Geothermal energy

Renewable source of energy

1. BY : SHARANJEET KAUR ROLL NO : 32 M.Sc (P ) EVS

2. CONTENTS Introduction Geothermal reservoirs Geothermal energy generation How Geothermal works Types of Geothermal energy History Cost , price & challenges Agencies and companies working on it worldwide use of Geothermal energy Geothermal energy in India Can Geothermal run out Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References

3. Geothermal Energy : Introduction What is geothermal e nergy ? Geothermal energy – energy that comes from the ground; power extracted from heat stored in the earth. Geo : earth Thermal : heat

4. Geothermal Reservoirs Reservoirs can be suspected in the areas where we find : Geyser Boiling mudpot Volcano Hot springs

5. Geothermal Reservoirs (Contd.) The rising hot water & steam is trapped in permeable and porous rocks to form a geothermal reservoirs. Reservoirs can be discovered by : t esting the soil. a nalysing underground temperature. Most geothermal activity occurs in an area called “ RING OF FIRE “.

6. Geothermal Energy Generation Direct Uses (Non Electrical) H eating homes Hot springs Greenhouse heating Industry Aquaculture Agriculture Indirect Uses ( Electrical) Dry steam Wet or Flash steam Binary cycle

7. Direct uses

8. How G eothermal w orks ? Earth’s core heat Water -> steam -> drive electrical generators Turbines Area specific Geothermal energy localized

9. Types of Geothermal Energy There are 3 types of power plants : Dry steam power plant Wet steam power plant Binary cycle power plant Each uses the heat from underground in some manner to generate energy. Different combinations of water temperatures create different effects.

10. Dry steam power plant Here the steam shoots directly through a rock catcher &into the turbine. First geothermal power plant was a dry steam power plant. Operating at California, Italy and Japan.

11. Flash steam power plant Commonly used geothermal power plant. Pressure changing system is required. Operating at Hawaii, Nevada, Utah, & some other places.

12. Binary cycle power plant Does not use steam directly to spin the turbines. Only the heat of the underground water is used. Vaporised hydrocarbon is used to spin the turbine. This is the worldwide accepted power plant.

13. Geothermal Energy : History Used for bathing in Paleolithic times. Ancient Romans used it as a central heating system for bathing and heating homes and floors. 1852 : the Geyser’s resort hotel in san fransisco , CA opened. 1892 : America’s first district heating system was put into place. 1962 : A deep geothermal well was used to heat greenhouses. 1904 : A group of Italians first used it as a natural steam erupting from the earth to power a turbine generator. 1960 : Pacific Gas and Electric has first successful geothermal electric power plant in US at the Geysers.

14. Unites States and Geothermal The US is now the world’s largest geothermal producer. Current bills are being processed to give research towards geothermal projects $500 million.

15. Cost, Price and Challenges Direct use of geothermal energy is absolutely cheaper than other energy sources. Cost of electricity generation depends upon certain factors:  Temperature  Type of resource (steam, liquid, mix)  Available volume of resource  Size and technology of plant New geothermal plants currently are generating electricity from 0.05$ to 0.08$ per kWh in U.S. Most of the cost is related to resource exploration and plant construction. Price is declining compared to price of fossil fuels, which is increasing . Geothermal power plants must be located near a reservoir because it is difficult to transport steam and hot water over distances.

16. Agencies and Companies working on Geothermal Energy AGENCIES COMPANIES International Energy Agency (IEA) Panx Geothermal European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC) LNJ Bhilwara Tata Power Thermax NTPC Avin Energy System Geo Syndicate Power Private Limited

17. Worldwide use of Geothermal Energy Geothermal production of energy is 3rd highest among renewable energies. It is behind hydro and biomass, but before solar and wind. Geothermal Power Plants operated in atleast 24 countries in world & geothermal energy is used directly for heat in atleast 78 countries. Total capacity of these countries is 10.715GW, but 88% of its is generated in just 7 countries: United States, Philippines, Mexico, Italy, New Zealand, Iceland & Turkey. Iceland is one of the successful country in using geothermal energy(approx-25%)

18. Geothermal Energy in India Geothermal provinces are estimated to produce 10,600 MW of power. Geothermal provinces in India: the Himalayas, Sohana , West coast, Cambay, Son-Narmada- Tapi , Godavari, and Mahanadi. First operational commercial geothermal power plant is likely to come up in AP with a capacity of 25 MW  by Geosyndicate Pvt Ltd. NTPC signed a Memorandum of understanding with Chhattisgarh State for Renewable Energy Development.

19. Can Geothermal Energy run out ?? 100% renewable Earth’s core is always going to be heated As long as there is a way to extract the energy from the heat, the energy will always be available

20. Advantages of Geothermal Energy Does not produce greenhouse gases. Energy source is free and comes from the earth. Power stations are smaller than other power plants. Energy does not run out. Conservation of resources. No outside fuel source is needed to keep the power plants running.

21. Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy Not all places in the world have geysers. High installation costs. Earthquake. Transportation. Noise.

22. Conclusion Overall, geothermal appears to be a sound solution to energy needs Geothermal energy has the ability to expand Few environmental effects Very cost efficient Geothermal is RENEWABLE

23. References Books : Godfrey, Boyle, Renewable Energy: power for a sustainable future, Second edition, Indian Edition, Oxford University Press,2004,, pp. 342-381. Tasneem Abbasi & S.A. Abbasi , Renewable Energy Sources:Their impacts on global warming and pollution , Eastern Economy Edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,, pp.168-190. Sites : http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/geothermal-profile/ http://www.eai.in/ref/ae/geo/geo.html http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/akshay-urja/july-august-2013/EN/14-18.pdf http://www.geothermal.org/what.html http://www.nea.is/geothermal/direct-utilization/ Images : http://www.britannica.com/science/geothermal-energy http://energy.gov/science-innovation/energy-sources/renewable-energy/geothermal http://www.nrdc.org/energy/renewables/geothermal.asp

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