses and character customers. Still Relatively Large: While smaller than previous generations, those computer systems were nevertheless large than current non-public computers, requiring giant bodily space and infrastructure .

10. Fourth Generation (1970s-Present): Characteristics: Technology: Microprocessors emerged, leading to the improvement of personal computer systems (PCs). User Interface: Graphical person interfaces (GUIs) have become popular, enhancing consumer interaction.

11. Notable Examples: Apple II: One of the first exceptionally successful mass-produced microcomputers. IBM PC : Established the standard for non-public computing, influencing future designs. Advantages: Miniaturization and Cost Reduction: The creation of microprocessors brought about sizable reductions in size and price. User-Friendly Interfaces: The introduction of graphical consumer interfaces (GUIs) made computer systems lots less complicated to apply, enhancing the overall person revel in and increasing their attraction to non-technical users.

12. Disadvantages: Dependency on Software: Increased reliance on software program and running systems can cause compatibility issues and vulnerabilities. Rapid Technological Changes: The speedy tempo of technological advancement could make hardware and software quickly outdated, requiring frequent upgrades and investments to live contemporary.  

13. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Characteristics: Focus: Emphasizes synthetic intelligence (AI), gadget gaining knowledge of, and quantum computing.

14. Integration: Enhanced integration of hardware and software for stepped forward performance and capabilities. Key Developments: Advances in herbal language processing and robotics. Research into quantum computing for fixing complicated troubles faster than traditional computers. Notable Examples: AI Systems: Technologies like ChatGPT, which utilize superior algorithms for herbal language know-how. Quantum Computers : Experimental systems from groups like IBM and Google, pushing the bounds of computation.

15. Advantages: Advanced Artificial Intelligence: Fifth technology computers leverage AI and machine mastering, permitting them to perform complex responsibilities like herbal language processing, statistics analysis, and automated decision-making. Quantum Computing Potential: The exploration of quantum computing guarantees exponentially faster processing strength for certain tasks, probably fixing troubles which are currently intractable for classical computer systems.

16. Disadvantages: Complexity and Cost : The technology in the back of AI and quantum computing is relatively complex and luxurious, which could restriction accessibility and sensible utility for smaller agencies and individuals. Ethical and Security Concerns: The use of AI raises ethical troubles associated with privacy, bias, and process displacement even as advanced computing structures may pose great safety risks if now not properly controlled .