Generations of Telecommunication

History of 1G to 5G of Telecommunication and how they get over one another generation.

1. History of The Generations of Telecommunication

2. 1G Mobile Technology Definition Background Mobile Phone Used Specification Key features Disadvantage

3. Definition: 1G 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (Mobile telecommunications) which was first introduced in 1980s and completed in early 1990s. 1G Supported Mobile Set

4. History of The Generations of Telecommunication Background: 1G: The first generation (1G) mobile communications technologies has limited capacity, serving only niche markets for the military, certain government agencies and users in special industries. In the 1960s and 1970s, this service was geographically limited and the mobile device was to large. So it was usually mounted in cars or trucks; The smallest was a briefcase model.

5. Background: 1G This form of mobile communications were not ready for mass development ,because of: The limited capacity to service the general population. The limited technology capability to cover large areas. The large size of mobile device. The high prices of mobile devices and tariffs.

6. Mobile Phone Used in 1G

7. 1G – First generation mobile communication system The first generation of mobile network was deployed in Japan by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph company (NTT) in Tokyo during 1979. In the beginning of 1980s, it gained popularity in the US, Finland, UK and Europe. This system used analogue signals and it had many disadvantages due to technology limitations.

8. Most Popular 1G system during 1980s Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Nordic Mobile Phone System (NMTS) Total Access Communication System (TACS) European Total Access Communication System (ETACS)

9. Key features (technology) of 1G system Frequency 800 MHz and 900 MHz Bandwidth: 10 MHz (666 duplex channels with bandwidth of 30 KHz) Technology: Analogue switching Modulation: Frequency Modulation (FM) Mode of service: voice only Access technique: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

10. Disadvantages of 1G system Poor voice quality due to interference Poor battery life Large sized mobile phones (not convenient to carry) Less security (calls could be decoded using an FM demodulator) Limited number of users and cell coverage Roaming was not possible between similar systems

11. The 2nd Generation Wireless Telephone Technology 2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj ) in 1991. [ Radiolinja was a Finnish GSM operator founded on September 19, 1988. On March 27, 1991, the world's first GSM phone call was made on Radiolinja's network]

12. Main Changes in 2G Radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital. Although both systems use digital signaling to connect with the radio towers but the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G where 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.

13. Advantages over 1G Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that Phone conversations were digitally encrypted . 2G systems were significantly more efficient . 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS . 2G technologies enabled the various networks to provide the services such as text messages , picture messages , and MMS (multimedia messages) . All text messages sent over 2G are digitally encrypted , allowing the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.

14. TECHNOLOGIES Used in 2G 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are: GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six inhabited continents (Time Division Multiple Access). Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHZ frequency band (CDMA450). IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.

15. TECHNOLOGIES Used in 2G PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus Mobility in Canada IS-136 aka D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply TDMA in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

16. Pros and cons at a glance Pros : The lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller. The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound quality by increasing dynamic range and lowering the noise floor. The lower power emissions helped address health concerns. Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS and email. Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or more "cloned“ handsets that had the same phone number. Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping.

17. Pros and cons at a glance Cons: In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed. Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through. While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the  lossy compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You'll hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it more clearly.

18. 2.5G to 3G

19. Advantages of 2.5G over 2G 2.5G implements packet switching along with the circuit switching which was focused in 2G. 2.5G has much faster data rates than 2G. the increased data speed ranging from 56kbps to 115kbps. 2.5G allows limited web browsing while 2G does not allow web browsing. 2.5G has MMS services while 2G does not have that feature.

20. 2.5G Networks (GPRS) 2.5 G wireless cellular networks have been developed as a transition path to 3G. Examples of these networks are GPRS and EDGE. These systems build packet-switching systems on top of existing 2G systems to improve data rates significantly.

21. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) GSM networks offer data services at 9.6 Kbps. Most GSM carriers are developing a service called General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a 2.5G technology. GPRS can theoretically provide packet data speeds up to a maximum of 160 Kbps. However, typical GPRS networks operate at lower data rates. One proposed configuration is 80 Kbps maximum (56 Kbps typical) for the downlink and 20 Kbps maximum (14.4 Kbps typical) for the uplink.

22. 2.75G Networks (EDGE) Next phase after GPRS is called Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). EDGE, generally considered as a 3G technology, introduces new methods at the physical layer, but the higher layer protocols stay the same. Thus EDGE can deliver maximum data rates up to 500 Kbps using the same GPRS infrastructure. EDGE has been designed to address some of the limitations of GPRS.

23. Some Remarkable devices from 2G: Nokia 3310 Nokia 1100 (2000) (2003)

24. Some Remarkable devices from 2.5G/2.75G: Nokia 6600 Motorola Razer V3 (2003) (2004)

25. Advantages of 3G over 2G Faster download speeds, faster access to the data and applications in 3G networks as compared to 2G . Data transmission speed in 2G network is less than 50,000 bits/sec, While in 3G it can be more than 4 million bits/sec. Features like mobile TV, video transfers and GPS systems are the additional features of 3G technology, that are not available with 2G technologies. The downloading and uploading speeds available in 2G technologies are up to 236 Kbps . While in 3G technology the downloading and uploading speeds are up to 21 Mbps and 5.7 Mbps respectively.

26. History of 3G 3G technology was the result of research and development work carried out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in the early 1980s The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1998, branded as FOMA . It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of WCDMA technology. First commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001.

27. History of 3G in Bangladesh 2012 :  12th October, 2012 3G mobile service is introduced by state owned Teletalk. 2013 : 3G auction held for private companies During last quarter of 2013 private operators launch there 3G program. 2014 : 64 districts covered with 3G by Teletalk,  Grameenphone, Banglalink and Robi.

28. Comparison of LTE Speed

29. Major LTE Radio Technogies Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput Reduced power consumption Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by handsets)

30. LTE Architecture

31. LTE vs UMTS Functional changes compared to the current UMTS architecture

32. Measurement Routes Type Average Speed Highest Speed Characteristics Trains 40 kmh 100 kmh Surface ground Subways 30 kmh 80 kmh Underground Self-driving Vehicles & Buses 50 & 30 kmh 80 kmh Surface ground Ferries 80 kmh 90 kmh Sea, Surface ground

33. Measurement Route Over 100 km in 3 months

34. Measurement Setup Two Servers: Lab & Data Center Three types of evaluations: download only; upload only; simultaneous download & upload.

35. General Impact of Mobility A large spread of HSDPA bit rates and signal quality

36. Context Common View: Mobility is irrelevant, if not detrimental, to the fairness in HSPA bandwidth sharing among users Observation: The bandwidth sharing practice in stationary HSPA environments is unfair . In contrast, mobility surprisingly improves fairness of bandwidth sharing ( fairer ).

37. Bandwidth Sharing among Users Mobility actually improves the fairness of bandwidth sharing among users

38. Bandwidth Sharing among Users UE can hardly keep its dominancy under rapid change of radio environment. Mobile nodes may see better signal quality at new locations Cell to cell based scheduling algorithm prevent unfairness from propagating

39. Context Common View: Mobility affects all flows equally. And TCP flows suffer more than UDP ones Observation: TCP flows unexpectedly see much better performance during mobility than UDP flows.

40. Bandwidth Sharing among Traffic Flows TCP flows see better performance during mobility

41. Bandwidth Sharing among Traffic Flows TCP traffic is much constrained and adaptive to the channel condition, while UDP traffic keeps pumping almost the same amount of data regardless of the channel condition

42. Context Common View: Handoffs are triggered in the transitional region between cells and always result in a better wireless connection Observation: Nearly 30% of all handoffs, selection of a base station with poorer signal quality can be witnessed

43. Mobility Impact in Transitional Regions throughput often drops sharply, and sometimes, as high as 90% during handoff period.

44. Mobility Impact in Transitional Regions Ec /Io of the new base stations are statistically better than the original base stations by 10dBm. But almost 30% of all the handoffs do not end up with a better base stations

45. Mobility is a double edged sword Degrades HSPA services, e.g. throughput Improves fairness in bandwidth allocation among users and traffic flows Communication characteristics in HSPA transitional regions are very complicated

46. 4G History 4G History: New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and, at least, 200 kbit /s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.

47. 4G 4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.

48. Feature of 4G technology Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services IP based mobile system High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services .

49. Features of LTE It peaks download rates of 326.4 Mbit/s and upload rates of 86.4 Mbit/s. It uses 4×4 antennas in case of download rates but single antenna for upload rates. Peak data rates are supported by five different terminal classes that are defined from a voice centric class up to a high end terminal and they will enable the terminals to process 20 MHz bandwidth. At low cost it provides much better services. It is Flexible in use of existing as well as new frequency Band. It has open interface and has simple structural design. It also allows evenhanded terminal power consumption.

50. Frequency of 4G 700 MHz (Band 28 - Telstra / Optus) 850 MHz (Band 5 - Vodafone) 900 MHz (Band 8 - Telstra) 1800 MHz (Band 3 - Telstra / Optus / Vodafone) 2100 MHz (Band 1 - [a small number of Telstra sites] / Optus [Tasmania] / Vodafone) 2300 MHz (Band 40 - Optus [Vivid Wireless spectrum]) 2600 MHz (Band 7 - Telstra / Optus)

51. LTE History LTE is stands for Long Term Evolution. LTE is a 4G wireless communications standard developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) that's designed to provide up to 10x the speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices such as smartphones , tablets, netbooks , notebooks and wireless hotspots. The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world. It has been debated whether first-release versions should be considered 4G LTE

52. 4G LTE is one of several competing 4G standards along with Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) and WiMax (IEEE 802.16). The leading cellular providers have started to deploy 4G technologies, with Verizon and AT&T launching 4G LTE networks and Sprint utilizing its new 4G WiMax network. In terms of mobile devices, many newer Android-based smartphones are 4G LTE capable.

53. Samsung SCH-r900 was the world’s first LTE mobile phone available starting from September 21, 2010.

54. Feature of 4G technology LTE is stands for Long Term Evolution. LTE is a 4G wireless communications standard developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) that's designed to provide up to 10x the speeds of 3G networks for mobile devices such as Smartphone's, tablets, netbooks , notebooks and wireless hotspots. The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in 2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the world. It has been debated whether first-release versions should be considered 4G LTE

55. 5G 5G Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless system. Expected speed up to 1 Gbps. More faster & reliable than 4G.   Lower cost than previous generations. It is expected to hit the market by 2020 and be in use up to 2040.

56. HARDWARE & SOFTWARE OF 5G 5G Hardware:   Uses UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks with higher BW at low energy levels   BW is of 4000 Mbps, which is 400 times faster than today’s wireless networks  Uses smart antenna 5G Software: 5G will be wireless networks, including LAN technologies, LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide Wireless Web, unified IP & Software defined radio. encryption, flexibility, Anti-Virus

57. FEATURES OF 5G Less traffic 25 Mbps connectivity speed  Uploading & Downloading speed of 5G touching the peak (up to 1 Gbps )  Better & fast solution

58. ADVANTAGES OF 5G Data BW of 1 Gbps or higher Globally accessible Dynamic information access  Worldwide cellular phones  Extraordinary data capabilities High connectivity   Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity in audio & video

59. CONCLUSION The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly developing. The last few years have experienced a remarkable growth in wireless industry. The world is trying to become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to information anytime and anywhere with better quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and reduction in cost. new 5G technologies are still being developed and the overall standards have not yet be defined. However as the required technologies develop, they will be incorporated into the new system which will be defined by the standards bodies over the coming years.