Genetically modified Organism in sociology.pptx

Gmo

1. Genetically Modified Organism

2. Meaning Genetically modified organism (GMO) , organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation of desired biological products . it has long been the practice to breed select individuals of a  species  in order to produce offspring that have desirable traits   livestock  production, crop farming, even   pet   breeding Medicine Food /agriculture

3. recombinant genetic technologies are employed to produce organisms whose genomes have been precisely altered at the molecular level  inclusion of  genes  from unrelated species of organisms that code for traits that would not be obtained easily through conventional selective breeding.

4. Methods of producing GMO   recombinant DNA technology   - insertion of one or more individual genes from an organism of one species into the  DNA reproductive  cloning - removal of nucleas

5. Genetically Modified Organisms are developed by Gene Transfer methods such as Transformation, Transduction to transfer genes to microbial cells Electroporation gene gun or biological entry mechanism such as lentiviruses and Agrobacteria to transfer genes to animal and plant cells respectively.

6. A number of notable achievement since then involves development of drugs, such as treatments for cancer development of transgenic insect-resistant crops development of transgenic animals for production of growth hormones pharmaceutical products

7. Application Application in food industry modification of the genetic material of plants or animals Some of these traits are: Production of extra nutrients in the food i ncreased growth rate Disease resistance and herbicide resistance Better taste Increased shelf life etc. Lesser requirement for water The first genetically modified whole food crop was tomato (called Flavr Savr ), which was made more rot-resistant

8. Application in pharmaceutical industry and Medicine By genetic engineering a variety of medical products are available today. Among these products, insulin and human growth hormone were first commercially available products obtained from recombinant E. coli. enabling the generation of safer and cheaper  vaccines  and therapeutics. The gene therapy protocol can be made effective by the following approaches: Insertion of a normal gene to compensate for a nonfunctional gene Repair of an abnormal gene by selective reverse mutation Alteration in the regulation of gene pairs

9. Application in Environment Genetic engineering is actively involved in the development of microorganisms and biocatalysts for remediation of contaminated environments create new strains by genetic manipulations of such plasmids transforms a number of toxic chemicals such as hydrocarbons, chlorinated, solvents, polychlorobiphenyls and metals in a less toxic form. E.g “Superbug” (1970s) produce a combination of enzymes involved in degradation of a number of hydrocarbons present in petroleum

10. Genetically modified organisms are used in clearing up of oil spills which is a major environmental hazard Application in Crop improvement through Transgenesis Crop to improve the traits of plants. Gene insertion may result in improvement in the agricultural or commercial value of a plant.

11. Genetically modified (GM) foods  were first approved for human  consumption  in the United States in 1994, and by 2014–15 about 90 percent of the  corn ,  cotton , and  soybeans  planted in the United States were GM dramatically increase per area crop yields reduce the use of chemical  insecticides gene  from the  bacterium   Bacillus thuringiensis , which produces a natural insecticide called  Bt toxin

12. E.g Field studies conducted in India in which Bt cotton was compared with non-Bt cotton demonstrated a 30–80 percent increase in yield from the GM crop .  “golden”  rice , which originally was intended for Asia and was genetically modified to produce almost 20 times the beta- carotene  of previous varieties

13. What are potential GM crops of the future? Some potential applications of GM crop technology are: Nutritional enhancement: Higher vitamin content; more healthful fatty acid profiles; Stress tolerance: Tolerance to high and low temperatures, salinity, and drought; Disease resistance: For example, orange trees resistant to citrus greening disease or American chestnut trees resistant to fungal blight; Biofuels : Plants with altered cell wall composition for more efficient conversion to ethanol; Phytoremediation : Plants that extract and concentrate contaminants like heavy metals from polluted sites.

14. India is one of the few countries in Asia that has instituted biosafety regulations. a number of research projects involving Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), with both contained and field trials, are already in progress. This points to the urgency of assessing the effectiveness and enforcement of biosafety regulations in the country.

15. For e.g. Since August 1996, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plant expressing gene Solanum melongena was being grown in an experimental plot Nets were the only protective cover of the experimental plot. unauthorized trial

16. The second field trial is by Mahyco of Bombay, in collaboration with the USbased company Monsanto , which has imported seeds of cotton variety containing Bt genes .In India, the estimated annual loss due to bollworms damage to cotton is US$ 40 million

17. Institutional framework India's Biosafety and Recombinant DNA Guidelines (1990) falls under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 In 1994, after India signed the Biodiversity Convention, the DBT revised its earlier guidelines to accommodate the safe handling of GMOs in research, application and technology transfer.

18. This includes the large scale production and deliberate release of GMOS plants, animals and products into the environment. Guidelines are also provided for the shipment and importation of GMOs for laboratory no permanent secretariat to monitor the trials of the GMOs

19. Statutory committees Important committees are: the Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSC), responsible for the local implementation of guidelines ; the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulations (RCGM) responsible for issuing permits; the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) responsible for monitoring the largescale and commercial use of transgenic materials.

20. The GEAC is supposed to be assisted by the State Biotechnology Coordination Committees (SBCC) and District Level Committees (DLC).