Geography ppt cash crops

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1. CASH CROPS A COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC BACKBONE

2. All the principle oilseeds are grown in India. For example- 1. soya bean 5. groundnut 2. cotton seeds 6. linseed 3. sunflower seeds 7. castor seed 4. mustard & rapeseed 8. sesamum OILSEEDS

3. As industrial raw materials in the manufacture of – paints varnishes soaps hydrogenated oils lubricants Vegetable oils produced from edible seeds like groundnut, rapeseed & mustard, sesamum etc are used as a cooking medium. USE of oilseeds

4. The leading oilseed is also called peanut or monkey nut. It contains about 42% of oil which is extracted from the nuts found in the roots of the plant. USE: to make hydrogenated oil, margarine, medicinal emulsions and soaps. Its oil as a cooking medium Its oil cake is used as cattle feed. The nuts are eaten raw, roasted, salted or sweetened. Groundnut

5. Groundnut thrives well in the tropical and sub-tropical climates and is highly susceptible to frost. Temperature: 20 C-25 C Dry weather is needed during the time of ripening. Rainfall: 50-100cm well distributed rainfall Prolonged drought, continuous rains, stagnant water and frost hamper the crop. Climatic Conditions

6. Sandy loams, loams, and well drained soils which allow enough aeration. The red, yellow and black soils of Peninsular India are well suited. Such light soils are essential as the nut ripens in the soil. Soil

7. Sowing : The sandy soil is ploughed. The seeds are sown by broadcasting or drilling in June or July. When the plants mature, they flower. After pollination the flower stalk turns downwards, buries the fruit where it matures. Method of Cultivation

8. Method of Cultivation Harvesting : The whole crop takes 4 to 5 months to be ready for harvest. It is harvested in November-December. The entire plant including the roots is removed from the soil. Groundnuts are dried and packed into sacks to be sent to mills and commercial establishments.

9. India is the second largest producer of groundnuts in the world after China. Groundnut is tropical crop and is extensively grown in Peninsular India. Gujarat is the leading producer. Seemandhra, Telangana and Tamil Nadu together account for more than half of the groundnuts produced in India. Distribution

10. Use : They produce important edible oils They are used in North as a cooking medium Their oil-cake is an important cattle feed The leaves of mustard are eaten as a vegetable It is also used as manure Mustard and rapeseed

11. Climatic Conditions and Soil Temperature and rainfall : They thrive only in cool climate with a temperature ranging from 10 o C to 20 o C The crop requires rainfall varying between 25-40cm Soil : These crops can be grown on loams Slightly heavier soils are preferred for mustard Lighter soils for rapeseed.

12. Method of Cultivation These oilseeds are grown with wheat, gram, barley etc. They are sown in rows with the above mentioned crops under the same climate. Growing period: 4-5 weeks Harvesting: 1 to 2 weeks before the main crop Processing: seeds are separated by getting them trampled under the bullock’s feet

13. Distribution Production is contributed to: UP Rajasthan Punjab Haryana Assam Bihar West Bengal Odisha

14. It has high protein content Use : The beans are eaten as vegetable Or made into soya sauce It is used as substitute for animal protein It is consumed as soya milk and tofu . Soya bean

15. Climatic Conditions and Soil Temperature: 13 o C to 24 o C Temperature below 13 is necessary for normal growth of soya bean. Rainfall: 40 to 60cm Well distributed throughout the growing season Soil: friable loamy acidic soils

16. Method of Cultivation and Distribution The crop needs 3 to 4 irrigations during the growing period Before sowing its seeds are covered with jaggery and rhizobium Harvesting: done in the middle of October Distribution: Soya bean is produced in Madhya Pradesh(leading producer) Maharashtra Rajasthan

17. Sunflower is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids Use: Its oil is useful for human consumption It is recommended for heart patients The oil-cake is used as fodder . Sunflower seeds

18. Climatic Conditions and Soil It is a very hardy crop and can grow in varying regions Temperature: It is a photo-intensive crop It grows profusely under warm and sunny weather At 26 o C to 30 o C Rainfall: Annual rainfall less than 50cm Soil: well drained soils for better yield

19. Method of Cultivation and Distribution For proper germination, it requires enough moisture in the soil during the first 45 days It should not rain heavily when the crop is flowering Yield increases considerably if the crop is irrigated just before flowering Distribution: Sunflower is grown in Bihar Maharashtra Karnataka

20. India is the largest sesamum producing country in the world Use: Sesamum oil is used for edible purposes It is also used to anoint the body For the manufacture of perfumes and medicines Its seeds are eaten in fried form with sugar or jaggery Its oil-cake is used as fodder for animals and as manure. sesamum

21. Climatic Conditions and Soil Temperature : 21 o C Rainfall: moderate rainfall between 40 to 50cm It cannot withstand frost, severe drought or excessive rainfall Soil: Well drained light loamy soils Black cotton soils

22. Distribution It is grown in almost every state For example UP Rajasthan Maharashtra Gujarat etc.

23. It is a quick drying oil and is non edible Use: For making waterproof fabrics, printing inks and paint Its oil-cake is used s fertilizer linseed

24. Climatic Conditions and Soil Linseed is a temperate crop which requires low temperature and humidity Temperature:15 o C to 20 o C Rainfall: 45cm to 75cm Soil: Alluvial soils Clayey soils Loamy soils Deep black soils

25. Method of Cultivation and Distribution Method of cultivation: Linseed is grown during the rabi season It is sown in October-November Harvesting: March-April Distribution: Madhya Pradesh and UP are leading producers Maharashtra, Rajasthan and West Bengal are other producers.

26. It contains 50% oil Use; For medicinal purposes As a lubricant As a hair oil In the manufacture of soap and leather tanning Its oil-cakes are used as manure Its leaves are fed to silkworms Castor seeds

27. Climatic Conditions and Soil The castor plant grows to a small tree It is generally raised as mixed crop Temperature: 20 o C to 25 o C Rainfall: 50 to 75cm Soil: Red sandy loams in Peninsular India Light alluvial soils in the Great Plains

28. Method of Cultivation and Distribution Sowing: June-July Harvesting: November-December Distribution: Gujarat, Seemandhra, Telangana and Rajasthan are the leading producers. It is also grown in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Karnataka

29. A quick recap CROP TEMPERATURE RAINFALL SOIL MAJOR PRODUCERS GROUNDNUT 20 o C – 25 o C 50 – 100 cm Sandy loams, loams & well drained soils Gujarat & Seemandhra MUSTARD & RAPESEED 10 o C – 20 o C 25 – 40 cm Heavier loams-mustard Lighter loams-rapeseed Uttar Pradesh & Rajasthan SOYABEAN 13 o C – 24 o C 40 – 60 cm Friable loamy acidic soils Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan SUNFLOWER 26 o C – 30 o C Less than 50 cm Well drained loamy soils Bihar & Maharashtra

30. CROP TEMPERATURE RAINFALL SOIL MAJOR PRODUCERS SESAMUM 21 o C 40 – 50 cm Well drained light loamy soils & black cotton soils Uttar Pradesh & Rajasthan COTTON SEEDS 21 o C – 30 o C 50 – 75 cm Black soils Gujarat & Seemandhra LINSEED 15 o C – 20 o C 45 – 75 cm Alluvial, clayey loamy & deep black soils Madhya Pradesh & Uttar Pradesh CASTOR SEEDS 20 o C – 25 o C 50 – 75 cm Red sandy loams-Peninsular India Light alluvial soils - Plains Gujarat & Seemandhra

31. RUBBER Rubber is obtained from the milky juice or latex from various tropical plants , the most commercially important plants being castila , manihglaziovii , ficus elastica and hevea brasiliensis . Hevea brasiliensis also known as Para rubber , accounts for 90-95 % of the world population of natural rubber . India is the fourth largest producer of natural rubber .

32. Climatic Conditions Rainfall :2000 - 3000 mm evenly distributed No marked dry season 125 to 150 rainy days per annum Maximum temperature : 29 o C to 34 o C Minimum of about 20 o C or more Monthly mean of 25 to 28 o C Atmospheric humidity : 80% Sunshine : 2000 h per annum @ 6hrs /day Absence of strong winds

33. Soil Rich well drained alluvial soils or laterite soils Gently sloping lands for better growth. Elevation of 300-450 m provide ideal conditions for growth. Steep lands must be terraced to reduce erosion

34. Method of Cultivation In India, Hevea seeds normally ripen during July-September when the seeds are collected and seedlings raised. The yield potential of these having been low, the production of those plantations was poor. Selection work on Hevea with a view to improving planting and the introduction of vegetative propagation by budding ,led to the cultivation of numerous valuable clones.

35. PROPAGATION OF RUBBER

36. PROPAGATION BY SEEDS PROCEDURE- Good quality seeds are first allowed to sprout in river –bed sands . After germination , they are planted in nurseries . From they are shifted to permanent sites in plantations when they are about 2.5 cm high.

37. PROPAGATION BY BUD GRAFITNG PROCEDURE- Vegetative propagation by budding is carried out by using buds of selected growing variety (mother clones). When the seedlings grow to about 5cm in diameter, buds from mother clone are grafted on to them. Rubber trees require continuous tending and manuring for good growth and yield.

38. Bud grafting

39. HARVESTING TAPPING: Latex from the rubber tree is obtained by a process known as tapping . PROCESSING OF RUBBER : Latex is a whitish pr yellowish milk –like substance containing about 33 % dry rubber .

40. Distribution INDIA IS THE FOURTH LARGEST PRODUCER OF NATURAL RUBBER ACCOUNTING FOR 6.5 % OF THE TOTAL WORLD POPULATION. KERALA: The state accounts for 91.78 % of the total world production of rubber in the country . Kottayam , kozhikode , Ernakulum , and kollam districts are the main producers . Tamil nadu and Karnataka are the other leading producers. A small production of rubber also comes from Tripura , Assam , Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Goa.

41. sugarcane Sugarcane is a tall tropical variety of the grass family with a hard thick stem which grows to a height of 3.5 m or more. This crop is the main source of sugar , gur , khandsari and holds a pre-eminent position as a cash crop in India . It accounts for the largest value of production amongst all the commercial crops. India has the worlds largest area under sugarcane . India stands next only to Brazil in the production of sugarcane and accounts for nearly one –fifth of the world cane production.

42. Climatic Conditions Sugarcane matures in 10 to 18 months depending on the climate . TEMPERATURE: 20 to 26 C Its growth starts at a mean temperature of about 20 C and the growth increase in temperature up to 24 C and finally stops at 26 C . Frost is fatal for sugarcane crop. Short cool dry winter season during ripening and harvesting is ideal.

43. Climatic Conditions Sugarcane grows well in tropical regions RAINFALL: 100-150 cm of rainfall well distributed throughout the year. Irrigation is necessary in areas of lower rainfall or even in areas of higher rainfall during the long dry spells. The sucrose content decreases if heavy rains continue for long time and a rainfall deficiency produces a fibrous crop.

44. Soil SUGARCANE IS GROWN IN WELL DRAINED RICH ALLUVIAL SOIL, HEAVY LOAMS OR LAVA SOIL. IT IS LARGELY GROWN ON- LOAMS AND CLAYEY LOAMS in GREAT PLAINS BLACK SOILS , BROWN OR REDDISH LOAMS & LATERITES IN THE PENINSULAR INDIA. SUGARCANE EXHAUSTS THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL. HENCE, THE SOIL IS SUPPLEMENTED WITH MANURES AND NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS.

45. Method of Cultivation SOWING: Sugarcane is a labour intensive crop. The crop is kept weed free and irrigated frequently if there are no timely rains . Most of the crop is planted just before the hot season , a little earlier in the southern and eastern parts .

46. Types of sowing

47. Sett method New canes are usually planted by taking cuttings from old plants. These cuttings, known as setts They quickly become established and after a few days buds sprout to form new stalks . 4 to 5 stalks grow from each cutting. The sugarcane takes anything from 8 months to a year to mature.

48. BY SEEDS Sugarcane can be planted by seeds but this method has become obsolete . It is practised only in some states where yield is not high. Sugarcane is planted in furrows and covered with soil. Enough space is left to facilitate weeding, hoeing, irrigation and harvesting .

49. RATOONING During the first harvest the sugarcane is cut leaving a little bit of the stalk in the soil with roots. The stalk soon puts out new shoots or ratoons. The second or any other successive crop obtained from the roots of the leftover crop is called ratoon. Sugarcane is a perennial crop and , in theory , the same plants could continue to produce canes for many years.

50. HARVESTING Sugarcane is harvested before the cane begins flower. In northern India , it is harvested before winters to protect it from frost. The crop is cut by hand using a long curved knife . The stalks must be cut as near as possible to the ground because the greatest accumulation of sucrose is in the base of the stem . The cane harvest and crushing operations begin in October –November and continue till April all over the country.

51. PROCESSING: After harvesting , the canes are taken quickly to the mill for they must be processed within 48 hours of cutting to preserve the sugar content. In the mills the cane is crushed between rollers and then boiled with lime . The sugarcane juice crystallises and forms raw brown sugar . The process should not be confused with refining which re-processes the raw sugar to make brown and white sugar of various grades.

52. Distribution THE MAIN REGIONS : Sugarcane is cultivated throughout India between 8 N to 32 N latitude. There are three main areas of sugarcane production in India : (a)Sutlej-Ganga plain from Punjab to Bihar . (b)Black soil area from Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu. (c) Coastal Seemandhra, Telangana and the Krishna valley .

53. NORTH INDIA : Geographically , North Indian States are the chief suppliers of sugarcane , i.e. , the belt lying between Bihar and Punjab has the large sugarcane growing tract , especially the Sutlej -Ganga plain. This is because of fertile alluvial soil .

54. SOUTH INDIA advantages for south: Higher yield per hectare and better quality of the crop owing to the favourable maritime climate free from the effects of summer loo and winter frost sufficient irrigation and new farming techniques. Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of sugarcane in south India followed by Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Karnataka and Seemandhra, Telangana . The share of other states like Gujarat , Bihar ,Haryana , Punjab and the West Bengal is less than 10% of the total output of the crop .

55. cotton Cotton is the cash crop that supplies raw material to the textile industry in India. India ranks second to USA in cotton producing area She ranks fourth in the world production of cotton .

56. Climatic Conditions Temperature: Cotton requires high temperature between 21⁰C and 30⁰C. The day temperature should be above 26 ⁰C which helps the ripening and bursting of cotton balls under the sunny skies. Minimum temperature should not fall below 20 ⁰C as it retards plant growth.

57. Climatic Conditions Rainfall : Rainfall should be moderate, ranging between 50 to75 cm . Rainfall more than 85cm destroys the crop. Cotton crop needs sufficient rainfall in the early growth stage. Rainfall during flowering stage is harmful to the crop.

58. Soil Well drained clayey soil containing lime and phosphorus Deep and medium black soils of Deccan and Malwa Plateau are considered ideal. Alluvial soils in Great Plains and laterite soils in Peninsular India.

59. Method of Cultivation Sowing – Some tillage and manuring is required before sowing the seeds. The seeds are sown by broadcast method or by drills . The duration of the crop season is 6 to 8 months. The seedlings must be thinned out when necessary The ground must be hoed and cleared of weeds.

60. Method of Cultivation Harvesting : The crops are harvested in October when the cotton balls ripen and burst into white, fluffy and shiny white balls. Picking is done in three or four rounds .

61. Method of Cultivation Processing- The cotton is picked either by machine or by hand They are then ginned and are crushed to yield oil . The cotton lint (fibre) is transported , washed and then combed to form rope like mass of fibres known as silver . The silver is fed to the spindles and spun to make cotton yards.

62. Distribution The chief cotton growing areas in India are- In the north-western Deccan on the fertile Black cotton soils The central and southern Deccan of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the upper Ganga valley. State vice the areas are in the states of Gujarat , Seemandhra, Telangana ,Maharashtra and Punjab ,UP.

63. jute The most important fibre of India is obtained from the inner bark of two important species Corchorus Capsularis (white jute) and Corchurus Olitorius (tossa jute). The jute plant grows to a height of 2 to 4m. Its fibre is soft and strong and can be drawn out into yarn of good lengths. Mesta is the inferior substitute of jute and it can withstand drought conditions. Bags for rough use are made from Mesta. Its cultivation takes place in parts of Assam, Bihar, Odisha & Kerala.

64. Species of jute grown in India Corchurus Olitorius (tossa jute). Corchorus Capsularis (white jute) Accounts for 75% of the total land area under jute cultivation. Hardy and highly adaptable Grows well on both lowlands and uplands Not grown much in India Does not easily adapt to harsh climatic conditions. Can be grown only on lowlands.

65. Use of jute For the manufacture of - Rough quality cloth Sacks Other packing material In the making of utility products like- Carpets Rugs Upholstery Tarpaulins etc.

66. Climatic Conditions Temperature: Hot and humid climate 24⁰C – 35⁰C Relative humidity of 90% .

67. Climatic Conditions Rainfall : Heavy annual rainfall of 150cm 2.5 to 7.5cm monthly rainfall. Occasional showers at intervals of about a week are most beneficial. Incessant and prolonged rainfall are harmful. 90% of relative humidity .

68. Soil Jute grows best on new alluvium brought by river inundation Loamy soils are most suitable as water sinks quickly into it. Clayey soil gives the heaviest yield but the fibre is sticky Sandy soil produce coarse fibre.

69. Method of Cultivation Sowing – The fields are thoroughly prepared The crop is sown in February on lowlands and in March-June on uplands Sowing is done by broadcasting and drilling.

70. Method of Cultivation Harvesting – The crop is harvested from July to September about 8-10 month after sowing . When the crop is 2-4m high and are mature they are cut, bundled and put in ponds for retting. After 20 to 25 days the bark is peeled from the plant by hand and the fibre is removed. It is rinsed washed and the pressed into bales.

71. Method of Cultivation Processing- It is harvested by hand ,by pulling up the stem. It is dried and stripped of unwanted leaves and allowed to ret. Chemical additives help in the retting process. The fibre is then dried, loosely spun and woven to make sacks, bags, upholstery etc.

72. Distribution West Bengal- Murshidabad, Hooghly etc. Assam –along Brahmaputra and Surma Valley Bihar – Purnea , Darrang etc. Odisha – Cuttack, Puri etc. Uttar Pradesh- Kheri , Sitapur etc.

73. A quick recap CROP TEMPERATURE RAINFALL SOIL LEADING STATES Sugar cane 20 C to 26 C 100 – 150cm well drained rich alluvial soil, heavy loams or lava soil. Karnataka, Maharashtra Tamil Nadu UP Cotton 21⁰C to 30⁰C. 50 to75 cm Well drained clayey soil Deep black soil (regur ) Alluvial and laterite soils Gujarat, Seemandhra, Maharashtra Punjab UP Jute 24 ⁰C to 35⁰C 150cm Light sandy or clayey loams West Bengal Bihar Assam

74. TEA TEA is an important beverage liked by both the aristocrats and the common man. India is the largest producer and exporter.

75. Temperature: Tea is a shade loving plant. The ideal monthly maximum temperature is 24 o C to 30 o C . High humidity, heavy dew and morning fog are good for rapid development. Climatic Conditions

76. Rainfall: The plant cannot stand long dry spells. It must have at least 150 cm rainfall through out year. Frost free climatic condition. Climatic Conditions

77. Soil It requires well drained ,deep friable loams or land rich in organic matter. The soil must be deep and have moderately open texture. Nitrogenous fertilizers increase the yield per hectare.

78. Method of Cultivation

79. High quality seeds are sown in well prepared in nurseries. The saplings are transplanted within a year in tea gardens. From SEEDS

80. The cutting of high breed plant are used for propagation (clonal planting). When the saplings are 20 cm high they are transplanted in tea garden. From CUTTINGS

81. Harvesting Plucking of leaves- Bushes are pruned to maintain the height and diameter of the plant to one meter. Plucking is done by women, they pluck two tender leaves and a bud or shoot. Processing – Processing of each type of tea is different

82. Types Of TEA

83. Withering -the gathered leaves are first withered or dried in the sun for a day or two. Rolling- they are then rolled mechanically and are dried again or baked in charcoal. Fermentation- leaves are fermented to reduce tannic acid. Drying- roasting and frying of leaves is done until they become black. Blending- expert blenders and tea tasters blend leaves with various flavors. BLACK TEA

84. It is not dried in sun but in ovens. It is not fermented. Tea leaves are picked up heated by roasting and later rolled. The leaves remain green and are packed in same way. They are highly flavored due to their higher tannic content. GREEN TEA

85. OOLONG TEA & BRICK TEA Oolong tea- It is greenish brown in colour. It is prepared by partially drying and fermenting the leaves It is shipped to the US. Brick tea- The inferior and coarser leaves, stems and tea dust are compressed into rectangular blocks of green tea. Such tea is consumed in Russia and Tibet .

86. Distribution ASSAM- The Brahmaputra valley ; Surma valley WEST BENGAL- The Duars; Darjeeling. TAMIL NADU- highest yield per hectare. KERELA

87. COFFEE COFFEE ROBUSTA COFFEE LIBERICA COFFEE ARABICA

88. It requires warm climate from 15-28C. It needs moderate supply of moisture and fairly a long spell of dry weather for the beans to ripen. Strong sunshine and snowfall both are harmful. It cannot stand frost. Rainfall: During period growth it needs 150cm to 200cm. A prolonged drought either can cause serious damage or reduces the yield heavily Climatic Conditions

89. It is grown in lower elevation. It is more hardy but yields poorer quality coffee. It can survive even in arid conditions. It is disease resistant. Coffee ROBUSTA

90. It is grown in lower elevation. It is disease resistant. It gives heavy yields of moderate quality coffee. It gain greater importance . Coffee LIBERICA

91. It is the finest coffee. It is very delicate and susceptible to leaf and other disease. It is grown under 60% of the area under coffee. Its varieties are Chicks , Coorgs , Kents , Margogipe , Bourbon Amarillo , Blue Mountain. Coffee ARABICA

92. Soil and Distribution KARNATKA is the largest producer. Karnataka , Kerala AND TAMIL NADU are referred as non traditional areas. SOIL: It requires rich, well drained, friable, loamy soil. Grows well in volcanic soil.