GENOME PROJECTS .pdf

Genome projects
Definition of genome, history of genome projects, whole genome sequencing, Maxam Gilbert sequencing, sanger sequencing, explanation on the first sequenced organisms (Bacteriophage, bacteria, archaeon, virus, bakers yeast, nematode.
Model organism-Arabidopsis thaliana, Mus musculus, Oryza sativa, Pan troglodyte etc.
Human genome project, milestones and significance.

1. GENOME PROJECTS
Dr.Shiny C Thomas, Department of Biosciences, ADBU

2. What are genome projects?
-Genome projects are scientific endeavours that aim to
determine the completegenomesequence of an
organism –an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium,
an archean, a protistor a virus.
-Genome : The complete set of genes or genetic
material present in an organism.

3. History-
•Whole genome sequencing was only possible due to
modern genomics which began in the 1970s.
•The DNA sequencing methods like Maxam-Gilbert
sequencing and Sanger sequencing were manual. It
began in 1970s and 1980s.
•The shift to more rapid and automated sequencing
methods allowed the sequence of whole genomes.

4. History contd…
•The 1
st
genome to be completely sequenced-BacteriophageMS2
•A single-stranded RNA virus that infects the family of bacteria that
includes E. coli.
•Walter Fiersand his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at the
University of Ghent, Belgium.
•Bases-3,569
•Chromosomes-1

5. •The 1
st
bacteria to have its entire genome sequenced -Haemophilus
influenzaein 1995.
•1,830,140 base pairs of DNA.
•non-moving rod-shaped bacterium that causes meningitis.
•Craig Venter and his team at The Institute for Genomic Research in
Rockville, Maryland, USA.
•Bases-1.8 million.
•Chromosomes-1circular chromosome

6. •Methanococcusjannaschii-This was the first archaeonto be
sequenced.
•A heat-loving, methane-producing, single-celled organism.
•Craig Venter and his team at The Institute for Genomic Research in
Rockville, Maryland, USA.
•Bases-1.7 million
•Chromosomes-1 circular chromosome

7. •Saccharomycescerevisiae(Baker’s yeast)
•A species of yeast used in winemaking, baking and brewing.
•This was the first fungi to be sequenced in 1996.
•TheInternational Collaboration for the Yeast Genome Sequencing.
•Bases-12.1 million
•Chromosomes-32

8. •Caenorhabditiselegans-Nematode worm
•A free-living, transparent worm about 1 mmin length thatlives in
the soil.
•This was the first animal to be sequenced.
•The Genome Institute at Washington University, USA, and the
WellcomeTrust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
•Bases-100 million
•Chromsomes-12 in hermaphrodites and11 in males.

9. Arabidopsis thaliana-Thalecress or Arabidopsis
•A small flowering plant widely used as a model organism in plant
biology.
•This was the first plant to have its genome sequenced.
•The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, which involved various
institutes from the USA, Europe and Japan including The Institute
of Genome Research, USA and Genoscope, France.
•Bases-119 million
•Chromosomes-5

10. Musmusculus-Mouse
•Over 95 per centof the mouse genome is similar to our own, so
studying it is really useful for discovering more about human health
and disease.
•The Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium (theWellcomeTrust
Sanger Institute, The Whitehead Centerfor Genome Research,The
Whitehead Centerfor Genome Research and The Genome Institute at
Washington University in St Louis and The Broad Institute at MIT).
•Bases-3.48 billion
•Chromosomes-20

11. Oryzasativa-Rice
•Rice is a staple food for millions of people across the globe.
•Rice is one of the most important crops so it is important to
understand its genetics.
•The Beijing Genomics Institute, Zhejiang University and the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, China.
•Bases-374 million
•Chromosomes-12

12. Pan troglodyte-Chimpanzee
•Chimpanzee is one of the great apes along with gorilla,
orangutan,bonoboand human.
•It was the first non-human primate genome to be sequenced.
•The Chimpanzee Genome Project (Broad Institute at MITand The
Genome Institute at Washington University in St Louis).
•Bases-3.3 billion
•chromosomes: 23

13. •Daniorerio:Zebrafish
•It isa tropical fish native to southeast Asia.
•Zebrafishis a model organism commonly used in research.
•TheWellcomeTrust Sanger Institute.
•Bases-1.5billion
•Chromosomes-25

14. Human genome project
•TheHuman Genome Project(HGP) was an
internationalscientific researchproject with the goal of
determining the sequence of nucleotidebase pairsthat
make up humanDNA, and of identifying and mapping all of
thegenes of thehuman genome from both a physical and a
functional standpoint.
•It remains the world's largest collaborative biological
project

15. Information-
•The human genome contains 3 billion chemical nucleotide
bases (A, C, T, and G).
• The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary
greatly, with the largest known human gene being
dystrophinat 2.4 million bases.
• The total number of genes is estimated at around 30,000-
-much lower than previous estimates of 80,000 to 140,000.
• Almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases are exactly the same
in all people.
• The functions are unknown for over 50% of discovered
genes.

16. Goals:
■identify all the approximate 30,000 genes in human
DNA,
■determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base
pairs that make up human DNA,
■store this information in databases,
■improve tools for data analysis,
■transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
■address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that
may arise from the project.

17. Milestones:
■1990: Project initiated as joint effort of U.S. Department
of Energy and the National Institutes of Health
■June 2000: Completion of a working draft of the entire
human genome (covers >90% of the genome to a depth of
3-4x redundant sequence)
■February 2001: Analyses of the working draft are
published
■April 2003: HGP sequencing is completed and Project is
declared finished two years ahead of schedule

18. Significance of HGP-
•improved diagnosis of disease
•earlier detection of predispositions to disease
•rational drug design
•gene therapy and control systems for drugs
•pharmacogenomics“personal drugs”
•organ replacement

19. •TheGenomes OnLineDatabase(GOLD) is a web-based
resource for comprehensive information
•regardinggenomeandmetagenomesequencing projects,
and their associated metadata, around the world.
•Since 2011, the GOLD database has been run by theDOE
Joint Genome Institute.
•Currently, 26 117 Studies are reported in GOLD.
•Since the last update, the number of Studies has increased
by approximately 7000.
•Currently, there are 239 100 Organisms in GOLD from which
76 759 are associated with 81 289 Sequencing Projects.
Genomes OnLineDatabase

22. http://www.genomesonline.org/

24. http://asia.ensembl.org/index.html
http://www.sanger.ac.uk/resources/downloads/bacteria/
https://www.genome.gov/10002154/
External resources-