genetics and plant breeding

Genetics and plant breeding
rabi crops like its botanical name, chromosome number, centre of origin, wild relatives and special botanical features

1. Bablu Hrangkhawl . CAU/CPGS/B17/02 B.Sc.Agri - 3 rd year COA- Kyrdemkulai CAU(I) DATE-28/08/20 GPB-362(1+1) CROP IMPROVEMENT-2 RABI CR OPS

2. Wheat Scientific name : Triticum aestivum Chromosome number: 2n = 6x = 42 Centre of origin: central asia Distribution : USA, China, Russia, Canada and many south Asian countries Wild relatives : T. boeticum , T.aegilopoides , T.dicoccoides , T.timopheevi Special botanical features : A. Root system: Wheat plant consists of two sets of roots Seedling roots : The first set of roots (seminal roots) are produced by the germinating seedling in order to absorb nutrients for the young seedlings. These are generally five in number and are also called primary root system. Clonal roots: Arise from the basal nodes of the plants and form the compact vegetation mass 'crown' which is the principle organ of absorption as the young seedling progresses to maturity . It is the permanent root system and also known as secondary root system .

3. Mode of pollination : self pollinated crops ( cleistogamy , chasmogamy ) Breeding methods : The principal breeding procedures include (1) introduction and collection of germplasm , (2) pure line selection, (3) hybridization, and (4) hybrid cultivar development . Mutation breeding, Backcross method, CGMS-ABR line. Two released variety : Sonalika and Kalyan Sona .

4. Oat Scientific name : Avena sativa Chromosome number: 2n = 6x = 42 Centre of origin: Asia minor Distribution : Avena sativa probably evolved in central or northern Europe from wild Avena sterilis L. germplasm from south-western Asia. Nowadays oat is extensively cultivated in northern temperate regions, mainly in Europe and North America. In tropical Africa it is mainly grown in Ethiopia and Kenya. Wild relatives : A. sterilis , A. byzantina , A. fatua L, A . occidentalis Dur . Special botanical features : inflorescence branches- the flowers are attached to branches rather than to the main axis of the inflorescence. Spikelet length-18–50 mm. Glume relative length-one or both glumes are as long or longer than all of the florets Awn on glume-the glume has no awn.

5. Mode of pollination : Self pollination( cleistogamy , chasmogamy ). Breeding methods : The principal breeding procedures include (1) introduction and collection of germplasm , (2) pure line selection, (3) hybridization, and (4) hybrid cultivar development. Mutation breeding, Backcross method Two released variety : HFO - 114 (Haryana Javi - 114), UPO-94(developed by GBPUA&T, Pantnagar and released in 1981)

6. Barley Scientific name : Hordeum vulgare Chromosome number: 2n=2x=14 Centre of origin: A byssinia ( F ertile Crescent) Distribution : Cultivated barley is grown in a range of diverse environment that varies from sub-artic to sub-tropical, with greater concentration of temperate areas and high altitudes of tropic and sub-tropics. Wild relatives : H.vulgare ssp. Spontaneum , Hordeum bulbosum Special botanical features : Hordeum spike is characterized by the presence of typical wedge-shaped spikelets . Wild and cultivated barley differ in disarticulation scars on their rachis . In wild barley, disarticulation scars are smooth, whereas, in cultivated barley it forms rough dehiscence scars. Smooth scars help in seed dispersal by shattering of seed at maturity.

7. Mode of pollination : S elf pollination( cleistogamy , chasmogamy ) Breeding methods : The principal breeding procedures include (1) introduction and collection of germplasm , (2) pure line selection, (3) hybridization, and (4) hybrid cultivar development. Mutation breeding, Backcross method Two released variety : Ratna (developed at IARI), Jyoti ( Six-row hulled variety)

8. Chickpea Scientific name : Cicer arietinum Chromosome number: 2n = 2x= 16 Centre of origin : Mediterranean Distribution : Cultivated for at least 10,000 years, chick-pea remains an important staple food in the Middle East, Africa and India, among other places. With scattered occurrences recorded in North America, it occasionally escapes cultivation in New England, either as a result of commercial or home vegetable-garden production. Several cultivars have been developed. Wild relatives : Cicer reticulatum , Cicer reticulatum , Cicer echinospermum . Special botanical features : flowers white pink and solitary in leaf axis, The stems are hairy, simple or branched, straight or bent, Chickpea is a N-fixing legume (up to 100 kg N/ha) Mode of pollination : self pollination

9. Breeding methods : Pedigree method: for resistance breeding (disease, insect, nematode, orobanche spp ) Modified bulk method : for stress situations (drought, cold, heat, iron deficiency) Back cross method: for interspecific hybridization. Limited backcross (one or two) for desi x kabuli introgression and also for resistance breeding. Somaclonal variation: through plant tissue culture appears to be a potential tool for generation and exploitation of useful variability. Two released variety : Raj Vijay Gram 202(2015) Desi Haryana Kabuli Chana 2 (2006) Kabuli.

10. Lentil Scientific name : Lens esculenta Chromosome number: 2n = 14 Centre of origin: Asia minor Distribution : Lentil is one of the world's oldest crops having been cultivated in southwestern Asia since 7000 BC. The crop is best adapted for production in temperate climates but is now produced in different parts of the world. India is the world's leading consumer of lentil and the second leading producer. In North America, the United States of America (USA) and Canada are the main producers of lentil. Wild relatives : L. orientalis , L ens ervoides , Lens nigricans , Lens lamottei

11. Special botanical features : The plant varies from 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches) in height and has many long ascending branches. The compound leaves are alternate, with six pairs of oblong-linear leaflets about 15 mm (0.5 inch) long and ending in a spine. Two to four pale blue flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves in June or early July. The small pods are broadly oblong and slightly inflated and contain two seeds Mode of pollination : self pollination Breeding methods : Mass selection, Pure-line selection , Pedigree breeding, bulk-population method of breeding, Hybridization Two released variety : DPL15( Priya ),DPL 62(Sheri)

12. Field pea Scientific name : P. sativum var. arvense Chromosome number: 2n = 16 Centre of origin: Mediterranean region of Europe & West Asia Distribution : Distributed in Asia, Africa, Europe, N.America , & Auastralia Usually cultivated for dry pods and variety of snacks Wild relatives : P. fulvum , P. sativum subsp. elatius . Special botanical features : Flowers are purple or lavender colored Short peduncle Seeds smaller than garden pea, angular Mode of pollination : S elf pollination Breeding methods : Pedigree , bulk, single seed descent (SSD), back-cross and mutation breeding are used in pea breeding. Single seed descent method is now becoming common in peas. Two released variety : Rachna , Pant Marter 5

13. Rajma Scientific name : Phaseolus vulgaris Chromosome number: 2n = 2x = 22 Centre of origin: central america Distribution : Phaseolus vulgaris originated from Central and South America, where it was cultivated as early as 6000 BC in Peru and 5000 BC in Mexico. It was introduced to the Old World by the Spaniards and the Portuguese. It is now widespread and cultivated as a major food crop in many tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia. Wild relatives : Phaseolus coccineus Special botanical features : Phaseolus vulgaris is a herbaceous annual leguminous plant. Bush cultivars produce erect bushes 20–60 cm high. Pole or running cultivars have vines 2–3 m in length. All cultivars bear alternate, green or purple leaves, with three oval leaflets (each 6–15 cm long and 3–11 cm wide ). Lacks biological nitrogen fixation Mode of pollination : Self pollination Breeding methods : Plant introduction, Mass selection, Pedigree method, Two released variety : VL Rajma 63, VL Rajma 125

14. Horse gram Scientific name : Macrotylema uniflorum Chromosome number: 2n = 24 Centre of origin: Hindustan Centre Distribution : Horse gram is grown in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, and West Bengal in India, as well as in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the West Indies, and elsewhere. Wild relatives : Macrotyloma uniflorum var. stenocarpum Special botanical features : Horse gram is actually a short day, twining, succulent, annual climbing herb. The plants have trifoliate leaves, white flowers, long linear pubescent pods thermo-sensitive nature. Mode of pollination : S elf pollination

15. Breeding methods : Pure line selection, Hybridization and Intervarietal,Interspecific ( Dolichos lab lab x M. biflorum Crossable), Mutation breeding. Two released variety : Arjia Kulthi-21, Baizu Kulthi RAJMA

16. Rapeseed mustard Scientific name : Brassica sp. Chromosome number: 2n = 16 Centre of origin: Hindustan centre Distribution : China, Canada, India, Europe, Pakistan, collectively contribute 90 per cent of the global production . In India Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Assam, Bihar and West Bengal. Wild relatives : Brassica kabe , Brassica rapa , Special botanical features : The stems are erect, simple to freely branched, glabrous or sparsely hairy and can grow up to 1.5 m tall. The fruit is a linear cylindrical siliqua with slight constrictions at regular intervals and dehiscent valves in the lower 4–10 cm segment of the fruit. The seeds are arranged in a single row in the fruit.

17. Mode of pollination : Self pollination Breeding methods : Introduction Simple selection Hybridization and selection Intervarietal a ) Bulk method. b ) Pedigree method. c ) single seed descent. Inter specific Back cross method Population improvement Recurrent Selection, mass selection Heterosis breeding CMS lines: Brassica napus Mutation breeding Embryo rescue technique for inter specific crosses . Two released variety : Pusa , Kalyani

18. Sunflower Scientific name : Helianthus annus Chromosome number: 2n=2x=34 Centre of origin: America Distribution : USSR, Romania, Canada, USA In India this crop is introduced in 1969 from USSR . In India it is cultivated in Tamil Nadu Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana Wild relatives : H.hirsutus , H.rigidus Special botanical features : The stem-Mostly unbranched , Green stem contributes for photosynthesis, Anthesis and fertilization Flowering from periphery, Outermost opens first Mode of pollination : cross pollination Breeding methods : Mass selection, Hybridization a) Intervarietal b)Interspecific. Mutation breeding, Head to row and remnant seed method. Population improvement: By mass selection, recurrent selection and use of male sterile lines population can be improved and utilised for breeding. Heterosis breeding. Two released variety : Mordern , surya .

19. Safflower Scientific name : Carthamus tinctorius Chromosome number: 2n=2x=24 Centre of origin: Africa and Afghanistan Distribution : Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, USA, Egypt middle east in India, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka together accounts for more than 90 per cent of country’s area Wild relatives : Carthamus oxycantha , C . lunatus Special botanical features : safflower is a thristle like plant with a central branch stem, a varying number of branches and tap-root system each branch have 1-5 flowers and contains 15-20 seeds. This seed contains 30-40% of oil. Mode of pollination : Cross pollination Breeding methods : Mass selection, Hybridization a) Intervarietal b)Interspecific. Mutation breeding, Head to row and remnant seed method. Population improvement: By mass selection, recurrent selection and use of male sterile lines population can be improved and utilised for breeding. Heterosis breeding. Two released variety : Purna (PBNS-86), NARI-6

20. Potato Scientific name : Solanum tuberosum Chromosome number: 2n=4x=48 Centre of origin: South America Distribution : Until the early 1990s, most potatoes were grown and consumed in Europe, North America and countries of the former Soviet Union. Since then, there has been a dramatic increase in potato production and demand in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where output rose from less than 30 MT in the early 1960s to more than 165 MT in 2007. FAO data show that in 2005, for the first time, the developing world's potato production exceeded that of the developed world. China is now the biggest potato producer, and almost a third of all potatoes is harvested in China and India. Wild relatives : S.stenotomum , S.sparsipilum , S.vernerii (diploid)

21. Special botanical features : The stems are thickened, ribbed, have a smooth surface, green in color. The lower part of the stem, immersed in the ground, releases long branches up to 30 cm long. Leaf blades are large, their color is dark green. The flowers are a purple hue with a yellow core(it flowers only in high altitude like himalaya ) Mode of pollination : self pollination Breeding methods : Clonal propagation Controlled pollination : Population breeding True potato seed ( TPS) Propagation through' use of seed practiced in China. By this method virus can be avoided. Mutation breeding Two released variety : Kufri Jyoti , Kufri Badshah .

22. Berseem Scientific name : Trifolium alexandrinum L Chromosome number: 2n=2x=16 Centre of origin: Syria (Egypt) Distribution : Berseem is mainly valued as a winter crop in the subtropics as it grows well in mild winter and recovers strongly after cutting. It does not grow well under hot summer conditions. It is cultivated from 35°N to the Tropics, from sea level up to 750 m (1500 m in North West Himalaya) Wild relatives : Trifolium berytheum Special botanical features : most important leguminous forages in the Mediterranean region, Berseem has a shallow taproot. Its stems are hollow, branching at the base, with alternate leaves bearing broad leaflets, The fruit is a pod containing one single seed. Mode of pollination : Cross pollination

23. Breeding methods : Inter-specific hybridization, Ploidy breeding, Mutation breeding, composite selection. Two released variety : Jawahar Berseem 1, Pusa Giant

24. Sugarcane Scientific name : Saccharum sp Chromosome number: Saccharum officinarum (2n = 80) Centre of origin: South pacific Distribution : This cane is suited to tropical conditions and requires favourable soil and climate for its performance. The stems are stout thick high in sucrose, low in fibre and with soft rind . The noble canes are susceptible to most of the diseases. Some of the earlier cultivars are Bourbon, Cheribon , noble canes. Wild relatives : S.spontaneum , S.robustum Special botanical features : inflorescence is open type (Arrow). Sugarcane is a tall perennial tropical grass, which tillers at the base to produce unbranched stems of 2-8 m tall, and of around 5cm in diameter. It could be called as giant grass. It is cultivated for these thick stems or stalks or canes, from which the sugar is extracted . Each set can be used for vegetative propagation and there is rhizome roots.

25. Mode of pollination : Cross pollination Breeding methods : Nobilisation in Sugar cane-In India, nobilisation of local spontaneum was begun by Barber and Venkatraman in 1912 at SBI Coimbatore. At coimbatore crosses were initially made between local strains of S.barberi (Which is unproductive but adapted to climates of North India) and tropical noble cane (thick soft stem, high sucrose content but unsuited to climates of North India). Later on by crossing these resultant hybrid with wild cane S.spontaneum . canes with high sucrose content suitable for North India were evolved. In this way a large number of tri hybrid canes were developed. Two released variety : Co 853, Co 62175

26. Tomato Scientific name : Lycopersicon esculentum Chromosome number: 2 n=2x=24 Centre of origin: Peru and Mexico Distribution : Europe, USA, India, Japan and China. In India it is grown in all the states Wild relatives : L. pimpinellifolium , L . peruvianum , resistant, L . cheesmanii , L . hirsutum , L . pennellii Special botanical features : Seed-planted tomatoes develop a taproot system, consisting of a strong central root that shoots deep into the soil and smaller lateral roots that grow out of the main root, near the top of the root. Tomatoes grown from cuttings develop a fibrous root system, comprised of a series of small, stringy roots that form a horizontal mat near the soil line. Mode of pollination : Self pollination

27. Breeding methods : Pureline selection, Back cross method, Pedigree method, Single seed decent method, Heterosis breeding, Mutation breeding, Biotechnological methods: Breeding for resistance to E.g ., Transgenic variety “ Flavr Savr ” was developed for long shelf life and transportation Two released variety : Pusa Ruby, Pusa Early Dwarf

28. Chilli Scientific name : Capsicum annum Chromosome number: 2n=2x=24 Centre of origin: Tropical America Distribution : Mainly cultivated in Brazil, Mexico, Spain South and Central America China and India . In India, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu and H.P etc. Wild relatives : Capsicum rhomboideum Special botanical features : Plant is a variable herb with shoot erect and branched, strong tap root system, leaves simple, variable in size, flowers borne singly, fruit is indehiscent many seeded berry(thus breeding through esmaculation is effective) Mode of pollination : Self Pollination

29. Breeding methods : Pure line selection: This method is applicable to land races or local cultivars e.g ., G1, Sindhu . 2 . Pedigree method: involves selection of superior plants following hybridization betweensuperior cultivars. e.g ., Andhra jyothi , Pusa jwala 3 . Backcross method 4 . Heterosis breeding: The first hybrid in India was Bharat developed by Indo-American hybrid seed company, Banglore (1973) followed by several companies 5 . Mutation breeding: Found to be effective and efficient breeding tool in pepper. 6 . Biotechnological methods: Two released variety : Andhra Jyothi , Pusa Jwala

30. Onion Scientific name : Allium cepa Chromosome number: 2n=2x=16 Centre of origin: Central Asia Distribution : Onion is widely distributed to China(world highest production), USA, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Brazil, Russia, Korea, India, etc ,. Wild relatives : A. fistulosum , A. roylei and A. galanthum . Special botanical features : Biennial herb, Leaves are tubular, Bulbs are formed by attachment of swollen leaf base to underground part of stem, Flowers are produced during second phase after bulb formation, Flowering structure : umbel Mode of pollination : Cross pollination

31. Breeding methods : Hand emasculation and pollination, use of male sterility line(CMS,CGMS) Two released variety : Pusa Sona , Pusa Sobha

32. THANKYOU