Genetically Modified Organism.ppt

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.

1. ‘GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS’
DR. RACHANA CHOUDHARY
Asstt. Prof. Department of Microbiology
Shri ShankaracharyaMahavidyalaya,
Junwani,Bhilai(Durg).

2. Geneticmodificationistheprocessofalteringthepropertiesof
cellsinanorganismbychangingthegeneticmakeupofthe
DNAinthenucleusofthecell.Thiscanincludedeletingor
changinggenes,ortransferringgenesfromoneorganismto
another.Whenanorganismhashadthesechangesmadetoit,
itwillbecomeageneticallymodifiedorganismandDNA
fragmentsarecalledrDNAandtheirtechniqueisgenetic
engineering.
SuchasBacteriaandyeast,plants,fish,andmammals.
INTRODUCTION:-

3. HISTORY OF GMO
•ThefirstGMOswerebacteriain1971.
•CreationofthefirstrecombinantDNA
moleculesbyPaulBergin1972.
•Insulin–producingbacteriawere
commercializedin1982.

4. CONSTRUCTION OF GMOs
Fig-Steps in molecular cloning (modified)

5. EXAMPLES OF GMO’s
•In1994,theFlavrSavrtomatowasintroducedas
thefirstGMfood.
•Goldenrice–enrichedricecontainingbeta-carotene
(VitaminA).
•Btcorn–corncontainingachemicalnormallyfound
inbacteria(Bacillusthuringiensis).
•Herbicideresistantplants(roundupreadycorn).

6. Types of
GMO
Genetically
Modified Plants
Genetically
Modified
Animals
Genetically
Modified
Microbes

7. Plants are genetically modified to be:
•Herbicide resistant
•Pesticide resistant
•Insect resistant
•Drought tolerant
•Extreme temperature tolerant
•Have added nutrients, such as vitamins and
minerals
GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS

8. Roundupisacommonherbicide
manufacturedbyMonsantothat
isharmfultoweedsandplants
alikeForthisreason,Monsanto
developedalineof“Roundup
ready”cropsthatareresistanttotheherbicideByinsertinggene5’‐
enolpyruvylshikimate‐3’‐phosphate(EPSP)fromthebacteria
Agrobacterium,plantssuchascorn,soybeans,cotton,andalfalfa
couldbemadeherbicideresistant
HERBICIDE RESISTANT

9. Corn,cotton,andseveralotherplantshave
beengeneticallymodifiedtobeinsect
resistant.
Insectresistanceincropsisaccomplishedby
identifyingandisolatingagenefromthesoil
bacteriumBacillusthuringiensisthat
producesatoxincalledCrythatistoxicto
plantinsects.
INSECT RESISTANCE

10. Rice,hasbeengeneticallymodifiedtobe
animprovedsourceofvitaminA.
Biosynthesisofbeta‐caroteneinGMricewasaccomplishedby
insertingphytoenesynthase(psy)genefromdaffodilsand
phytoenedesaturase(ctrI)genefromthebacteriaErwinia
uredovoraintoriceDNA
Theadditionalbeta‐caroteneproducedbytheendosperm(rice
grainthatiseatenbythehumans)givesitacharacteristicyellow
orgoldenhueBecauseofthisthevitamin‐enrichedGMriceisalso
knownas“goldenrice”
GM PLANTS WITH ADDED NUTRIENTS ‐RICE

11. Strawberries,whichareagoodsourceofvitaminC,
havebeengeneticallymodifiedtoprovide3times
asmuchvitaminC.
AgeneinthestrawberryplantcalledGalURgenecodesforan
enzymethatconvertsaproteinintheplanttovitaminC.
AsimilargeneisfoundinthethalecressArabidopsisthaliana.
ResearcherscreatedaDNAplasmidusingtheA.thalianageneand
thebacteriaAgrobacteriumandinsertedintothestrawberryplantto
over‐expressGalURgeneandproduce3timesasmuchvitaminC
GM PLANTS WITH ADDED NUTRIENTS ‐STRAWBERRIES

12. Currently, researchers around the world are working at
creating and perfecting:
•Drought resistant wheat, corn, and rice
•Salt tolerant tomatoes
•Frost resistant strawberries
•Heat tolerant beans such as kidney, red, black, and
pinto beans
•Carrots that produce a vaccine against hepatitis B
MORE GM CROPS

13. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ANIMALS
•Geneticallymodified
mammalsarean
importantcategoryof
geneticallymodified
organisms.RalphL.
BrinsterandRichard
Palmiterdeveloped
the techniques
responsible for
transgenicmice,rats,
rabbits,sheep,and
pigsintheearly
1980s.

14. TheFDACenterforVeterinaryMedicine(CVM)regulates
geneticallyalteredanimalproducts
Currentlynotransgenicanimalshavebeenapprovedforhuman
consumption
Transgenicanimalshavebeenapprovedforuseasbiopharm
animals(forproducingdrugsandhormones)andtheyproduce
suchproductsasmilkandwool.

15. •Productionofanimalswithspecifictraitsmuch
quickerthanwithtraditionalbreedingmethods
Resultsin–
•Betterqualitywithincreasedmilkproduction
andwoolproduction,Increasedgrowthrates
Efficientproductionofpharmaceuticals,
nutritionalsupplements,andhormones.
•Mostpharmaceuticalsareproducedfromthe
milkofgoats,cowsandsheepIncludedaresuch
drugsasInsulin,Growthhormone.
BENEFITS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

16. •Expertsestimatethatproducingtherapeuticprotein
usingtraditionalmethodscostapproximately$300
‐$3,000pergram.
•Incontrast,usingatransgenicgoattoproducethe
proteininmilkcostsapproximately$20‐$105per
gram.
•Transgenicheneggsareevencheaper,costing
approximately$.10‐$.25pergramofprotein

17. GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROBES
•Bacteriawerethefirstorganismstobemodifiedinthe
laboratory,duetotheirsimplegenetics.Theyareimportantin
producinglargeamountsofpurehumanproteinsforusein
medicine.
•Geneticallymodifiedbacteriaareusedtoproducetheprotein
insulintotreatdiabetes.Similarbacteriahavebeenusedto
produceclottingfactorstotreathaemophiliaandhuman
growthhormonetotreatvariousformsofdwarfism.

19. EXAMPLES OF MICROBES AS GMO

20. USES OF GMO

23. CREATION OF SUPERBUG FOR
DEGRADING XENOBIOTICS

24. CHALLENGES #1
•Environmental–possibilityofunintendedharmtoother
organisms:
•potentialriskofharmtonon-targetorganisms,e.g.apest
resistantcropthatproducestoxinsthatmayharmbothcrop-
damagingandnoncrop-damaginginsects
•E.g.ThepollenofBTcornonmilkweedisthoughttoaffect
(sloworkill)thelarvaeofMonarchbutterflies.Further
studiesareunderway.

25. CHALLENGES #2
•pesticidesbecomelesseffectiveaspestsbecomeresistantto
modifiedcrops.
•Differentvarietiesandstrengthsofpesticideswillbeneeded
onceweedshaveadaptedtotheexistingeffectivepesticides.

26. CHALLENGES #3
•“Superweeds”
genetransfertonon-targetspecieswhere
herbicidetolerantplantscrossbreedwith
weedspotentiallycreatingherbicideresistant
weeds.
SomeWesternCanadianfarmersarecalling
Monsanto’sround-upreadycanolaa
superweed.

27. CHALLENGES #4
•Humanhealthrisks
▫introducingageneintoaplant
maycreateanewallergenor
causeanallergicreactionin
susceptibleindividuals
▫Forexample,insertinggenesfrom
anutintoanotherplantcouldbe
dangerousforpeoplewhoare
allergictonuts

28. CHALLENGES #5
•EconomicHazards
•Eliminationofcompetition
▫GMseedsarepatented(mustbuyeachyear)
•Thispresentsproblemsforpoorfarmersinboththedeveloped
anddevelopingworlds.
▫LargecompanieslikeMonsantohaveresortedtosuingsmall
farmersfoundtobeusingtheirseedwithoutpaying.
•Suicideseeds
▫Plantswithsterileseedsthatareinfertilearecreated
▫Farmersareforcedtobuyseedseveryyear
•However,somecompanieshavereducedcostsordonatedGM
seedstoimpoverishednations.

29. CONCLUSION
Despitethegreatpromiseofgeneticengineeringitalsobrings
withitpotentialprobleminareaofsafety,humanexperience,
potentialecologicaldisruption&biologicalwarfare.
geneticallyengineeredmicrobesareemergingasaefficient
vehicletoovercomeenvironmentalpollutions.

30. THANK YOU