Genesisof bharat bhumi and civilization.pptx

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1. GENESIS OF BHARAT BHUMI AND CIVILIZATION. Introduction and Geographical Formation of Bharat. The Indus Valley Civilization. The Vedic Age. The Maurya Empire. The Gupta Empire

2. Introduction and Geographical Formation of Bharat. The Indian subcontinent, often referred to as "Bharat Bhumi," has a rich and diverse history that spans thousands of years The Indian subcontinent was once part of the supercontinent Gondwana and pangea , which also included present-day Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, and Australia. Around 140 million years ago, the tectonic plate carrying India began to break away from Gondwana and drift northward at a rapid pace , covering nearly 15 centimeters per year. About 50 million years ago, the Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate, leading to the uplifting of the Himalayan mountain range, which is still growing today due to ongoing tectonic activi ty.

3. Before separation of Bharat After separation of Bharat

4. The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) Geographical Extent: Spanned over 1.5 million sq. km in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. Major Cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro,dholavira . Economy and Trade: Flourished on agriculture, crafts, and extensive trade with Mesopotamia, including goods like cotton, pottery, and jewelry. Architectural Highlights: The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro is a notable example of sophisticated architecture.

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6. The Vedic Age (c. 1500–500 BCE) Early Vedic Period (c. 1500–1000 BCE): Arrival of Indo-Aryans in the Indian subcontinent. Society was semi-nomadic, centered on pastoralism and small agricultural settlements. The Rigveda was composed, the oldest of the four Vedas. Later Vedic Period (c. 1000–500 BCE): Transition to settled agriculture and the rise of kingdoms ( mahajanapadas ). The caste system (varna) became more defined. The Yajurveda , Samaveda , and Atharvaveda were composed, along with important Upanishads. Society and Religion: Polytheistic religion with deities like Indra, Agni, and Varuna. Rituals, hymns, and sacrifices were central to religious life. Emergence of early philosophical ideas in the Upanishads. Economy: Based on agriculture, cattle-rearing, and trade. Use of iron tools improved farming productivity in the Later Vedic Period. Cultural Significance: Laid the foundation for Hinduism and influenced later Indian social, religious, and cultural development.

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8. The Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE) Founding: Established by Chandragupta Maurya after overthrowing the Nanda Dynasty. Key Rulers: Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka the Great. Territorial Extent: Largest empire in ancient India, covering most of the Indian subcontinent. Administration: Highly centralized with a bureaucratic system; capital at Pataliputra. Economy: Thrived on agriculture, trade (including routes to Greece and Southeast Asia), and standardized coinage. Ashoka's Influence: Promoted Buddhism, issued edicts on pillars, and spread a message of peace and tolerance. Decline: Weakened by succession disputes and invasions, leading to its fall in 185 BCE. 8

9. Coins used in Mauryan Empires 9

10. The Gupta Empire (320–550 CE) Founding: Established by Chandragupta I, marking the beginning of the "Golden Age" of India. Key Rulers: Chandragupta I, Samudragupta , Chandragupta II ( Vikramaditya ). Cultural Flourishing: Significant advancements in arts, science, literature, and mathematics, including the concept of zero and decimal system. Territorial Extent: Controlled much of northern and central India. Economy: Prosperity based on agriculture, trade (including silk, spices, and textiles), and a stable currency system. Religion: Hinduism was the dominant religion, with flourishing art and architecture (e.g., temples, sculptures); Buddhism also thrived. Decline: Weakened by invasions (e.g., Huns) and internal strife, leading to its fall by the mid-6th century. 10

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12. Colonial Period- European Arrival: From the 16th century onwards, European powers, starting with the Portuguese, and later the Dutch, French, and British, established trading posts in India . British Rule ( 1757–1947): After the decline of the Mughal Empire and the defeat of other European competitors, the British East India Company took control of large parts of India, which eventually became the British Raj . They divide the I ndia by Boarders. The B ritishers change the name from “Bharat” to “India”

13. Modern Period : Independence (1947)*: 1. India gained independence from British rule on 15 August 1947. 2.It leads to the partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan.